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Temperini A, Ballarotto M, Siciliano C. Chemoselective and metal-free reduction of α,β-unsaturated ketones by in situ produced benzeneselenol from O-( tert-butyl) Se-phenyl selenocarbonate. RSC Adv 2020; 10:33706-33717. [PMID: 35519049 PMCID: PMC9056720 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07128e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The carbon–carbon double bond of arylidene acetones and chalcones can be selectively reduced with benzeneselenol generated in situ by reacting O-(tert-butyl) Se-phenyl selenocarbonate with hydrochloric acid in ethanol. This mild, metal-free and experimentally simple reduction procedure displays considerable functional-group compatibility, products are obtained in good to excellent yields, and the use of toxic Se/CO mixture and NaSeH, or the smelly and air-sensitive benzeneselenol, is avoided. The carbon–carbon double bond of arylidene acetones and chalcones can be selectively reduced with benzeneselenol generated in situ by reacting O-(tert-butyl) Se-phenyl selenocarbonate with hydrochloric acid in ethanol.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Temperini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche
- Università di Perugia
- Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
| | - Marco Ballarotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche
- Università di Perugia
- Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
| | - Carlo Siciliano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione
- Università della Calabria
- Cosenza
- Italy
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Uddin MN, Knight JD, Rastelli EJ, Soubra-Ghaoui C, Albright TA, Wu CH, Wu JI, Coltart DM. On the Mechanism of the Asymmetric Aldol Addition of Chiral N-Amino Cyclic Carbamate Hydrazones: Evidence of Non-Curtin-Hammett Behavior. Chemistry 2019; 25:16037-16047. [PMID: 31650641 PMCID: PMC7182504 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
he mechanistic details of the aldol addition of N-amino cyclic carbamate (ACC) hydrazones is provided herein from both an experimental and computational perspective. When the transformation is carried out at room temperature the anti-aldol product is formed exclusively. Under these conditions the anti- and syn-aldolate intermediates are in equilibrium and the transformation is under thermodynamic control. The anti-aldolate that leads to the anti-aldol product was calculated to be 3.7 kcal mol-1 lower in energy at room temperature than that leading to the syn-aldol product, which sufficiently accounts for the exclusive formation of the anti-aldol product. When the reaction is conducted at -78 °C it is under kinetic control and favors formation of the syn-aldol addition product. In this case, it was found that a solvent separated aza-enolate anion and aldehyde form a σ-intermediate in which the lithium cation is coordinated to the aldehyde. The σ-intermediate collapses with a very small activation barrier to form the β-alkoxy hydrazone intermediate. The chiral nonracemic lithium aza-enolate discriminates between the two diastereotopic faces of the pro-chiral aldehyde, and there is no rapid direct pathway that interconverts the two diastereomeric intermediates. Consequently, the reaction does not follow the Curtin-Hammett principle and the stereochemical outcome at low temperature instead depends on the relative energies of the two σ-intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Nasir Uddin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204 (USA)
| | - John D. Knight
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204 (USA)
| | - Ettore J. Rastelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204 (USA)
| | - Chirine Soubra-Ghaoui
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of St. Thomas, Houston, Texas 77006 (USA)
| | - Thomas A. Albright
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204 (USA)
| | - Chia-Hua Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204 (USA)
| | - Judy I. Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204 (USA)
| | - Don M. Coltart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204 (USA)
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Semwal RB, Semwal DK, Combrinck S, Viljoen AM. Gingerols and shogaols: Important nutraceutical principles from ginger. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 117:554-568. [PMID: 26228533 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Gingerols are the major pungent compounds present in the rhizomes of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and are renowned for their contribution to human health and nutrition. Medicinal properties of ginger, including the alleviation of nausea, arthritis and pain, have been associated with the gingerols. Gingerol analogues are thermally labile and easily undergo dehydration reactions to form the corresponding shogaols, which impart the characteristic pungent taste to dried ginger. Both gingerols and shogaols exhibit a host of biological activities, ranging from anticancer, anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic to various central nervous system activities. Shogaols are important biomarkers used for the quality control of many ginger-containing products, due to their diverse biological activities. In this review, a large body of available knowledge on the biosynthesis, chemical synthesis and pharmacological activities, as well as on the structure-activity relationships of various gingerols and shogaols, have been collated, coherently summarised and discussed. The manuscript highlights convincing evidence indicating that these phenolic compounds could serve as important lead molecules for the development of therapeutic agents to treat various life-threatening human diseases, particularly cancer. Inclusion of ginger or ginger extracts in nutraceutical formulations could provide valuable protection against diabetes, cardiac and hepatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Badoni Semwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Deepak Kumar Semwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Sandra Combrinck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Alvaro M Viljoen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Ramesh Reddy A, Wadavrao SB, Yadav JS, Venkat Narsaiah A. An Efficient Enantioselective Synthesis of Natural Gingerols, the Active Principles of Ginger. Helv Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201400393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Mayer N, Schweiger M, Melcher MC, Fledelius C, Zechner R, Zimmermann R, Breinbauer R. Structure-activity studies in the development of a hydrazone based inhibitor of adipose-triglyceride lipase (ATGL). Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2904-16. [PMID: 25778769 PMCID: PMC4457358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) catalyzes the degradation of cellular triacylglycerol stores and strongly determines the concentration of circulating fatty acids (FAs). High serum FA levels are causally linked to the development of insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance, which eventually progresses to overt type 2 diabetes. ATGL-specific inhibitors could be used to lower circulating FAs, which can counteract the development of insulin resistance. In this article, we report about structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies of small molecule inhibitors of ATGL based on a hydrazone chemotype. The SAR indicated that the binding pocket of ATGL requests rather linear compounds without bulky substituents. The best inhibitor showed an IC50 = 10 μM in an assay with COS7-cell lysate overexpressing murine ATGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Mayer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Schweiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31/II, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31/II, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31/II, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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Knight JD, Coltart DM. Asymmetric anti-aldol addition of achiral ketones via chiral N-amino cyclic carbamate hydrazones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 49:7495-7. [PMID: 23873079 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc44716b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric anti-aldol addition of ketone-derived donors and aldehyde acceptors is described. Asymmetric induction is achieved through the use of chiral N-amino cyclic carbamate (ACC) auxiliaries. The transformation exhibits essentially perfect anti-diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity, and has the unusual feature of proceeding via thermodynamic, rather than kinetic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Knight
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, USA
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Knight JD, Coltart DM. Expanding the scope of the asymmetric anti-aldol addition of chiral N-amino cyclic carbamate hydrazones. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.07.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Vijendra Kumar N, Srinivas P, Bettadaiah B. New scalable and eco-friendly synthesis of gingerols. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lazny R, Nodzewska A. N,N-Dialkylhydrazones in Organic Synthesis. From Simple N,N-Dimethylhydrazones to Supported Chiral Auxiliaries. Chem Rev 2009; 110:1386-434. [PMID: 20000672 DOI: 10.1021/cr900067y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Lazny
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, ul. Hurtowa 15-399, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Aneta Nodzewska
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, ul. Hurtowa 15-399, Bialystok, Poland
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Ma S, Zhang S, Duan W, Wang W. An enantioselective synthesis of (+)-(S)-[n]-gingerols via the l-proline-catalyzed aldol reaction. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3909-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Markert M, Mahrwald R. Total Syntheses of Carbohydrates: Organocatalyzed Aldol Additions of Dihydroxyacetone. Chemistry 2007; 14:40-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joo Kang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Korea
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Hazelard D, Fadel A. Synthesis of optically active (+)-2-benzyl-, (+)-2-octyl-, and (+)-2-tetradec-5′-enylcyclobutanones via metallated chiral imines or hydrazones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2005.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Juch M, Rüedi P. Isolation, Structure, and Biological Activities of Long-Chain Catechols ofPlectranthus sylvestris(Labiatae). Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19970800209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Job A, Janeck CF, Bettray W, Peters R, Enders D. The SAMP-/RAMP-hydrazone methodology in asymmetric synthesis. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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A new method for the demetallation of tricarbonyliron diene complexes by total hydrogenation with Raney nickel. Application to a very short synthesis of (+)-[6]-gingerdiol. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)01263-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Enders D, Nübling C, Schubert H. Asymmetric Synthesis of Primary Amines by Nucleophilic Addition of Alkyllithium Compounds to Aldehyde SAMP/RAMP Hydrazones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199719970608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bode JW, Doyle MP, Protopopova MN, Zhou QL. Intramolecular Regioselective Insertion into Unactivated Prochiral Carbon−Hydrogen Bonds with Diazoacetates of Primary Alcohols Catalyzed by Chiral Dirhodium(II) Carboxamidates. Highly Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Natural Lignan Lactones. J Org Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jo961607u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W. Bode
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212
| | - Michael P. Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212
| | | | - Qi-Lin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212
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Amino Acids as Synthons for Heterocyclic Compounds**Dedicated to Professor Dr. Richard Neidlein on the occasion of his 65th birthday. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(08)60170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Wünsch B, Nerdinger S. A Facile and Regioselective Synthesis of Donor-Substituted 2-(2-Halophenyl)acetaldehyde Acetals. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19953280402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Richter PK, Tomaszewski MJ, Miller RA, Patron AP, Nicolaou KC. Stereoselective construction of the C18–C32fragment of swinholide A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1039/c39940001151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Enders D, Dyker H, Raabe G. Enantioselektive Aldolreaktionen mit einem Phosphoenolpyruvat-Äquivalent: asymmetrische Synthese von 4-Hydroxy-2-oxocarbonsäureestern. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19931050315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Khamlach MK, Dhal R, Brown E. Lignanes. 16. Premières synthèses totales du (+)-wikstromol, de la (−)-trachélogénine, de la (−)-nortrachélogénine et des lignoïdes apparentés. Tetrahedron 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)89041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Boissin P, Dhal R, Brown E. Lignanes. 15. Première Synthèse Totale de la (−)-α-Conidendrine Naturelle. Tetrahedron 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)88129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Shiraiwa T, Shinjo K, Kurokawa H. Asymmetric Transformations of Proline and 2-Piperidinecarboxylic Acid via Formation of Salts with Optically Active Tartaric Acid. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1991. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.64.3251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Landais Y, Robin JP, Lebrun A. Ruthenium dioxide in fluoro acid medium: I. A new agent in the biaryl oxidative coupling. Application to the synthesis of non phenolic bisbenzocyclooctadiene lignan lactones. Tetrahedron 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)80904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Resolution and EPC synthesis of both enantiomers of 2,5-Dimethylbicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-endo-2-ol, Key Intermediate in the Synthesis of Grandisol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(00)80532-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Martens J, Lübben S. (1S,3S,5S)-2-Amino-3-methoxymethyl-2-azabicyclo [3.3.0]octan: SAMBO — ein neuer chiraler Hilfsstoff. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.1990199001175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Shiraiwa T, Shinjo K, Kurokawa H. Facile Production of (R)-Proline by Asymmetric Transformation of (S)-Proline. CHEM LETT 1989. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1989.1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Le Gall T, Lellouche JP, Beaucourt JP. An organo-iron mediated chiral synthesis of (+)-(S)-[6]-gingerol. Tetrahedron Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)89011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Enders D, Baus U. Asymmetrische Synthese beider Enantiomere von (E)-4,6-Dimethyl-6-octen-3-on – Abwehrsubstanz der WeberknechteLeiobunum vittatum undL. calcar (Opiliones). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.198319830816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Enders D, Papadopoulos K. Asymmetric synthesis of β-substituted δ-ketoesters via michael-additions of samp/ramp-hydrazones to α,β-unsaturated esters, virtually complete 1.6-asymmetric induction. Tetrahedron Lett 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)99823-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Herold T, Schrott U, Hoffmann RW, Schnelle G, Ladner W, Steinbach K. Stereoselektive Synthese von Alkoholen, VI1) Asymmetrische Synthesen von 4-Penten-2-ol über Allylboronsäureester chiraler Glycole. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19811140138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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