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Rong W, Huang X, Hu S, Zhang X, Jiang P, Niu P, Su J, Wang M, Chu G. Impacts of Climate Change on the Habitat Suitability and Natural Product Accumulation of the Medicinal Plant Sophora alopecuroides L. Based on the MaxEnt Model. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1424. [PMID: 38891233 PMCID: PMC11174999 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Sophora alopecuroides L., a perennial herb in the arid and semi-arid regions of northwest China, has the ecological functions of windbreaking and sand fixation and high medicinal value. In recent years, global warming and human activities have led to changes in suitable habitats for S. alopecuroides, which may affect the accumulation of natural products. In this study, MaxEnt 3.4 and ArcGIS 10.4 software were used to predict the distribution of potentially suitable habitats for S. alopecuroides in China under climate change. Furthermore, the geographical distribution of S. alopecuroides as affected by human activities, the differences in the content of natural products of S. alopecuroides between different suitable habitats, and the correlation between natural products and environmental factors were analyzed. The results showed that suitable habitats for S. alopecuroides were projected to expand in the future, and the major environmental factors were temperature (Bio1), rainfall (Bio18), and soil pH (pH). When Bio1, Bio18, and pH were 8.4283 °C, 7.1968 mm, and 9.9331, respectively, the distribution probability (P) of S. alopecuroides was the highest. After adding a human activity factor, the accuracy of the model prediction results was improved, and the area of suitable habitats was greatly reduced, showing a fragmented pattern. Meanwhile, habitat suitability had a specific effect on the content of natural products in S. alopecuroides. Specifically, the content of natural products in S. alopecuroides in wild habitats was higher than that in artificial cultivation, and highly suitable habitats showed higher contents than those in non-highly suitable habitats. The contents of total alkaloids and total flavonoids were positively correlated with human activities and negatively correlated with land use types. Among them, total alkaloids were negatively correlated with aspect, and total flavonoids were positively correlated with aspect. In addition, it is suggested that Xinjiang should be the priority planting area for S. alopecuroides in China, and priority should be given to protection measures in the Alashan area. Overall, this study provides an important foundation for the determination of priority planting areas and resource protection for S. alopecuroides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Rong
- Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (W.R.); (P.J.)
| | - Xiang Huang
- Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (W.R.); (P.J.)
| | - Shanchao Hu
- Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (W.R.); (P.J.)
| | - Xingxin Zhang
- College of Grassland Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China;
| | - Ping Jiang
- Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (W.R.); (P.J.)
| | - Panxin Niu
- Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (W.R.); (P.J.)
| | - Jinjuan Su
- Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (W.R.); (P.J.)
| | - Mei Wang
- Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (W.R.); (P.J.)
| | - Guangming Chu
- Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (W.R.); (P.J.)
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Luo D, Zou JW, Wang JH, Tian H, Xie HY, Zhu TX, Zhu HH, Deng LM, Fan CL, Wang H, Wang GC, Zhang YB. Undescribed matrine-type alkaloids from Sophora alopecuroides with anti-inflammatory activity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 218:113954. [PMID: 38104747 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
A phytochemical investigation on the alkaloid fractions of Sophora alopecuroides L. led to the production of 11 undescribed matrine-type alkaloids, sophaloseedlines I-S (1-11), 12 known analogs (12-23), and an unexpected artificial matrine-derived Al(III) complex (24). The corresponding structures were elucidated by the interpretation of spectroscopic analyses, quantum chemical calculation, and six instances (1-4, 18, and 24), verified by X-ray crystallography. The biological activities screening demonstrated that none of the isolates exhibited cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines (HepG2, A549, THP-1, and MCF-7) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) at 50 μM, while moderate anti-inflammatory activity with IC50 value from 15.6 to 47.8 μM was observed. The key structure-activity relationships of those matrine-type alkaloids for anti-inflammatory effects have been summarized. In addition, the most potent 7-epi-sophoramine (19) and aluminum sophaloseedline T (24) could effectively inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β), as well as the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, and Guangdong Clinical Translational Center for Targeted Drug, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Jia-Wen Zou
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Jing-Hao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China
| | - He Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China
| | - Hua-Yan Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China
| | - Tian-Xi Zhu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Hui-Hui Zhu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Lu-Ming Deng
- Marine Biomedical Research Institution, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, PR China
| | - Chun-Lin Fan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China.
| | - Guo-Cai Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China.
| | - Yu-Bo Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, and Guangdong Clinical Translational Center for Targeted Drug, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China.
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Li J, Wei S, Marabada D, Wang Z, Huang Q. Research Progress of Natural Matrine Compounds and Synthetic Matrine Derivatives. Molecules 2023; 28:5780. [PMID: 37570750 PMCID: PMC10421345 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrine is a quinoline alkaloid extracted and separated from the dried root, fruit, and other parts of the plant Sophora flavescens using an organic solvent. Matrine exhibits a variety of biological activities and is widely used in pharmacy, agronomy, and other fields. Due to its low bioavailability, poor chemical stability, and toxicity to the central nervous system, a large number of researchers have searched for matrine derivatives with higher biological activity and safety by modifying its structure. In this review article, the research progress of matrine derivatives obtained using two methods (extraction from Sophora flavescens and structural modifications) from 2018 to 2022 in terms of pharmacological activity, mechanism of action, and structure-activity relationship are presented. The modification of matrine over the past five years has been mainly on the D-ring. Many new matrine alkaloids have been extracted from natural products, some of which have good pharmacological activity, which broadens the strategy for matrine structural modification in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (J.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Shijie Wei
- Pharmacy Department, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China;
| | - Davies Marabada
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (J.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Zhizhong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (J.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Qing Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (J.L.); (D.M.)
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Cao K, Chen J, Lu X, Yao Y, Huang R, Li L. Matrine-producing endophytic fungus Galactomyces candidum TRP-7: screening, identification, and fermentation conditions optimization for Matrine production. Biotechnol Lett 2023; 45:209-223. [PMID: 36504268 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Matrine (MA) is an alkaloid extracted from the root of genus Sophora with various pharmacological activities. Production of MA by endophytic fungi offers an alternative challenge to reduce the massive consumption to meet the increasing demand of MA. In the current study, the positive strains with MA producing ability were screened from endophytic fungal isolated from the root of Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep. Chromatographic analyses verified the identity of the produced MA. Among these fungi, Galactomyces candidum strain TRP-7 was the most valuable strain for MA production with the initial yield 8.26 mg L-1. The MA production was efficiently maximized up to 17.57 mg L-1 of fermentation broth, after optimization of eight process parameters using Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken designs. The statistical optimization resulted in a 1.127 times increase in MA production as compared to the initial yield of TRP-7. This is the first report to isolate endophytic fungi with MA-producing activity from S. tonkinensis Gagnep., and to identify an endophytic fungus G. candidum TRP-7 as a new promising start strain for a higher MA yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, Guangxi, China.,College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Xuan Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuqun Yao
- School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545006, Guangxi, China
| | - Rongshao Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, Guangxi, China.
| | - Liangbo Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, Guangxi, China.
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Li L, Niu H, Zhan J, Tu Y, Jiang L, Zhao Y. Matrine attenuates bovine mammary epithelial cells inflammatory responses induced by Streptococcus agalactiae through inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 112:109206. [PMID: 36058035 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is one of the main pathogens associated with bovine mastitis. The invasion of S. agalactiae in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) has been implicated as a key event in the pathogenesis of mastitis. Matrine is known for its various pharmacological activities, such as immune response regulation and anti-inflammation. The primary aim of the research was to investigate the preventive effect of matrine on S. agalactiae-induced inflammation in BMECs along with underlying molecular mechanisms. Our data showed matrine at the concentrations of 50-100 μg/mL promoted BMECs proliferation without infection, and decreased cytotoxicity induced by S. agalactiae. Subsequently, BMECs were pre-treated with matrine (50, 75, or 100 μg/mL) for 24 h, followed by the infection with S. agalactiae for an additional 6 h. Pretreatment with matrine followed by S. agalactiae treatment decreased cell apoptosis of BMECs. Also, pretreatment of matrine to BMECs prevented the invasion of S. agalactiae. The mRNA abundances of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α were down-regulated in S. agalactiae-infected cells pretreated with matrine. In addition, the greater ratios of protein NF-κB p-p65/p65, p-IκBα/IκBα, p-38/38, and p-ERK/ERK induced by S. agalactiae were attenuated due to matrine treatment. Furthermore, pretreatment of BMECs with matrine impeded the degradation of TAK1 induced by S. agalactiae infection. These results suggest matrine could be a potential modulator in immune response of the mammary gland. In conclusion, matrine prevents cellular damage due to S. agalactiae infection by the modulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways and pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuxue Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hui Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jingwei Zhan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yan Tu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Linshu Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Yuchao Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; Beijing Beinong Enterprise Management Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, China.
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Luo D, Chen N, Wang W, Zhang J, Li C, Zhuo X, Tu Z, Wu Z, Fan C, Zhang H, Li Y, Wang G, Zhang Y. Structurally Diverse
Matrine‐Based
Alkaloids with Anti‐inflammatory Effects from
Sophora alopecuroides. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ding Luo
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
| | - Neng‐Hua Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
| | - Wen‐Zhi Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
| | - Ji‐Hui Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
| | - Can‐Jie Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
| | - Xue‐Fang Zhuo
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
| | - Zhen‐Chao Tu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
| | - Zhong‐Nan Wu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
| | - Chun‐Lin Fan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
| | - Hai‐Peng Zhang
- Guangdong Clinical Translational Center for Targeted Drug, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
| | - Yao‐Lan Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
| | - Guo‐Cai Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
| | - Yu‐Bo Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
- Guangdong Clinical Translational Center for Targeted Drug, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
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Luo D, Lin Q, Tan JL, Zhao HY, Feng X, Chen NH, Wu ZN, Fan CL, Li YL, Ding WL, Xiao F, Wang GC, Zhang YB. Water-soluble matrine-type alkaloids with potential anti-neuroinflammatory activities from the seeds of Sophora alopecuroides. Bioorg Chem 2021; 116:105337. [PMID: 34521046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A phytochemical investigation on the alkaloids from water-soluble part of Sophora alopecuroides led to obtain forty matrine-type alkaloids (1-40) including eighteen new ones (1-18), which covers almost all positions of the oxygen substitution in matrine-type structure. Notably, eight compounds (1-8) belong to rare bis-amide matrine-type alkaloid. The new structures were determined based on extensive spectroscopic data, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, and six instances, verified by X-ray crystallography. Most of isolates showed anti-neuroinflammatory activities based on the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 in BV2 microglia cells. Especially, compound 39 can suppress those two mediator secretions in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values of 21.6 ± 0.5 and 16.7 ± 0.8 μM, respectively. Further mechanistic study revealed that 39 suppressed the phosphorylation of IκBα and p65 subunit to regulate the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Luo
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Lin Tan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yue Zhao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Guangdong Clinical Translational Center for Targeted Drug, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Neng-Hua Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Nan Wu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Lin Fan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao-Lan Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Long Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Guangdong Clinical Translational Center for Targeted Drug, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guo-Cai Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Bo Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Clinical Translational Center for Targeted Drug, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China.
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