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Ueno Y, Maeda T, Okamoto S, Taniguchi H. Evaluation of Urea Cycle Activity by Metabolic Flux Analysis Using Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2544:129-144. [PMID: 36125715 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2557-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocytes play an important role in maintaining homeostasis in living organisms by carrying out various metabolic functions. The urea cycle, one of the metabolic pathways taking place in hepatocytes, is an important metabolic pathway that converts toxic ammonia to nontoxic urea. Performing quantitative assessments of individual metabolite levels using a mass spectrometer is useful for assessing the metabolic state of the urea cycle in hepatocytes. In addition, metabolic flux analysis using stable isotopes and a mass spectrometer is a new technique for measuring the metabolic state. It enables conducting specific, objective, and quantitative measurement of the activated state of the target metabolic pathway regardless of external disturbing factors. This section describes the technical background and methodology of performing metabolic flux analysis of the urea cycle by mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuharu Ueno
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takuji Maeda
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okamoto
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hideki Taniguchi
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
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Marsh AG, Powell ML, Watts SA. Biochemical and Energy Requirements of Gonad Development. DEVELOPMENTS IN AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396491-5.00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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3
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Sonderhoff SA, Kilburn DG, Piret JM. Analysis of mammalian viable cell biomass based on cellular ATP. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 39:859-64. [PMID: 18601019 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260390807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of cellular ATP as a means of measuring viable biomass loading was investigated in hybridoma cell culture. ATP analysis by the luciferin-luciferase assay was compared with trypan blue-stained hemocytometer counts. The cell-specific ATP content varied between 2 and 6 fmol per viable cell over a batch culture. ATP levels were highest during exponential growth, and decreased during the stationary and decline phases. Electronic counting and volume measurements were performed to assay the viable cell biomass. Cell sorting, using fluorescein diacetate, was used to separate viable and nonviable cells in cultures with between 35% and 90% viable cells. Viable cells contained over 2 orders of magnitude greater cell-specific ATP than nonviable cells. Cell-specific ATP correlated directly with the viable cell volume rather than viable cell numbers. Over the range of batch culture conditions, ATP analysis should provide a more accurate measurement of hybridoma viable biomass than hemocytometer counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Sonderhoff
- Department of Microbiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Ohno H, Naito Y, Nakajima H, Tomita M. Construction of a biological tissue model based on a single-cell model: a computer simulation of metabolic heterogeneity in the liver lobule. ARTIFICIAL LIFE 2008; 14:3-28. [PMID: 18171128 DOI: 10.1162/artl.2008.14.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An enormous body of information has been obtained by molecular and cellular biology in the last half century. However, even these powerful approaches are not adequate when it comes to higher-level biological structures, such as tissues, organs, and individual organisms, because of the complexities involved. Thus, accumulation of data at the higher levels supports and broadens the context for that obtained on the molecular and cellular levels. Under such auspices, an attempt to elucidate mesoscopic and macroscopic subjects based on plentiful nanoscopic and microscopic data is of great potential value. On the other hand, fully realistic simulation is impracticable because of the extensive cost entailed and enormous amount of data required. Abstraction and modeling that balance the dual requirements of prediction accuracy and manageable calculation cost are of great importance for systems biology. We have constructed an ammonia metabolism model of the hepatic lobule, a histological component of the liver, based on a single-hepatocyte model that consists of the biochemical kinetics of enzymes and transporters. To bring the calculation cost within reason, the porto-central axis, which is an elemental structure of the lobule, is defined as the systems biological unit of the liver, and is accordingly modeled. A model including both histological structure and position-specific gene expression of major enzymes largely represents the physiological dynamics of the hepatic lobule in nature. In addition, heterogeneous gene expression is suggested to have evolved to optimize the energy efficiency of ammonia detoxification at the macroscopic level, implying that approaches like this may elucidate how properties at the molecular and cellular levels, such as regulated gene expression, modify higher-level phenomena of multicellular tissue, organs, and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ohno
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 14-1 Baba-cho, Tsuruoka, 997-0035, Japan.
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Chapter 3 Biochemical and energy requirements of gonad development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9309(07)80067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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Chen J, Sun X, Zhang Y. Growth and metabolism of marine fish Chinook salmon embryo cells: response to lack of glucose and glutamine. Biotechnol Lett 2005; 27:395-401. [PMID: 15834804 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-005-1774-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2004] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A peculiar phenomenon, differing from the response of mammalian cells, occurred when Chinook salmon embryo (CHSE) cells were passaged in the medium lacking of both glucose and glutamine. To elucidate metabolic mechanism of CHSE cells, the metabolism parameters, key metabolic enzymes, and ATP levels were measured at different glucose and glutamine concentrations. In the glutamine-free culture, hexokinase activity kept constant, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity decreased. This indicated that lack of glutamine did not expedite glucose consumption but made it shift to lower lactate production and more efficient energy metabolism. The results coincided with the experimental results of unaltered specific glucose consumption rate and decreased yield coefficients of lactate to glucose. In the glucose-free culture, simultaneous increase of glutaminase activity and of specific ammonia production rate suggested an increased flux into the glutaminolysis pathway, and increases of both glutamate dehydrogenase activity and yield coefficient of ammonia to glutamine showed an increased flux into deamination pathway. However, when glucose and glutamine were both lacking, the specific consumption rates of most of amino acids increased markedly, together with decrease of LDH activity, indicating that pyruvate derived from amino acids, away from lactate production, remedied energy deficiency. When both glucose and glutamine were absent, intracellular ATP contents and the energy charge remained virtually unaltered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juxing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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Carvalhal AV, Coroadinha A, Alves PM, Moreira JL, Hauser H, Carrondo MJ. Metabolic changes during cell growth inhibition by the IRF-1 system. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(01)00460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Marsh AG, Watts SA. Energy Metabolism and Gonad Development. DEVELOPMENTS IN AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES SCIENCE 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9309(01)80004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Grune T, Müller K, Zöllner S, Haseloff R, Blasig IE, David H, Siems W. Evaluation of purine nucleotide loss, lipid peroxidation and ultrastructural alterations in post-hypoxic hepatocytes. J Physiol 1997; 498 ( Pt 2):511-22. [PMID: 9032698 PMCID: PMC1159220 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1997.sp021877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Hypoxic alterations in isolated rat hepatocytes were demonstrated by a 90% ATP loss during 60 min of ischaemia and temporary increases of nucleotide degradation products. 2. The oxidative stress during reoxygenation was demonstrated in these cells by a decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration (30%) and a threefold increase in lipid peroxidation products such as 4-hydroxynonenal and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RSs). The tremendous GSH loss could not be balanced by the slight oxidized glutathione (GSSG) increase during reoxygenation. 3. For the first time the involvement of free radicals was directly demonstrated using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy in reoxygenated liver cells. Using the spin trap 5,5-dimethylpyrroline-1-oxide (DMPO), a carbon-centred radical and the adduct of the hydroxyl radical could be detected during early reoxygenation. 4. Morphological alteration of cells was observed, beginning during hypoxia and increasing during post-hypoxic reoxygenation. Electron microscopic findings of hypoxic and post-hypoxic cell damage included pyknosis of nuclei, spherical transformation of mitochondria and increased number of vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Grune
- Medical Faculty (Charité), Humboldt-University Berlin, Germany
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Kostić MM, Zivković RV. Energy metabolism of reticulocytes: two different sources of energy for Na+K(+)-ATPase activity. Cell Biochem Funct 1994; 12:107-12. [PMID: 8044886 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.290120205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Total energy production in rabbit reticulocytes amounted to 136.52 +/- 6.50 mumol ATP h-1 ml-1 of reticulocytes: 88.3 per cent was provided by oxidative phosphorylation, whereas only 11.7 per cent by aerobic glycolysis. Na+K(+)-ATPase accounted for 23 per cent, i.e. 27.65 +/- 2.55 mumol ATP h-1ml-1 of reticulocytes, in the overall energy consumption in reticulocytes of rabbits. Under basal conditions ATP for Na+K(+)-ATPase activity was derived exclusively from oxidative phosphorylation. However, when the activity of Na+K(+)-ATPase was increased due to the stimulation of adenylate cyclase by (-)-isoprenaline, the additional energy required was provided by aerobic glycolysis. These results indicate that two different compartments, one cytosolic and the other mitochondrial, provide energy for Na+K(+)-ATPase activity in reticulocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Kostić
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kragujevac, Yugoslavia
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Land SC, Hochachka PW. Protein turnover during metabolic arrest in turtle hepatocytes: role and energy dependence of proteolysis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1994; 266:C1028-36. [PMID: 8178951 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1994.266.4.c1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocytes from the western painted turtle (Chrysemys picta bellii) are capable of a coordinated metabolic suppression of 88% during 10 h of anoxia at 25 degrees C. The energy dependence and role of proteolysis in this suppression were assessed in labile ([3H]Phe-labeled) and stable ([14C]Phe-labeled) protein pools. During anoxia, labile protein half-lives increased from 24.7 +/- 3.3 to 34.4 +/- 3.7 h, with stable protein half-lives increasing from 55.6 +/- 3.4 to 109.6 +/- 7.4 h. The total anoxic mean proteolytic suppression for both pools was 36%. On the basis of inhibition of O2 consumption and lactate production rates by cycloheximide and emetine, normoxic ATP-dependent proteolysis required 11.1 +/- 1.7 mumol ATP.g-1.h-1 accounting for 21.8 +/- 1.4% of total cellular metabolism. Under anoxia this was suppressed by 93% to 0.73 +/- 0.43 mumol ATP.g-1.h-1. Summation of this with protein synthesis ATP turnover rates indicated that under anoxia 45% of total ATP turnover rate was directed toward protein turnover. Studies with inhibitors of energy metabolism indicated that the majority of energy dependence was found in the stable protein pool, with no significant inhibition occurring among the more labile proteins. We conclude that proteolysis is largely energy dependent under normoxia, whereas under anoxia there is a shift to a slower overall proteolytic rate that is largely energy independent and represents loss mostly from the labile protein pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Land
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Grune T, Siems WG. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of purine compounds for investigation of biomedical problems: application to different tissues and body fluids. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 618:15-40. [PMID: 8227254 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
An overview of high-performance liquid chromatographic separation techniques (reversed-phase and ion-pair reversed-phase) used in the analysis of purine ribonucleotides, ribonucleosides and nucleobases, including procedures for sample preparation, is given. Coverage of the separation techniques is extended to the measurement of specific radioactivities of these compounds in tracer kinetic experiments for metabolic flux rate analyses. This article is focused on the development and adaptation of reversed-phase separation techniques for nucleotides, nucleosides and bases that are used to examine a variety of biomedical problems. The investigation of purine nucleotide metabolic disorders or physiological transitions in the pathomechanisms of different diseases and syndromes or in cell maturation processes, respectively, requires the application of chromatographic separation to a multitude of tissues and body fluids. These samples vary greatly in concentrations of purine compounds with low molecular mass, from ca. 5 mM to ca. 0.5 microM. The advantages and disadvantages of different techniques are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Grune
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty (Carité), Humboldt University Berlin, Germany
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Siems WG, Schmidt H, Gruner S, Jakstadt M. Balancing of energy-consuming processes of K 562 cells. Cell Biochem Funct 1992; 10:61-6. [PMID: 1315632 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.290100110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A balance of ATP-consuming processes in human erythroleukemia (K 562) cells by use of the decreased 14CO2 formation from [1-14C]-glutamate following inhibition of energy-requiring processes is presented. This method was tested on Ehrlich mouse ascites tumour cells and was used in suspensions of K 562 cells with a low cell content. More than 90 percent of the ATP produced by oxidative phosphorylation could be accounted for in K 562 cells. Protein synthesis consumed about 35 percent, Na+/K(+)-ATPase about 20 percent and transcription processes 5-10 percent of the total ATP. The share of the Ca(2+)-dependent reactions was notably high at 25 percent in comparison with Ehrlich mouse ascites tumour cells, reticulocytes or hepatocytes. ATP consumption by DNA synthesis was assessed at 5-10 percent. Only less than 10 percent of the consumption of ATP produced oxidatively remained for other cellular reactions. The degree of coupling of K 562 cells was high in comparison with that of other eukaryotic cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Siems
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty (Charité), Humboldt University, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany
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Miko M, Devínsky F. Biochemical basis of cytotoxic activity of some new N'-oxides of N',N'-dimethylaminoalkylamides of dodecanoic acid. DRUG METABOLISM AND DRUG INTERACTIONS 1992; 10:237-63. [PMID: 1424644 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi.1992.10.3.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present investigation was to screen a series of new N'-oxides of N',N'-dimethylaminoalkylamides of dodecanoic acid for activity in vitro and to investigate the biochemical mode of action. On the basis of primary screening, one of the most active compounds, namely the N'-oxide of 10-(N',N'-dimethylaminodecyl)amide of dodecanoic acid (n = 10) was chosen for detailed biochemical study. This compound inhibited the incorporation of 14C-precursors (adenine, valine, thymidine, uridine) into appropriate macromolecules of P388 murine leukemia and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. The amine oxide also interfered with energy-yielding processes (aerobic glycolysis, endogenous respiration). Cytotoxicity is a consequence of the cytolytic activity of the compounds mentioned above. Membranous effects were demonstrated by the measuring of the release of cytoplasmic materials absorbing at 260 and 280 nm, marker enzyme activities (LDH, MDH), release of protein from the cells into the culture medium, as well as by morphological examination. It is evident that the site of action of the amine oxides investigated was the biological membrane which, after interaction with the amine oxides, showed changes in molecular organization and osmotic and permeability characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miko
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Biology, Slovak Technical University, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia
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