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Yang XM, Yu H, Li JX, Li N, Li C, Xu DH, Zhang H, Fang TH, Wang SJ, Yan PY, Han BB. Excitotoxic Storms of Ischemic Stroke: A Non-neuronal Perspective. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04184-7. [PMID: 38662299 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Numerous neurological disorders share a fatal pathologic process known as glutamate excitotoxicity. Among which, ischemic stroke is the major cause of mortality and disability worldwide. For a long time, the main idea of developing anti-excitotoxic neuroprotective agents was to block glutamate receptors. Despite this, there has been little successful clinical translation to date. After decades of "neuron-centered" views, a growing number of studies have recently revealed the importance of non-neuronal cells. Glial cells, cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, blood cells, and so forth are extensively engaged in glutamate synthesis, release, reuptake, and metabolism. They also express functional glutamate receptors and can listen and respond for fast synaptic transmission. This broadens the thoughts of developing excitotoxicity antagonists. In this review, the critical contribution of non-neuronal cells in glutamate excitotoxicity during ischemic stroke will be emphasized in detail, and the latest research progress as well as corresponding therapeutic strategies will be updated at length, aiming to reconceptualize glutamate excitotoxicity in a non-neuronal perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Man Yang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xin Li
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Han Xu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-He Fang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Jun Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pei-Yu Yan
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China.
- Zhuhai MUST Science and Technology Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bing-Bing Han
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
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Kim H, Choi M, Han S, Park SY, Jeong M, Kim SR, Hwang EM, Lee SG. Expression patterns of AEG-1 in the normal brain. Brain Struct Funct 2023; 228:1629-1641. [PMID: 37421418 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02676-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) is a well-known oncogene implicated in various types of human cancers, including brain tumors. Recently, AEG-1 has also been reported to play pivotal roles in glioma-associated neurodegeneration and neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, the normal physiological functions and expression patterns of AEG-1 in the brain are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the expression patterns of AEG-1 in the normal mouse brain and found that AEG-1 is widely expressed in neurons and neuronal precursor cells, but little in glial cells. We observed differential expression levels of AEG-1 in various brain regions, and its expression was mainly localized in the cell body of neurons rather than the nucleus. Additionally, AEG-1 was expressed in the cytoplasm of Purkinje cells in both the mouse and human cerebellum, suggesting its potential role in this brain region. These findings suggest that AEG-1 may have important functions in normal brain physiology and warrant further investigation. Our results may also shed light on the differential expression patterns of AEG-1 in normal and pathological brains, providing insights into its roles in various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hail Kim
- Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Choi
- Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
- Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Han
- Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yoon Park
- Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoungseok Jeong
- Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Four KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Hwang
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seok-Geun Lee
- Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Li T, Fei J, Yu H, Wang X, Bai J, Chen F, Li D, Yin Z. High glucose induced HIF-1α/TREK1 expression and myometrium relaxation during pregnancy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1115619. [PMID: 36909311 PMCID: PMC9998977 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1115619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing worldwide. GDM patients have a significantly higher rate of cesarean section and postpartum hemorrhage, suggesting changes in uterine contractility. TWIK-1-related potassium channel (TREK1) expressed in the pregnant uterus and its role in uterine contraction. In this study, we examined the expression of HIF-1α and TREK1 proteins in GDM uterine and investigated whether high glucose levels are involved in the regulation of human uterine smooth muscle cells (HUSMCs) contraction through TREK1, and verified the role of HIF-1α in this process. Methods Compared the uterine contractility between GDM and normal patients undergoing elective lower segment cesarean section. The HUSMCs were divided into normal glucose group, high glucose group, normal glucose with CoCl2 group, CoCl2 with echinomycin/L-Methionine group, and high glucose with echinomycin/L-Methionine group; Compare the cell contractility of each group. Compared the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and TREK1 protein in each group. Results The contractility of human uterine strips induced by both KCl and oxytocin was significantly lower in patients with GDM compared with that in normal individuals, with increased TREK1 and HIF-1α protein expression. The contractility of cultured HUSMCs was significantly decreased under high glucose levels, which was consistent with increased expression of HIF-1α and TREK1 proteins. The contractility of HUSMCs was decreased when hypoxia was induced by CoCl2 and increased when hypoxia was inhibited by echinomycin. The TREK1 inhibitor L-methionine also recovered the decreased contractility of HUSMCs under high glucose levels or hypoxia. Discussion The high glucose levels decreased the contractility of the myometrium, and increased expression of HIF-1a and TREK1 proteins play a role in changes in uterus contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengteng Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, China
| | - Jiajia Fei
- Department of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huihui Yu
- Department of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xingxing Wang
- Department of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jingjing Bai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, China
| | - Fucai Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zongzhi Yin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of the Study of Abnormal Gametes and the Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Schmaul S, Hanuscheck N, Bittner S. Astrocytic potassium and calcium channels as integrators of the inflammatory and ischemic CNS microenvironment. Biol Chem 2021; 402:1519-1530. [PMID: 34455729 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are key regulators of their surroundings by receiving and integrating stimuli from their local microenvironment, thereby regulating glial and neuronal homeostasis. Cumulating evidence supports a plethora of heterogenic astrocyte subpopulations that differ morphologically and in their expression patterns of receptors, transporters and ion channels, as well as in their functional specialisation. Astrocytic heterogeneity is especially relevant under pathological conditions. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS), morphologically distinct astrocytic subtypes were identified and could be linked to transcriptome changes during different disease stages and regions. To allow for continuous awareness of changing stimuli across age and diseases, astrocytes are equipped with a variety of receptors and ion channels allowing the precise perception of environmental cues. Recent studies implicate the diverse repertoire of astrocytic ion channels - including transient receptor potential channels, voltage-gated calcium channels, inwardly rectifying K+ channels, and two-pore domain potassium channels - in sensing the brain state in physiology, inflammation and ischemia. Here, we review current evidence regarding astrocytic potassium and calcium channels and their functional contribution in homeostasis, neuroinflammation and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Schmaul
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicholas Hanuscheck
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
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Contribution of Neuronal and Glial Two-Pore-Domain Potassium Channels in Health and Neurological Disorders. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:8643129. [PMID: 34434230 PMCID: PMC8380499 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8643129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-pore-domain potassium (K2P) channels are widespread in the nervous system and play a critical role in maintaining membrane potential in neurons and glia. They have been implicated in many stress-relevant neurological disorders, including pain, sleep disorder, epilepsy, ischemia, and depression. K2P channels give rise to leaky K+ currents, which stabilize cellular membrane potential and regulate cellular excitability. A range of natural and chemical effectors, including temperature, pressure, pH, phospholipids, and intracellular signaling molecules, substantially modulate the activity of K2P channels. In this review, we summarize the contribution of K2P channels to neuronal excitability and to potassium homeostasis in glia. We describe recently discovered functions of K2P channels in glia, such as astrocytic passive conductance and glutamate release, microglial surveillance, and myelin generation by oligodendrocytes. We also discuss the potential role of glial K2P channels in neurological disorders. In the end, we discuss current limitations in K2P channel researches and suggest directions for future studies.
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Yoo HY, Kim SJ. Oxygen-dependent regulation of ion channels: acute responses, post-translational modification, and response to chronic hypoxia. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1589-1602. [PMID: 34142209 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02590-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen is a vital element for the survival of cells in multicellular aerobic organisms such as mammals. Lack of O2 availability caused by environmental or pathological conditions leads to hypoxia. Active oxygen distribution systems (pulmonary and circulatory) and their neural control mechanisms ensure that cells and tissues remain oxygenated. However, O2-carrying blood cells as well as immune and various parenchymal cells experience wide variations in partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in vivo. Hence, the reactive modulation of the functions of the oxygen distribution systems and their ability to sense PO2 are critical. Elucidating the physiological responses of cells to variations in PO2 and determining the PO2-sensing mechanisms at the biomolecular level have attracted considerable research interest in the field of physiology. Herein, we review the current knowledge regarding ion channel-dependent oxygen sensing and associated signalling pathways in mammals. First, we present the recent findings on O2-sensing ion channels in representative chemoreceptor cells as well as in other types of cells such as immune cells. Furthermore, we highlight the transcriptional regulation of ion channels under chronic hypoxia and its physiological implications and summarize the findings of studies on the post-translational modification of ion channels under hypoxic or ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Young Yoo
- Department of Nursing, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Joon Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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AEG-1 Regulates TWIK-1 Expression as an RNA-Binding Protein in Astrocytes. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11010085. [PMID: 33440655 PMCID: PMC7827766 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AEG-1, also called MTDH, has oncogenic potential in numerous cancers and is considered a multifunctional modulator because of its involvement in developmental processes and inflammatory and degenerative brain diseases. However, the role of AEG-1 in astrocytes remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate proteins directly regulated by AEG-1 by analyzing their RNA expression patterns in astrocytes transfected with scramble shRNA and AEG-1 shRNA. AEG-1 knockdown down-regulated TWIK-1 mRNA. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and immunocytochemistry assays confirmed that AEG-1 modulates TWIK-1 mRNA and protein expression. Electrophysiological experiments further revealed that AEG-1 further regulates TWIK-1-mediated potassium currents in normal astrocytes. An RNA immunoprecipitation assay to determine how AEG-1 regulates the expression of TWIK-1 revealed that AEG-1 binds directly to TWIK-1 mRNA. Furthermore, TWIK-1 mRNA stability was significantly increased upon overexpression of AEG-1 in cultured astrocytes (p < 0.01). Our findings show that AEG-1 serves as an RNA-binding protein to regulate TWIK-1 expression in normal astrocytes.
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