1
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Mermer A, Demirci S. Recent advances in triazoles as tyrosinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115655. [PMID: 37482020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The tyrosinase enzyme, which is widely found in microorganisms, animals and plants, has a significant position in melanogenesis, plays an important role in undesirable browning of fruits and vegetables, antibiotic resistance, skin pigment formation, sclerotization of cuticle, neurodegeneration, etc. Therefore, with the wide potential application fields of tyrosinase in food, agriculture, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries, which has become the target enzyme for the development of therapeutic agents such as antibrowning, anticancer, antibacterial, skin whitening, insecticides, etc., a large number of synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors have been widely reported in recent years. The triazole ring, which has a broad spectrum of biological action, is of increasing interest in the synthesis of new tyrosinase inhibitors. In this review, tyrosinase inhibition effects, structure-activity relationships, enzyme inhibition kinetics and mechanisms of action of 1,2,3- or 1,2,4-triazole derivatives were investigated. The data gathered is anticipated to supply rational guidance and an influential strategy for the development of novel, potent and safe tyrosinase inhibitors for better practical application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Mermer
- Experimental Medicine Application & Research Center, Validebağ Research Park, University of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Turkiye; Department of Biotechnology, University of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Turkiye.
| | - Serpil Demirci
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational High School of Health Services, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkiye
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2
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Hashemi A, Noori M, Dastyafteh N, Sadat-Ebrahimi SE, Fazelzadeh Haghighi N, Mehrpour K, Sattarinezhad E, Jalali Zafrei F, Irajie C, Daneshmehr MA, Heydari M, Larijani B, Iraji A, Mahdavi M. Synthesis and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of novel isopropylquinazolinones. BMC Chem 2023; 17:65. [PMID: 37353836 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-00978-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
To find new anti-browning and whitening agents in this study, new series of isopropylquinazolinone derivatives were designed and synthesized. All derivatives were evaluated as possible tyrosinase inhibitors and compound 9q bearing 4-fluorobenzyl moieties at the R position exhibited the best potencies with an IC50 value of 34.67 ± 3.68 µM. The kinetic evaluations of 9q as the most potent derivatives recorded mix-type inhibition. Compounds 9o and 9q also exhibited potent antioxidant capacity with IC50 values of 38.81 and 40.73 µM, respectively confirming their antioxidant potential. Molecular docking studies of 9q as the most potent derivative were exacuated and it was shown that quinazolinone and acetamide moieties of compound 9q participated in interaction with critical His residues of the binding site. The obtained results demonstrated that the 9q can be considered a suitable pharmacophore to develop potent tyrosinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshia Hashemi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Noori
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Dastyafteh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Sadat-Ebrahimi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Fazelzadeh Haghighi
- Molecular Dermatology Research Center and Department of Dermatology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Katayoun Mehrpour
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Central Research Laboratory, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elahe Sattarinezhad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Jalali Zafrei
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Heshmat Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Cambyz Irajie
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Daneshmehr
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Heydari
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aida Iraji
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Central Research Laboratory, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Divar M, Tadayyon S, Khoshneviszadeh M, Pirhadi S, Attarroshan M, Mobaraki K, Damghani T, Mirfazli S, Edraki N. Benzyl‐Triazole Derivatives of Hydrazinecarbothiamide Derivatives as Potent Tyrosinase Inhibitors: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, Structure‐Activity Relationship and Docking Study. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Divar
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 7134853734 Shiraz Iran
| | - Somayeh Tadayyon
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 7134853734 Shiraz Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 7146864685 Shiraz Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoshneviszadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 7134853734 Shiraz Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 7146864685 Shiraz Iran
| | - Somayeh Pirhadi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 7134853734 Shiraz Iran
| | - Mahshid Attarroshan
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 7134853734 Shiraz Iran
| | - Kourosh Mobaraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 7134853734 Shiraz Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 7146864685 Shiraz Iran
| | - Tahereh Damghani
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 7134853734 Shiraz Iran
| | - Sara Mirfazli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy Iran University of Medical Sciences 1475886671 Tehran Iran
| | - Najmeh Edraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 7134853734 Shiraz Iran
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4
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Noori M, Sabourian R, Tasharoie A, Safavi M, Iraji A, Khalili Ghomi M, Dastyafteh N, Irajie C, Zarenezhad E, Mostafavi Pour SM, Rasekh F, Larijani B, Amini M, Hajimahmoodi M, Mahdavi M. Thioquinoline derivatives conjugated to thiosemicarbazide as potent tyrosinase inhibitors with anti-melanogenesis properties. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2578. [PMID: 36782003 PMCID: PMC9925432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a series of aryl-substituted thioqunoline conjugated to thiosemicarbazide were rationally designed and synthesized. The formation of target compounds was confirmed by spectral characterization techniques such as IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, ESI-MS, and elemental analysis. Among the synthesized derivatives, compound 10g bearing para-chlorophenyl moiety was proved to be the most potent tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 25.75 ± 0.19 µM. Compound 10g as the most potent derivative exhibited a noncompetitive inhibition pattern against tyrosinase in the kinetic study. Furthermore, the in silico cavity detection, as well as the molecular docking assessments, were performed to follow the behavior of 10g within the proposed binding site. Besides, the toxicity of 10g and its potency to reduce the melanin content on A375 cell lines were also measured. Consequently, aryl-substituted thioqunolines conjugated to thiosemicarbazide might be a promising candidate in the cosmetics, medicine, and food industry as tyrosinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Noori
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Sabourian
- Drug and Food Control Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Tasharoie
- Drug and Food Control Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Safavi
- Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran
| | - Aida Iraji
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Central Research Laboratory, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Minoo Khalili Ghomi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Dastyafteh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cambyz Irajie
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elham Zarenezhad
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Rasekh
- Department of Biology, Payame Noor University(PNU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Amini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mannan Hajimahmoodi
- Drug and Food Control Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Halal Research Center of IRI, Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Yousefnejad F, Iraji A, Sabourian R, Moazzam A, Tasharoie S, Sara Mirfazli S, Zomorodian K, Alireza Akhlagh S, Hosseini S, Larijani B, Tehrani MB, Hajimahmoodi M, Mahdavi M. Ugi Bis-Amide Derivatives as Tyrosinase Inhibitor; Synthesis, Biology Assessment, and in Silico Analysis. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202200607. [PMID: 36538729 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a straightforward synthetic strategy mediated by Ugi reaction was developed to synthesize novel series of compounds as tyrosinase inhibitors. The structures of all compounds were confirmed by FT-IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, and CHNOS techniques. The tyrosinase inhibitory activities of all synthesized derivatives 5a-m were determined against mushroom tyrosinase and it was found that derivative 5c possesses the best inhibition with an IC50 value of 69.53±0.042 μM compared to the rest of the synthesized derivatives. Structure-activity relationships (SARs) showed that the presence of 4-MeO or 4-NO2 at the R2 position plays a key role in tyrosinase inhibitory activities. The enzyme kinetics studies showed that compound 5c is an noncompetitive inhibitor. For in silico study, the allosteric site detection was first applied to find the appropriate binding site and then molecular docking and molecular dynamic studies were performed to reveal the position and interactions of 5c as the most potent inhibitor within the tyrosinase active site. The results showed that 5c bind well with the proposed binding site and formed a stable complex with the target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faeze Yousefnejad
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aida Iraji
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Central Research Laboratory, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Sabourian
- Drug and Food Control Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Moazzam
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Tasharoie
- Drug and Food Control Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Sara Mirfazli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamiar Zomorodian
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Samensadst Hosseini
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Barazandeh Tehrani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mannan Hajimahmoodi
- Drug and Food Control Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Cao S, Wang D, Cheng R, Shi W, Zhang Q, Zeng H, Chen J. Modulation of the lipophilicity and molecular size of thiosemicarbazone inhibitors to regulate tyrosinase activity. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 281:121590. [PMID: 35850043 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A group of 5-methylsalicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone derivatives (HMTs) bearing different lipophilic and steric substituents attached at the 3-position of cresol ring were synthesized and investigated as mushroom tyrosinase (TYR) inhibitors. The ability of HMTs to inhibit the diphenolase activity of TYR was evaluated with L-DOPA as substrate by determining IC50 values in relation to their structure modifications. HMTs displayed distinct inhibitory competencies towards TYR activity with IC50 values in the range of 1.02-143.56 μM. A close correlation between their inhibition potency and both lipophilicity and molecular size was observed. The inhibitory effect of the hydroxyethyl-containing derivatives was much higher than the hydroxyethyl-free ones overall. Among them, HMT-NBO exhibited the most potent effect with IC50 of 5.85 μM, which was nearly 25-fold and 3.8-fold lower than its parent HMT-NBE and the control kojic acid, respectively. The hydroxyethyl clearly benefited the improvement of the inhibitory competences and acted as a regulating group of lipophilicity of the inhibitors. The kinetic analyses showed that HMTs were reversible and mixed type inhibitors against mushroom TYR. The inhibition mechanism was studied by means of fluorescence spectroscopy, FT-IR, ESI-MS and molecular docking analysis. The results indicated that the observed inhibitory effect of HMTs was accomplished by acting on the amino acid residues rather than by chelating the centre copper ions of TYR. Each of HMTs can insert the hydrophobic pocket and interact with the residues of TYR through Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds, with additional electrostatic interactions for HMT-NEE and HMT-NEO further strengthening the affinity. Meanwhile, the inhibitors were observed to bind with L-DOPA or/and L-DOPAquinone forming 1:1 stoichiometric complexes, probably exerting indirect inhibition against TYR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Jianjun East Rd. 211, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Industrial Technology Research Academy, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Jianjun East Rd. 211, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Run Cheng
- Industrial Technology Research Academy, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Jianjun East Rd. 211, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Wenyan Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Jianjun East Rd. 211, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Qinfang Zhang
- Industrial Technology Research Academy, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Jianjun East Rd. 211, Yancheng 224051, PR China.
| | - Huajin Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Industrial Technology Research Academy, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Jianjun East Rd. 211, Yancheng 224051, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Jianjun East Rd. 211, Yancheng 224051, PR China.
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7
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Design, synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, in vitro tyrosinase inhibition, antioxidant evaluation, in silico and kinetic studies of substituted indole-carbohydrazides. Bioorg Chem 2022; 129:106140. [PMID: 36150231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, twenty-five indole-carbohydrazide derivatives linked to different aryl substitutions were rationally designed and synthesized. The structures of all derivatives were confirmed using different spectroscopic techniques including 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The tyrosinase inhibitory activities of all synthetic compounds exhibited IC50 values in the range of 0.070 to > 100 μM. Structure-activity relationships showed that compounds 4f (R = 4-OH, IC50 = 0.070 μM), 8f (R = 4-OH, IC50 = 0.072 μM), and 19e (IC50 = 0.19 μM) with para-OH substituent at the R position was found to be the most active members of all three tested series. Kinetic studies exhibited that compounds 4f, 8f, and 19e are mixed-type inhibitors. Furthermore, toxicity and cell-based anti-melanogenesis assessments were performed on the most potent derivatives and it was shown that 4f, 8f, and 19e had no toxicity at 8 µM and reduced the percent of melanin content to 68.43, 72.61, 73.47 at 8 μM, respectively. In silico analyses of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) profile of synthesized compounds showed that these molecules followed drug-likeness rules and acceptable predictive ADMET features. Results of the docking study were almost in line with biological results with ChemPLP values of 53.56 to 79.33. Also, the docking study showed the critical interactions of potent inhibitors with the active site of the enzyme which affects the potency of the synthesized hybrids. Based on molecular dynamic simulations, compound 4f exhibited pronounced interaction with the critical residues of the tyrosinase active site so that the indole ring participated in H-bond interaction with Gly281 and 4-hydroxy benzylidene recorded another H-bond interaction with Asp289 plus hydrophobic interactions with Phe292. Hydrazide linker also exhibited three H-bond interactions with His263 and Gly281.
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8
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Synthesis and Evaluation of Antiproliferative Activity, Topoisomerase IIα Inhibition, DNA Binding and Non-Clinical Toxicity of New Acridine-Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091098. [PMID: 36145320 PMCID: PMC9506480 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the synthesis of twenty new acridine–thiosemicarbazone derivatives and their antiproliferative activities. Mechanisms of action such as the inhibition of topoisomerase IIα and the interaction with DNA have been studied for some of the most active derivatives by means of both in silico and in vitro methods, and evaluations of the non-clinical toxicities (in vivo) in mice. In general, the compounds showed greater cytotoxicity against B16-F10 cells, with the highest potency for DL-08 (IC50 = 14.79 µM). Derivatives DL-01 (77%), DL-07 (74%) and DL-08 (79%) showed interesting inhibition of topoisomerase IIα when compared to amsacrine, at 100 µM. In silico studies proposed the way of bonding of these compounds and a possible stereoelectronic reason for the absence of enzymatic activity for CL-07 and DL-06. Interactions with DNA presented different spectroscopic effects and indicate that the compound CL-07 has higher affinity for DNA (Kb = 4.75 × 104 M−1; Ksv = 2.6 × 103 M−1). In addition, compounds selected for non-clinical toxicity testing did not show serious signs of toxicity at the dose of 2000 mg/kg in mice; cytotoxic tests performed on leukemic cells (K-562) and its resistant form (K-562 Lucena 1) identified moderate potency for DL-01 and DL-08, with IC50 between 11.45 and 17.32 µM.
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9
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Newly Designed Quinazolinone Derivatives as Novel Tyrosinase Inhibitor: Synthesis, Inhibitory Activity, and Mechanism. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175558. [PMID: 36080324 PMCID: PMC9457556 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We synthesized a series of quinazolinone derivates as tyrosinase inhibitors and evaluated their inhibition constants. We synthesized 2-(2,6-dimethylhepta-1,5-dien-1-yl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one (Q1) from the natural citral. The concentration, which led to 50% activity loss of Q1, was 103 ± 2 μM (IC50 = 103 ± 2 μM). Furthermore, we considered Q1 to be a mixed-type and reversible tyrosinase inhibitor, and determined the KI and KIS inhibition constants to be 117.07 μM and 423.63 μM, respectively. Our fluorescence experiment revealed that Q1 could interact with the substrates of tyrosine and L-DOPA in addition to tyrosinase. Molecular docking studies showed that the binding of Q1 to tyrosinase was driven by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobicity. Briefly, the current study confirmed a new tyrosinase inhibitor, which is expected to be developed into a novel pigmentation drug.
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10
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Ban Y, Wang Y, Li H, Wang Y, Li D, Yang J. Thioamide directed iridium(I)-catalyzed C-H arylation of ferrocenes with aryl boronic acids. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5759-5763. [PMID: 35801428 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00863g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first Ir(I)-catalyzed thioamide-assisted C-H arylation of ferrocenes with aryl boronic acids under base-free mild reaction conditions in the presence of Ag2CO3 as an oxidant with eco-friendly 2-MeTHF as a solvent was developed. This reaction has a wide range of substrates (37 examples) and functional group tolerance (18-94% yields), and provides promising access to aryl thioamide-ferrocene compounds with good yields and regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ban
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, 489 Helanshan West Road, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, 489 Helanshan West Road, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, 489 Helanshan West Road, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, 489 Helanshan West Road, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianjun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, 489 Helanshan West Road, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, PR China.
| | - Jinhui Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, 489 Helanshan West Road, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, PR China.
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11
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Hajimiri M, Khosravikia M, Khoshneviszadeh M, Pedrood K, Hosseini SZ, Asgari MS, Pirhadi S, Attarroshan M, Mobaraki K, Hosseini S, Behnammanesh H, Biglar M, Karimian S, Rastegar H, Hamedifar H, Larijani B, Mahdavi M, Iraji A. Rational Design, Synthesis, in Vitro, and in Silico Studies of Chlorophenylquinazolin-4(3H)-One Containing Different Aryl Acetohydrazides as Tyrosinase Inhibitors. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202100964. [PMID: 35675562 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase plays a pivotal role in the hyperpigmentation and enzymatic browning of fruit and vegetable. Therefore, tyrosinase inhibitors can be of interest in industries as depigmentation compounds as well as anti-browning agents. In the present study, a series of chlorophenylquinazolin-4(3H)-one derivative were rationally designed and synthesized. The formation of target compounds was confirmed by spectral characterization techniques such as IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, and elemental analysis. Among the synthesized derivatives, compound 8l was proved to be the most potent inhibitor with an IC50 value of 25.48±1.19 μM. Furthermore, the results of the molecular docking study showed that this compound fitted well in the active site of tyrosinase with the binding score of -10.72.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirhamed Hajimiri
- CinnaGen Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khosravikia
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoshneviszadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Keyvan Pedrood
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Zahra Hosseini
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Somayeh Pirhadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahshid Attarroshan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Koroush Mobaraki
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samanesadat Hosseini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Behnammanesh
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Biglar
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Karimian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Rastegar
- Cosmetic Products Research Center, Iranian Food and Drug Administration, MOHE, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haleh Hamedifar
- CinnaGen Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aida Iraji
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Central Research Laboratory, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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12
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Evaluating the effects of disubstituted 3-hydroxy-1H-pyrrol-2(5H)-one analog as novel tyrosinase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2022; 126:105876. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Sim J, Lanka S, Jo JW, Chaudhary CL, Vishwanath M, Jung CH, Lee YH, Kim EY, Kim YS, Hyun SS, Lee HS, Lee K, Seo SY, Viji M, Jung JK. Inhibitory Effect of Chlorogenic Acid Analogues Comprising Pyridine and Pyrimidine on α-MSH-Stimulated Melanogenesis and Stability of Acyl Analogues in Methanol. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1176. [PMID: 34832958 PMCID: PMC8622415 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In continuation of studies for α-MSH stimulated melanogenesis inhibitors, we have evaluated the design, synthesis, and activity of a new series of chlorogenic acid (CGA) analogues comprising pyridine, pyrimidine, and diacyl derivatives. Among nineteen synthesized compounds, most of them (fifteen) exhibited better inhibitions of melanin formation in B16 melanoma cells. The results illustrated that a pyridine analogue 6f and a diacyl derivative 13a of CGA showed superior inhibition profiles (IC50: 2.5 ± 0.7 μM and 1.1 ± 0.1 μM, respectively) of α-MSH activities than positive controls, kojic acid and arbutin (IC50: 54 ± 1.5 μM and 380 ± 9.5 μM, respectively). The SAR studies showed that both -CF3 and -Cl groups exhibited better inhibition at the meta position on benzylamine than their ortho and para positions. In addition, the stability of diacyl analogues of CGA in methanol monitored by HPLC for 28 days indicated the steric bulkiness of acyl substituents as a key factor in their stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeuk Sim
- College of Pharmacy and Medicinal Research Center (MRC), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (J.S.); (S.L.); (J.-W.J.); (C.L.C.); (M.V.); (C.-H.J.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-S.K.); (S.-S.H.); (H.-S.L.)
| | - Srinu Lanka
- College of Pharmacy and Medicinal Research Center (MRC), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (J.S.); (S.L.); (J.-W.J.); (C.L.C.); (M.V.); (C.-H.J.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-S.K.); (S.-S.H.); (H.-S.L.)
| | - Jeong-Woong Jo
- College of Pharmacy and Medicinal Research Center (MRC), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (J.S.); (S.L.); (J.-W.J.); (C.L.C.); (M.V.); (C.-H.J.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-S.K.); (S.-S.H.); (H.-S.L.)
| | - Chhabi Lal Chaudhary
- College of Pharmacy and Medicinal Research Center (MRC), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (J.S.); (S.L.); (J.-W.J.); (C.L.C.); (M.V.); (C.-H.J.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-S.K.); (S.-S.H.); (H.-S.L.)
| | - Manjunatha Vishwanath
- College of Pharmacy and Medicinal Research Center (MRC), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (J.S.); (S.L.); (J.-W.J.); (C.L.C.); (M.V.); (C.-H.J.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-S.K.); (S.-S.H.); (H.-S.L.)
| | - Chan-Hyun Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Medicinal Research Center (MRC), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (J.S.); (S.L.); (J.-W.J.); (C.L.C.); (M.V.); (C.-H.J.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-S.K.); (S.-S.H.); (H.-S.L.)
| | - Young-Hee Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Medicinal Research Center (MRC), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (J.S.); (S.L.); (J.-W.J.); (C.L.C.); (M.V.); (C.-H.J.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-S.K.); (S.-S.H.); (H.-S.L.)
- Samjin Central Research Institute, Samjin Pharma Co., Ltd., Cheongju 28158, Korea
| | - Eun-Yeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea; (E.-Y.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Young-Soo Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Medicinal Research Center (MRC), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (J.S.); (S.L.); (J.-W.J.); (C.L.C.); (M.V.); (C.-H.J.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-S.K.); (S.-S.H.); (H.-S.L.)
| | - Soon-Sil Hyun
- College of Pharmacy and Medicinal Research Center (MRC), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (J.S.); (S.L.); (J.-W.J.); (C.L.C.); (M.V.); (C.-H.J.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-S.K.); (S.-S.H.); (H.-S.L.)
| | - Hee-Soon Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Medicinal Research Center (MRC), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (J.S.); (S.L.); (J.-W.J.); (C.L.C.); (M.V.); (C.-H.J.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-S.K.); (S.-S.H.); (H.-S.L.)
| | - Kiho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea; (E.-Y.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Seung-Yong Seo
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea;
| | - Mayavan Viji
- College of Pharmacy and Medicinal Research Center (MRC), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (J.S.); (S.L.); (J.-W.J.); (C.L.C.); (M.V.); (C.-H.J.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-S.K.); (S.-S.H.); (H.-S.L.)
| | - Jae-Kyung Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Medicinal Research Center (MRC), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (J.S.); (S.L.); (J.-W.J.); (C.L.C.); (M.V.); (C.-H.J.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-S.K.); (S.-S.H.); (H.-S.L.)
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14
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Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of symmetrical azine derivatives as novel tyrosinase inhibitors. BMC Chem 2021; 15:54. [PMID: 34587988 PMCID: PMC8480273 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-021-00780-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of symmetrical azine derivatives containing different substituted benzyl moieties were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against tyrosinase. The results showed that compounds 3e, 3f, 3h, 3i, 3j, and 3k possess effective tyrosinase inhibition with IC50 values ranging from 7.30 μM to 62.60 μM. Particularly, compounds 3f displayed around three-fold improvement in the potency (IC50 = 7.30 ± 1.15 μM) compared to that of kojic acid (IC50 = 20.24 ± 2.28 μM) as the positive control. Kinetic study of compound 3f confirmed uncompetitive inhibitory activity towards tyrosinase indicating that it can bind to enzyme–substrate complex. Next, molecular docking analysis was performed to study the interactions and binding mode of the most potent compound 3f in the tyrosinase active site. Besides, the cytotoxicity of 3f, as well as its potency to reduce the melanin content were also measured on invasive melanoma B16F10 cell line. Also, 3f exhibited above 82% cell viability in the A375 cell line at 10 µM. Consequently, compounds 3f could be introduced as a potent tyrosinase inhibitor that might be a promising candidate in the cosmetics, medicine, and food industry.
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15
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Recent advances in the design and discovery of synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113744. [PMID: 34365131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a copper-containing metalloenzyme that is responsible for the rate-limiting catalytic step in the melanin biosynthesis and enzymatic browning. As a promising target, tyrosinase inhibitors can be used as skin whitening agents and food preservatives, thus having broad potential in the fields of food, cosmetics, agriculture and medicine. From 2015 to 2020, numerous synthetic inhibitors of tyrosinase have been developed to overcome the challenges of low efficacy and side effects. This review summarizes the enzyme structure and biological functions of tyrosinase and demonstrates the recent advances of synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors from the perspective of medicinal chemistry, providing a better understanding of the catalytic mechanisms and more effective tyrosinase inhibitors.
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16
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Hosseinpoor H, Moghadam Farid S, Iraji A, Askari S, Edraki N, Hosseini S, Jamshidzadeh A, Larijani B, Attarroshan M, Pirhadi S, Mahdavi M, Khoshneviszadeh M. Anti-melanogenesis and anti-tyrosinase properties of aryl-substituted acetamides of phenoxy methyl triazole conjugated with thiosemicarbazide: Design, synthesis and biological evaluations. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:104979. [PMID: 34140181 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of aryl phenoxy methyl triazole conjugated with thiosemicarbazides were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their tyrosinase inhibitory activities in the presence of l-dopa and l-tyrosine as substrates. All the compounds showed tyrosinase inhibition in the sub-micromolar concentration. Among the derivatives, compound 9j bearing benzyl displayed exceptionally high potency against tyrosinase with IC50 value of 0.11 μM and 0.17 μM in the presence of l-tyrosine and l-dopa as substrates which is significantly lower than that of kojic acid as the positive control with an IC50 value of 9.28 μM for l-tyrosine and 9.30 μM for l-dopa. According to Lineweaver-Burk plot, 9j demonstrated an uncompetitive type of inhibition in the kinetic assay. Also, in vitro antioxidant activities determined by DPPH assay recorded an IC50 value of 68.43 μM for 9i. The melanin content of 9j was determined on B16F10 melanoma human cells which demonstrated a significant reduction of the melanin content. Moreover, the binding energies corresponding to the same ligand as well as computer-aided drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic studies were also carried out. Compound 9j also possessed metal chelation potential correlated to its high anti-TYR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hona Hosseinpoor
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71345 Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Moghadam Farid
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aida Iraji
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71348 Shiraz, Iran; Central Research laboratory, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sadegh Askari
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Najmeh Edraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71348 Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samanesadat Hosseini
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Jamshidzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Attarroshan
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71348 Shiraz, Iran
| | - Somayeh Pirhadi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71348 Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Khoshneviszadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71345 Shiraz, Iran; Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71348 Shiraz, Iran.
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17
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Durai P, Ko YJ, Kim JC, Pan CH, Park K. Identification of Tyrosinase Inhibitors and Their Structure-Activity Relationships via Evolutionary Chemical Binding Similarity and Structure-Based Methods. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030566. [PMID: 33499015 PMCID: PMC7865271 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the melanogenesis of humans and the browning of food products. Thus, tyrosinase inhibitors that are useful to the cosmetic and food industries are required. In this study, we have used evolutionary chemical binding similarity (ECBS) to screen a virtual chemical database for human tyrosinase, which resulted in seven potential tyrosinase inhibitors confirmed through the tyrosinase inhibition assay. The tyrosinase inhibition percentage for three of the new actives was over 90% compared to 61.9% of kojic acid. From the structural analysis through pharmacophore modeling and molecular docking with the human tyrosinase model, the pi–pi interaction of tyrosinase inhibitors with conserved His367 and the polar interactions with Asn364, Glu345, and Glu203 were found to be essential for tyrosinase–ligand interactions. The pharmacophore features and the docking models showed high consistency, revealing the possible essential binding interactions of inhibitors to human tyrosinase. We have also presented the activity cliff analysis that successfully revealed the chemical features related to substantial activity changes found in the new tyrosinase inhibitors. The newly identified inhibitors and their structure–activity relationships presented here will help to identify or design new human tyrosinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasannavenkatesh Durai
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Korea; (P.D.); (Y.-J.K.); (J.-C.K.); (C.-H.P.)
| | - Young-Joon Ko
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Korea; (P.D.); (Y.-J.K.); (J.-C.K.); (C.-H.P.)
- Department of Bioinformatics and Life Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
| | - Jin-Chul Kim
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Korea; (P.D.); (Y.-J.K.); (J.-C.K.); (C.-H.P.)
| | - Cheol-Ho Pan
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Korea; (P.D.); (Y.-J.K.); (J.-C.K.); (C.-H.P.)
| | - Keunwan Park
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Korea; (P.D.); (Y.-J.K.); (J.-C.K.); (C.-H.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-650-3663
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