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Zhang XL, Báti G, Li C, Guo A, Yeo C, Ding H, Pal KB, Xu Y, Qiao Y, Liu XW. GlcNAc-1,6-anhydro-MurNAc Moiety Affords Unusual Glycosyl Acceptor that Terminates Peptidoglycan Elongation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7400-7407. [PMID: 38456799 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PG), an essential exoskeletal polymer in bacteria, is a well-known antibiotic target. PG polymerization requires the action of bacterial transglycosylases (TGases), which couple the incoming glycosyl acceptor to the donor. Interfering with the TGase activity can interrupt the PG assembly. Existing TGase inhibitors like moenomycin and Lipid II analogues always occupy the TGase active sites; other strategies to interfere with proper PG elongation have not been widely exploited. Inspired by the natural 1,6-anhydro-MurNAc termini that mark the ends of PG strands in bacteria, we hypothesized that the incorporation of an anhydromuramyl-containing glycosyl acceptor by TGase into the growing PG may effectively inhibit PG elongation. To explore this possibility, we synthesized 4-O-(N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminyl)-1,6-anhydro-N-acetyl-β-d-muramyl-l-Ala-γ-d-Glu-l-Lys-d-Ala-d-Ala, 1, within 15 steps, and demonstrated that this anhydromuropeptide and its analogue lacking the peptide, 1-deAA, were both utilized by bacterial TGase as noncanonical anhydro glycosyl acceptors in vitro. The incorporation of an anhydromuramyl moiety into PG strands by TGases afforded efficient termination of glycan chain extension. Moreover, the preliminary in vitro studies of 1-deAA against Staphylococcus aureus showed that 1-deAA served as a reasonable antimicrobial adjunct of vancomycin. These insights imply the potential application of such anhydromuropeptides as novel classes of PG-terminating inhibitors, pointing toward novel strategies in antibacterial agent development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Gábor Báti
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Chenyu Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Aoxin Guo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Claresta Yeo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Han Ding
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Kumar Bhaskar Pal
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Yuan Xu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Yuan Qiao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Xue-Wei Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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Zhou J, Cai Y, Liu Y, An H, Deng K, Ashraf MA, Zou L, Wang J. Breaking down the cell wall: Still an attractive antibacterial strategy. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:952633. [PMID: 36212892 PMCID: PMC9544107 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.952633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the advent of penicillin, humans have known about and explored the phenomenon of bacterial inhibition via antibiotics. However, with changes in the global environment and the abuse of antibiotics, resistance mechanisms have been selected in bacteria, presenting huge threats and challenges to the global medical and health system. Thus, the study and development of new antimicrobials is of unprecedented urgency and difficulty. Bacteria surround themselves with a cell wall to maintain cell rigidity and protect against environmental insults. Humans have taken advantage of antibiotics to target the bacterial cell wall, yielding some of the most widely used antibiotics to date. The cell wall is essential for bacterial growth and virulence but is absent from humans, remaining a high-priority target for antibiotic screening throughout the antibiotic era. Here, we review the extensively studied targets, i.e., MurA, MurB, MurC, MurD, MurE, MurF, Alr, Ddl, MurI, MurG, lipid A, and BamA in the cell wall, starting from the very beginning to the latest developments to elucidate antimicrobial screening. Furthermore, recent advances, including MraY and MsbA in peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide, and tagO, LtaS, LspA, Lgt, Lnt, Tol-Pal, MntC, and OspA in teichoic acid and lipoprotein, have also been profoundly discussed. The review further highlights that the application of new methods such as macromolecular labeling, compound libraries construction, and structure-based drug design will inspire researchers to screen ideal antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Zhou
- The People’s Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Cai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Haoyue An
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Kaihong Deng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Muhammad Awais Ashraf
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Lili Zou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Wang
- The People’s Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Wang,
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Pranantyo D, Zhang K, Si Z, Hou Z, Chan-Park MB. Smart Multifunctional Polymer Systems as Alternatives or Supplements of Antibiotics To Overcome Bacterial Resistance. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1873-1891. [PMID: 35471022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, infectious diseases have again become a critical threat to global public health largely due to the challenges posed by antimicrobial resistance. Conventional antibiotics have played a crucial role in combating bacterial infections; however, their efficacy is significantly impaired by widespread drug resistance. Natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and their polymeric mimics demonstrate great potential for killing bacteria with low propensity of resistance as they target the microbial membrane rather than a specific molecular target, but they are also toxic to the host eukaryotic cells. To minimize antibiotics systemic spread and the required dose that promote resistance and to advocate practical realization of the promising activity of AMPs and polymers, smart systems to target bacteria are highly sought after. This review presents bacterial recognition by various specific targeting molecules and the delivery systems of active components in supramolecules. Bacteria-induced activations of antimicrobial-based nanoformulations are also included. Recent advances in the bacteria targeting and delivery of synthetic antimicrobial agents may assist in developing new classes of highly selective antimicrobial systems which can improve bactericidal efficacy and greatly minimize the spread of bacterial resistance.
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Mitachi K, Yun HG, Gillman CD, Skorupinska-Tudek K, Swiezewska E, Clemons WM, Kurosu M. Substrate Tolerance of Bacterial Glycosyltransferase MurG: Novel Fluorescence-Based Assays. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1501-1516. [PMID: 31769280 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MurG (uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine/N-acetylmuramyl-(pentapeptide) pyrophosphoryl-undecaprenol N-acetylglucosamine transferase) is an essential bacterial glycosyltransferase that catalyzes the N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transformation of lipid I to lipid II during peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Park's nucleotide has been a convenient biochemical tool to study the function of MraY (phospho-MurNAc-(pentapeptide) translocase) and MurG; however, no fluorescent probe has been developed to differentiate individual processes in the biotransformation of Park's nucleotide to lipid II via lipid I. Herein, we report a robust assay of MurG using either the membrane fraction of a M. smegmatis strain or a thermostable MraY and MurG of Hydrogenivirga sp. as enzyme sources, along with Park's nucleotide or Park's nucleotide-Nε-C6-dansylthiourea and uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcN-C6-FITC as acceptor and donor substrates. Identification of both the MraY and MurG products can be performed simultaneously by HPLC in dual UV mode. Conveniently, the generated lipid II fluorescent analogue can also be quantitated via UV-Vis spectrometry without the separation of the unreacted lipid I derivative. The microplate-based assay reported here is amenable to high-throughput MurG screening. A preliminary screening of a collection of small molecules has demonstrated the robustness of the assays and resulted in rediscovery of ristocetin A as a strong antimycobacterial MurG and MraY inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Mitachi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Hyun Gi Yun
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Cody D. Gillman
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Karolina Skorupinska-Tudek
- Department of Lipid Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Department of Lipid Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - William M. Clemons
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Michio Kurosu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
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5
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He JX, Le Mai Hoang K, Kho SH, Guo Z, Zhong W, Venkata Thappeta KR, Zamudio-Vázquez R, Hoo SN, Xiong Q, Duan H, Yang L, Chan-Park MB, Liu XW. Synthetic biohybrid peptidoglycan oligomers enable pan-bacteria-specific labeling and imaging: in vitro and in vivo. Chem Sci 2020; 11:3171-3179. [PMID: 34122822 PMCID: PMC8157403 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc06345e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan is the core component of the bacterial cell wall, which makes it an attractive target for the development of bacterial targeting agents. Intercepting its enzymatic assembly with synthetic substrates allows for labeling and engineering of live bacterial cells. Over the past two decades, small-molecule-based labeling agents, such as antibiotics, d-amino acids or monosaccharides have been developed for probing biological processes in bacteria. Herein, peptidoglycan oligomers, substrates for transglycosylation, are prepared for the first time using a top-down approach, which starts from chitosan as a cheap feedstock. A high efficiency of labeling has been observed in all bacterial strains tested using micromolar substrates. In contrast, uptake into mammalian cells was barely observable. Additional mechanistic studies support a hypothesis of bacteria-specific metabolic labeling rather than non-specific binding to the bacterial surface. Eventually, its practicality in bacterial targeting capability is demonstrated in resistant strain detection and in vivo infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xi He
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore .,School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Kim Le Mai Hoang
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Shu Hui Kho
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore .,NTU Institute for Health Technologies, Nanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - Zhong Guo
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Wenbin Zhong
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Kishore Reddy Venkata Thappeta
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Rubí Zamudio-Vázquez
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Sin Ni Hoo
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Qirong Xiong
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Hongwei Duan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Mary B Chan-Park
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Xue-Wei Liu
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
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6
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Yu JY, Cheng HJ, Wu HR, Wu WS, Lu JW, Cheng TJ, Wu YT, Fang JM. Structure-based design of bacterial transglycosylase inhibitors incorporating biphenyl, amine linker and 2-alkoxy-3-phosphorylpropanoate moieties. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 150:729-741. [PMID: 29574202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Transglycosylase (TGase) is essential to biosynthesis of peptidoglycan for formation of bacterial cell wall. Moenomycin is a potent TGase inhibitor, but not used in clinic treatment due to its poor pharmacokinetics. The E-F disaccharide, phosphoglycerate and lipid tail in moenomycin are crucial elements for TGase inhibition and antibacterial activity. Based on this scaffold, a series of truncated mimics comprising biphenyl, amine linker and 2-alkoxy-3-phosphorylpropanoate moieties were designed to test their TGase inhibitory activity. In this design, the phosphorylpropanoate group is a surrogate of phosphoglycerate with improved stability. A library of lipid tails can be constructed by a straightforward approach using Cu(I)-catalyzed (3 + 2) cycloaddition reactions, and the as-synthesized triazole ring can provide additional hydrogen bonds in the TGase active site. Our molecular docking experiments reveal that the biphenyl group provides π-π and π-cation interactions to act as a simplified alternative of the C-E disaccharide in moenomycin. To play the role of the oxonium transition state in transglycosylation, the amine linker exists as a positively charged species in physiological condition to attain electrostatic interactions with acidic residues. In this study, two biphenyl-linked 2-alkoxy-3-phosphorylpropanoate compounds (8 and 10) are found to exhibit modest inhibitory activity (IC50 ≈ 150 μM) against the TGase of Acinetobacter baumannii and good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 6.3 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Yin Yu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiu-Jung Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Huei-Ru Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Shen Wu
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jui-Wen Lu
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ting-Jen Cheng
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ying-Ta Wu
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jim-Min Fang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC; The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, ROC.
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7
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Saxena S, Abdullah M, Sriram D, Guruprasad L. Discovery of novel inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis MurG: homology modelling, structure based pharmacophore, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:3184-3198. [PMID: 28948866 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1384398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
MurG (Rv2153c) is a key player in the biosynthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). This work is an attempt to highlight the structural and functional relationship of Mtb MurG, the three-dimensional (3D) structure of protein was constructed by homology modelling using Discovery Studio 3.5 software. The quality and consistency of generated model was assessed by PROCHECK, ProSA and ERRAT. Later, the model was optimized by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and the optimized model complex with substrate Uridine-diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UD1) facilitated us to employ structure-based virtual screening approach to obtain new hits from Asinex database using energy-optimized pharmacophore modelling (e-pharmacophore). The pharmacophore model was validated using enrichment calculations, and finally, validated model was employed for high-throughput virtual screening and molecular docking to identify novel Mtb MurG inhibitors. This study led to the identification of 10 potential compounds with good fitness, docking score, which make important interactions with the protein active site. The 25 ns MD simulations of three potential lead compounds with protein confirmed that the structure was stable and make several non-bonding interactions with amino acids, such as Leu290, Met310 and Asn167. Hence, we concluded that the identified compounds may act as new leads for the design of Mtb MurG inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Saxena
- a School of Chemistry , University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad 500046 , India
| | - Maaged Abdullah
- a School of Chemistry , University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad 500046 , India
| | - Dharmarajan Sriram
- b Computer Aided Drug Design Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy , Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus , Hyderabad 500078 , India
| | - Lalitha Guruprasad
- a School of Chemistry , University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad 500046 , India
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8
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The Membrane Steps of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis as Antibiotic Targets. Antibiotics (Basel) 2016; 5:antibiotics5030028. [PMID: 27571111 PMCID: PMC5039524 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics5030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan is the major component of the cell envelope of virtually all bacteria. It has structural roles and acts as a selective sieve for molecules from the outer environment. Peptidoglycan synthesis is therefore one of the most important biogenesis pathways in bacteria and has been studied extensively over the last twenty years. The pathway starts in the cytoplasm, continues in the cytoplasmic membrane and finishes in the periplasmic space, where the precursor is polymerized into the peptidoglycan layer. A number of proteins involved in this pathway, such as the Mur enzymes and the penicillin binding proteins (PBPs), have been studied and regarded as good targets for antibiotics. The present review focuses on the membrane steps of peptidoglycan synthesis that involve two enzymes, MraY and MurG, the inhibitors of these enzymes and the inhibition mechanisms. We also discuss the challenges of targeting these two cytoplasmic membrane (associated) proteins in bacterial cells and the perspectives on how to overcome the issues.
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9
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Antonczak AK, Morris J, Tippmann EM. Advances in the mechanism and understanding of site-selective noncanonical amino acid incorporation. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2011; 21:481-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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10
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Cheng TJR, Wu YT, Yang ST, Lo KH, Chen SK, Chen YH, Huang WI, Yuan CH, Guo CW, Huang LY, Chen KT, Shih HW, Cheng YSE, Cheng WC, Wong CH. High-throughput identification of antibacterials against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and the transglycosylase. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:8512-29. [PMID: 21075637 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To identify new transglycosylase inhibitors with potent anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) activities, a high-throughput screening against Staphylococcus aureus was conducted to look for antibacterial cores in our 2M compound library that consists of natural products, proprietary collection, and synthetic molecules. About 3600 hits were identified from the primary screening and the subsequent confirmation resulted in a total of 252 compounds in 84 clusters which showed anti-MRSA activities with MIC values as low as 0.1 μg/ml. Subsequent screening targeting bacterial transglycosylase identified a salicylanilide-based core that inhibited the lipid II polymerization and the moenomycin-binding activities of transglycosylase. Among the collected analogues, potent inhibitors with the IC(50) values below 10 μM against transglycosylase were identified. The non-carbonhydrate scaffold reported in this study suggests a new direction for development of bacterial transglycosylase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Jen Rachel Cheng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec 2 Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan. Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec 2 Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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11
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Antonczak AK, Simova Z, Tippmann EM. A critical examination of Escherichia coli esterase activity. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:28795-800. [PMID: 19666472 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.027409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of Escherichia coli to grow on a series of acetylated and glycosylated compounds has been investigated. It is surmised that E. coli maintains low levels of nonspecific esterase activity. This observation may have ramifications for previous reports that relied on nonspecific esterases from E. coli to genetically encode nonnatural amino acids. It had been reported that nonspecific esterases from E. coli deacetylate tri-acetyl O-linked glycosylated serine and threonine in vivo. The glycosylated amino acids were reported to have been genetically encoded into proteins in response to the amber stop codon. However, it is our contention that such amino acids are not utilized in this manner within E. coli. The current results report in vitro analysis of the original enzyme and an in vivo analysis of a glycosylated amino acid. It is concluded that the amber suppression method with nonnatural amino acids may require a caveat for use in certain instances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja K Antonczak
- Cardiff University School of Chemistry, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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12
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Pereira MP, Schertzer JW, D'Elia MA, Koteva KP, Hughes DW, Wright GD, Brown ED. The Wall Teichoic Acid Polymerase TagF Efficiently Synthesizes Poly(glycerol phosphate) on the TagB Product Lipid III. Chembiochem 2008; 9:1385-90. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Abstract
This review is an attempt to bring together and critically evaluate the now-abundant but dispersed data concerning the lipid intermediates of the biosynthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan. Lipid I, lipid II, and their modified forms play a key role not only as the specific link between the intracellular synthesis of the peptidoglycan monomer unit and the extracytoplasmic polymerization reactions but also in the attachment of proteins to the bacterial cell wall and in the mechanisms of action of antibiotics with which they form specific complexes. The survey deals first with their detection, purification, structure, and preparation by chemical and enzymatic methods. The recent important advances in the study of transferases MraY and MurG, responsible for the formation of lipids I and II, are reported. Various modifications undergone by lipids I and II are described, especially those occurring in gram-positive organisms. The following section concerns the cellular location of the lipid intermediates and the translocation of lipid II across the cytoplasmic membrane. The great efforts made since 2000 in the study of the glycosyltransferases catalyzing the glycan chain formation with lipid II or analogues are analyzed in detail. Finally, examples of antibiotics forming complexes with the lipid intermediates are presented.
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Bouhss A, Trunkfield AE, Bugg TDH, Mengin-Lecreulx D. The biosynthesis of peptidoglycan lipid-linked intermediates. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2007; 32:208-33. [PMID: 18081839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2007.00089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan is a complex process involving many different steps taking place in the cytoplasm (synthesis of the nucleotide precursors) and on the inner and outer sides of the cytoplasmic membrane (assembly and polymerization of the disaccharide-peptide monomer unit, respectively). This review summarizes the current knowledge on the membrane steps leading to the formation of the lipid II intermediate, i.e. the substrate of the polymerization reactions. It makes the point on past and recent data that have significantly contributed to the understanding of the biosynthesis of undecaprenyl phosphate, the carrier lipid required for the anchoring of the peptidoglycan hydrophilic units in the membrane, and to the characterization of the MraY and MurG enzymes which catalyze the successive transfers of the N-acetylmuramoyl-peptide and N-acetylglucosamine moieties onto the carrier lipid, respectively. Enzyme inhibitors and antibacterial compounds interfering with these essential metabolic steps and interesting targets are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Bouhss
- Laboratoire des Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, Institut de Biochimie et Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 8619 CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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15
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Mohammadi T, Karczmarek A, Crouvoisier M, Bouhss A, Mengin-Lecreulx D, den Blaauwen T. The essential peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase MurG forms a complex with proteins involved in lateral envelope growth as well as with proteins involved in cell division in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 2007; 65:1106-21. [PMID: 17640276 PMCID: PMC2170320 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In Escherichia coli many enzymes including MurG are directly involved in the synthesis and assembly of peptidoglycan. MurG is an essential glycosyltransferase catalysing the last intracellular step of peptidoglycan synthesis. To elucidate its role during elongation and division events, localization of MurG using immunofluorescence microscopy was performed. MurG exhibited a random distribution in the cell envelope with a relatively higher intensity at the division site. This mid-cell localization was dependent on the presence of a mature divisome. Its localization in the lateral cell wall appeared to require the presence of MreCD. This could be indicative of a potential interaction between MurG and other proteins. Investigating this by immunoprecipitation revealed the association of MurG with MreB and MraY in the same protein complex. In view of this, the loss of rod shape of ΔmreBCD strain could be ascribed to the loss of MurG membrane localization. Consequently, this could prevent the localized supply of the lipid II precursor to the peptidoglycan synthesizing machinery involved in cell elongation. It is postulated that the involvement of MurG in the peptidoglycan synthesis concurs with two complexes, one implicated in cell elongation and the other in division. A model representing the first complex is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamimount Mohammadi
- Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamKruislaan 316, 1098 SM Amsterdam, PO Box 194062, 1090 GB Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aneta Karczmarek
- Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamKruislaan 316, 1098 SM Amsterdam, PO Box 194062, 1090 GB Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Muriel Crouvoisier
- Laboratoire des Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, CNRS, IBBMC UMR8619, Université Paris-SudBât. 430, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Ahmed Bouhss
- Laboratoire des Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, CNRS, IBBMC UMR8619, Université Paris-SudBât. 430, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Dominique Mengin-Lecreulx
- Laboratoire des Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, CNRS, IBBMC UMR8619, Université Paris-SudBât. 430, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Tanneke den Blaauwen
- Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamKruislaan 316, 1098 SM Amsterdam, PO Box 194062, 1090 GB Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- E-mail ; Tel. (+31) 205255196; Fax (+31) 205257934
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Weis M, Lim EK, Bruce N, Bowles D. Regioselective glucosylation of aromatic compounds: screening of a recombinant glycosyltransferase library to identify biocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:3534-8. [PMID: 16634098 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200504505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Weis
- CNAP, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
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17
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Ojida A, Miyahara Y, Wongkongkatep J, Tamaru SI, Sada K, Hamachi I. Design of dual-emission chemosensors for ratiometric detection of ATP derivatives. Chem Asian J 2007; 1:555-63. [PMID: 17441093 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200600137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside pyrophosphate (nucleoside PP) derivatives are widespread in living cells and play pivotal roles in various biological events. We report novel fluorescence chemosensors for nucleoside PPs that make use of coordination chemistry. The chemosensors, which contain two Zn(II)-dipicolylamine units, bind strongly to nucleoside PPs (K(app)>10(6) M(-1)) in aqueous solution and sense them by a dual-emission change. Detailed fluorescence and UV/Vis spectral studies revealed that the emission changes of the chemosensors upon binding to nucleoside PPs can be ascribed to the loss of coordination between Zn(II) and the acridine fluorophore. This is a unique sensing system based on the anion-induced rearrangement of the coordination. Furthermore, we demonstrated the utility of these chemosensors in real-time monitoring of two important biological processes involving nucleoside PP conversion: the apyrase-catalyzed hydrolysis of nucleoside PPs and the glycosyl transfer catalyzed by beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Ojida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura Campus, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
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18
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19
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Wongkongkatep J, Miyahara Y, Ojida A, Hamachi I. Label-free, real-time glycosyltransferase assay based on a fluorescent artificial chemosensor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:665-8. [PMID: 16365842 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200503107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jirarut Wongkongkatep
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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20
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Liu H, Wong CH. Characterization of a transglycosylase domain of Streptococcus pneumoniae PBP1b. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:7187-95. [PMID: 16870450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Revised: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of transglycosylases may serve as potent antibiotics that are less prone to resistance development in bacterial pathogens. To facilitate the search of such compounds, a transglycosylase (TGase) domain of the membrane integral multidomain Streptococcus pneumoniae PBP1b was cloned and expressed. This TGase domain was characterized by a substrate-dependent fluorescence coupled enzyme assay and an inhibitor-tethered surface plasmon resonance binding assay. Both assays show that the catalytic efficiency of the domain is comparable to that of the monofunctional transglycosylases, and it is fully active in the absence of other domains. The isolation of the active TGase domain makes it possible to screen for potential antibiotics targeting transglycosylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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21
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Weis M, Lim EK, Bruce N, Bowles D. Regioselective Glucosylation of Aromatic Compounds: Screening of a Recombinant Glycosyltransferase Library to Identify Biocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200504505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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22
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Ginsberg C, Zhang YH, Yuan Y, Walker S. In vitro reconstitution of two essential steps in wall teichoic acid biosynthesis. ACS Chem Biol 2006; 1:25-8. [PMID: 17163636 DOI: 10.1021/cb0500041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Wall teichoic acids (WTAs) are anionic polymers that decorate the cell walls of many gram-positive bacteria. These structures are essential for survival or virulence in many organisms, which makes the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis attractive targets for the development of new antibacterial agents. We present a strategy to obtain WTA biosynthetic intermediates that involves a combination of chemical and enzymatic transformations. Using these intermediates, we have reconstituted the first two committed steps in the biosynthetic pathway. This work enables the exploration of WTA-synthesizing enzymes as antibiotic targets.
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Label-Free, Real-Time Glycosyltransferase Assay Based on a Fluorescent Artificial Chemosensor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200503107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Walker S, Chen L, Hu Y, Rew Y, Shin D, Boger DL. Chemistry and Biology of Ramoplanin: A Lipoglycodepsipeptide with Potent Antibiotic Activity. Chem Rev 2005; 105:449-76. [PMID: 15700952 DOI: 10.1021/cr030106n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Walker
- The Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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