Über Aminosäuren und Peptide, XI. Hydroxylsubstituierte Cyclodipeptide durch Ringschluß von Pyruvoylaminosäure-amiden

Synthesis of 13 C and 2 H Labeled Vinyl Pyruvate and Hyperpolarization of Pyruvate

The hyperpolarization of nuclear spins has enabled unique applications in chemistry, biophysics, and particularly metabolic imaging. Parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP) offers a fast and cost-efficient way of hyperpolarization. Nevertheless, PHIP lags behind dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), which is already being evaluated in clinical studies. This shortcoming is mainly due to problems in the synthesis of the corresponding PHIP precursor molecules. The most widely used DNP tracer in clinical studies, particularly for the detection of prostate cancer, is 1-13 C-pyruvate. The ideal derivative for PHIP is the deuterated vinyl ester because the spin physics allows for 100 % polarization. Unfortunately, there is no efficient synthesis for vinyl esters of β-ketocarboxylic acids in general and pyruvate in particular. Here, we present an efficient new method for the preparation of vinyl esters, including 13 C labeled, fully deuterated vinyl pyruvate using a palladium-catalyzed procedure. Using 50 % enriched parahydrogen and mild reaction conditions, a 13 C polarization of 12 % was readily achieved; 36 % are expected with 100 % pH2 . Higher polarization values can be potentially achieved with optimized reaction conditions.

Identification, isolation and characterization of potential process-related impurity and its degradation product in vildagliptin

Vildagliptin is a member of a new class of oral anti-diabetic drug. One unknown impurity was identified in the range of 0.01-0.06% in different laboratory batches of vildagliptin along with known impurities by HPLC analysis. The structure of unknown impurity was proposed as (2S)-1-[2-[(3-hydroxyadamantan-1-yl)imino]acetyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile (Impurity-E) using LC/ESI-MS(n) study. The unknown impurity was found to be unstable in diluent (H2O:CH3CN) and degrading into another stable impurity. The degraded stable impurity was isolated from enriched reaction crude sample by semi preparative liquid chromatography. The structure of stable impurity was established using FT-IR, NMR ((1)H, (13)C and DEPT), 2D NMR (HSQC, HMBC and COSY) and mass spectral data as (8aS)-3-hydroxy-octahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]piperazine-1,4-dione (Impurity-F). Impurity identification, abnormal behaviour of impurity-E, isolation of impurity-F, fragmentation mechanism and structural elucidation were also discussed.

Intermolecular and Intramolecular Diels−Alder Cycloadditions of 3-Ylidenepiperazine-2,5-diones and 5-Acyloxy-2(1H)-pyrazinones

The 3-ylidenepiperazine-2,5-diones 16 and 39 and 5-acyloxy-2(1H)-pyrazinones 17 can serve as starting materials for the Diels-Alder reactions of alkenes and alkynes to the piperazine ring, under acidic conditions or in the presence of acetyl chloride, to afford tricyclic piperazine-2,5-diones 19, 20, 23-25, 27, 44, and 45. Intramolecular cycloadditions occur if 3-ylidenepiperazine-2,5-diones 30 and 32 are used as the starting materials. This procedure is a convenient path to bridged bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring systems such as 31 and 33, the former being found in biologically active secondary mold metabolites, such as VM55599 (1) or brevianamide A (5), which have been isolated from various fungi. The synthesis of the indole compound 31 provided evidence for the proposed biochemical pathway with a Diels-Alder reaction as key step. Quantum chemical calculations have revealed that piperazinones with a cationic azadiene moiety are the most reactive species in Diels-Alder cycloadditions.