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Margalef J, Samec JSM. Assessing Methodologies to Synthesize α-Sulfenylated Carbonyl Compounds by Green Chemistry Metrics. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:808-823. [PMID: 33180999 PMCID: PMC7894555 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
α-Sulfenylated carbonyl compounds are important both as active pharmaceutical ingredients and as intermediates in organic synthesis. Owing to their relevance in synthetic organic chemistry, this Minireview focuses on assessing the most relevant synthetic procedures based on green chemistry metrics. The Minireview starts with the traditional routes and then focuses on more recently developed methodologies. These routes include sulfenylating reagents using organocatalysis, cross-dehydrogenative couplings using in situ halogenations to prevent reactive intermediates in high concentrations, oxidative couplings using terminal oxidants such as DDQ or TEMPO, and redox-neutral couplings using transition metal catalysis. These methodologies have been evaluated on the basis of atom economy, E factor, and the safety and toxicity of the transformations and the solvents used. Besides using green metrics to evaluate these novel methodologies, the synthetic utility is also assessed with regard to the availability of starting materials and the generality of the reactions. This Minireview aims to inspire researchers to apply green assessments to other methodologies and also for them to take measures to increase the greenness of their developed transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jèssica Margalef
- Departament de Química Física i InorgànicaUniversitat Rovira i VirgiliC/ Marcel lí Domingo, 143007TarragonaSpain
| | - Joseph S. M. Samec
- Department of Organic ChemistryStockholm UniversitySvante Arrhenius väg 16 C106 91StockholmSweden
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2
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Feng J, Liu H, Yao Y, Lu CD. Mannich-Type Reaction of α-Sulfanyl N- tert-Butanesulfinylimidates: Diastereoselective Access to α-Mercapto-β-amino Acid Derivatives. J Org Chem 2021; 86:3049-3058. [PMID: 33507079 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of α-mercapto-β-amino acid derivatives were synthesized diastereoselectively in good yields through the aza-enolization of α-sulfanyl N-tert-butanesulfinylimidates, followed by their nucleophilic addition to N-tosyl imines via a Mannich-type reaction. The resulting derivatives bearing a β-sulfonylamino sulfide moiety participated in further inter- and intramolecular transformations involving episulfonium ion intermediates generated through neighboring-group participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Yun Yao
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Chong-Dao Lu
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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3
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Dai X, Liu M, Huang M, Zhang J, Xu X, Yuan W, Zhang X. Synthesis of Chiral α‐Mercapto‐β‐acylamido Esters via One‐Pot Asymmetric Hydrosilylation−transacylation of α‐Acylthio‐β‐Enamino Esters. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingjie Dai
- Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiraltechnology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Min Liu
- Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiraltechnology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Min Huang
- Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiraltechnology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jiayan Zhang
- Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiraltechnology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xiaoying Xu
- Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiraltechnology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
| | - Weicheng Yuan
- Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiraltechnology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiraltechnology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
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4
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Pirazzini M, Rossetto O. Challenges in searching for therapeutics against Botulinum Neurotoxins. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:497-510. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1303476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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5
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Xiao G, Ma C, Xing D, Hu W. Enantioselective Synthesis of α-Mercapto-β-amino Esters via Rh(II)/Chiral Phosphoric Acid-Cocatalyzed Three-Component Reaction of Diazo Compounds, Thiols, and Imines. Org Lett 2016; 18:6086-6089. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guolan Xiao
- Shanghai Engineering
Research
Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Chaoqun Ma
- Shanghai Engineering
Research
Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Dong Xing
- Shanghai Engineering
Research
Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- Shanghai Engineering
Research
Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
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6
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Farrow B, Wong M, Malette J, Lai B, Deyle KM, Das S, Nag A, Agnew HD, Heath JR. Epitope Targeting of Tertiary Protein Structure Enables Target-Guided Synthesis of a Potent In-Cell Inhibitor of Botulinum Neurotoxin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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7
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Farrow B, Wong M, Malette J, Lai B, Deyle KM, Das S, Nag A, Agnew HD, Heath JR. Epitope targeting of tertiary protein structure enables target-guided synthesis of a potent in-cell inhibitor of botulinum neurotoxin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7114-9. [PMID: 25925721 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotype A is the most lethal known toxin and has an occluded structure, which prevents direct inhibition of its active site before it enters the cytosol. Target-guided synthesis by in situ click chemistry is combined with synthetic epitope targeting to exploit the tertiary structure of the BoNT protein as a landscape for assembling a competitive inhibitor. A substrate-mimicking peptide macrocycle is used as a direct inhibitor of BoNT. An epitope-targeting in situ click screen is utilized to identify a second peptide macrocycle ligand that binds to an epitope that, in the folded BoNT structure, is active-site-adjacent. A second in situ click screen identifies a molecular bridge between the two macrocycles. The resulting divalent inhibitor exhibits an in vitro inhibition constant of 165 pM against the BoNT/A catalytic chain. The inhibitor is carried into cells by the intact holotoxin, and demonstrates protection and rescue of BoNT intoxication in a human neuron model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Farrow
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA).,Department of Applied Physics and Materials Science, California Institute of Technology (USA)
| | - Michelle Wong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Jacquie Malette
- Indi Molecular, 6162 Bristol Parkway, Culver City, CA 90230 (USA)
| | - Bert Lai
- Indi Molecular, 6162 Bristol Parkway, Culver City, CA 90230 (USA)
| | - Kaycie M Deyle
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Samir Das
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Arundhati Nag
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Heather D Agnew
- Indi Molecular, 6162 Bristol Parkway, Culver City, CA 90230 (USA)
| | - James R Heath
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA).
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8
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Patel K, Cai S, Singh BR. Current strategies for designing antidotes against botulinum neurotoxins. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:319-33. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.884066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kruti Patel
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - Shuowei Cai
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - Bal Ram Singh
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
- Institute of Advanced Sciences and Prime Bio, Inc., Botulinum Research Center, 166 Chase Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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9
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Kano T, Sakamoto R, Maruoka K. Remote chirality control based on the organocatalytic asymmetric Mannich reaction of α-thio acetaldehydes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:942-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47827k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Structure-Based Drug Discovery for Botulinum Neurotoxins. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012; 364:197-218. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-33570-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Jian TY, He L, Tang C, Ye S. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis: Enantioselective Formal [2+2] Cycloaddition of Ketenes and N-Sulfinylanilines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Jian TY, He L, Tang C, Ye S. N-Heterocyclic carbene catalysis: enantioselective formal [2+2] cycloaddition of ketenes and N-sulfinylanilines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9104-7. [PMID: 21919141 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Yue Jian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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13
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Salzameda NT, Eubanks LM, Zakhari JS, Tsuchikama K, DeNunzio NJ, Allen KN, Hixon MS, Janda KD. A cross-over inhibitor of the botulinum neurotoxin light chain B: a natural product implicating an exosite mechanism of action. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:1713-5. [PMID: 21203627 DOI: 10.1039/c0cc04078a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum produces the most lethal toxins known to man, as such they are high risk terrorist threats, and alarmingly there is no approved therapeutic. We report the first cross-over small molecule inhibitor of these neurotoxins and propose a mechanism by which it may impart its inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T Salzameda
- Department of Chemistry, and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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14
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Ramanjaneyulu GS, Darshan DV, Mahendar K, Kantam ML, Prabhakar S. Differentiation of diasteromeric α-sulfanyl-β-amino acid derivatives by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2011; 17:265-275. [PMID: 21828420 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A set of diastereomeric α-sulfanyl-β-amino acid derivatives, which are important building blocks for pharmaceuticals with potent biological activity, are studied by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The collision induced dissociation (CID) spectra of [M+H](+), [M+NH(4)](+), [M+Na](+) and [M+Li](+) of the diastereomers were studied, among them the CID of [M+Na](+) and [M+Li](+) showed consistent differences in the relative abundance of characteristic ions that enabled distinction of the anti isomers from syn isomers. The decomposition pathways for the diagnostic ions were arrived at based on high-resolution mass spectrometry data, multiple mass spectrometry data, deuterium labeling experiments and the mass shift in accordance with the substituents located at different places. Loss of (R(1)-C(6)H(4)-CH=NH) and (Cat-NH-SO(2)R(2)) from [M+Cat](+), where Cat=Na and Li, and the product ions as a results of McLafferty rearrangement involving either >S=O or >C=O group were found to be diagnostic. The McLafferty rearrangement product ions involving >S=O group were more abundant in syn isomers while those involving >C=O group were more abundant in anti isomer. The selectivity observed in the decomposition of [M+Li](+) ions was found to be similar to that of [M+Na](+) ions, but in few cases the differences are marginal in the decomposition [M+Li](+) ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gundimeda S Ramanjaneyulu
- National Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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15
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Kantam ML, Mahendar K, Sreedhar B, Choudary BM, Bhargava SK, Priver SH. Synthesis of α-sulfanyl-β-amino acid derivatives by using nanocrystalline magnesium oxide. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Hakami RM, Ruthel G, Stahl AM, Bavari S. Gaining ground: assays for therapeutics against botulinum neurotoxin. Trends Microbiol 2010; 18:164-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Clostridia produce the highest number of toxins of any type of bacteria and are involved in severe diseases in humans and other animals. Most of the clostridial toxins are pore-forming toxins responsible for gangrenes and gastrointestinal diseases. Among them, perfringolysin has been extensively studied and it is the paradigm of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysins, whereas Clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin and Clostridium septicum alpha-toxin, which are related to aerolysin, are the prototypes of clostridial toxins that form small pores. Other toxins active on the cell surface possess an enzymatic activity, such as phospholipase C and collagenase, and are involved in the degradation of specific cell-membrane or extracellular-matrix components. Three groups of clostridial toxins have the ability to enter cells: large clostridial glucosylating toxins, binary toxins and neurotoxins. The binary and large clostridial glucosylating toxins alter the actin cytoskeleton by enzymatically modifying the actin monomers and the regulatory proteins from the Rho family, respectively. Clostridial neurotoxins proteolyse key components of neuroexocytosis. Botulinum neurotoxins inhibit neurotransmission at neuromuscular junctions, whereas tetanus toxin targets the inhibitory interneurons of the CNS. The high potency of clostridial toxins results from their specific targets, which have an essential cellular function, and from the type of modification that they induce. In addition, clostridial toxins are useful pharmacological and biological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel R Popoff
- Institut Pasteur, Bactéries Anaérobies et Toxines, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France.
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18
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Salzameda NT, Barbieri JT, Janda KD. Synthetic substrate for application in both high and low throughput assays for botulinum neurotoxin B protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5848-50. [PMID: 19747823 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A FRET peptide substrate was synthesized and evaluated for enzymatic cleavage by the BoNT/B light chain protease. The FRET substrate was found to be useful in both a high throughput assay to uncover initial 'hits' and a low throughput HPLC assay to determine kinetic parameters and modes of inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T Salzameda
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Zhao GL, Rios R, Vesely J, Eriksson L, Córdova A. Organocatalytic Enantioselective Aminosulfenylation of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:8468-72. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200802335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Zhao GL, Rios R, Vesely J, Eriksson L, Córdova A. Organocatalytic Enantioselective Aminosulfenylation of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200802335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Agarwal R, Swaminathan S. SNAP-25 substrate peptide (residues 180-183) binds to but bypasses cleavage by catalytically active Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin E. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:25944-51. [PMID: 18658150 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803756200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins are the most potent toxins to humans. The recognition and cleavage of SNAREs are prime evente in exhibiting their toxicity. We report here the crystal structure of the catalytically active full-length botulinum serotype E catalytic domain (BoNT E) in complex with SNAP-25 (a SNARE protein) substrate peptide Arg(180)-Ile(181)-Met(182)-Glu(183) (P1-P3'). It is remarkable that the peptide spanning the scissile bond binds to but bypasses cleavage by the enzyme and inhibits the catalysis fairly with K(i) approximately 69 microm. The inhibitory peptide occupies the active site of BoNT E and shows well defined electron density. The catalytic zinc and the conserved key residue Tyr(350) of the enzyme facilitate the docking of Arg(180) (P1) by interacting with its carbonyl oxygen that displaces the nucleophilic water. The general base Glu(212) side chain interacts with the main chain amino group of P1 and P1'. Conserved Arg(347) of BoNT E stabilizes the proper docking of the Ile(181) (P1') main chain, whereas the hydrophobic pockets stabilize the side chains of Ile(181) (P1') and Met(182) (P2'), and the 250 loop stabilizes Glu(183) (P3'). Structural and functional analysis revealed an important role for the P1' residue and S1' pocket in driving substrate recognition and docking at the active site. This study is the first of its kind and rationalizes the substrate cleavage strategy of BoNT E. Also, our complex structure opens up an excellent opportunity of structure-based drug design for this fast acting and extremely toxic high priority BoNT E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi Agarwal
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
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22
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Burnett JC, Ruthel G, Stegmann CM, Panchal RG, Nguyen TL, Hermone AR, Stafford RG, Lane DJ, Kenny TA, McGrath CF, Wipf P, Stahl AM, Schmidt JJ, Gussio R, Brunger AT, Bavari S. Inhibition of metalloprotease botulinum serotype A from a pseudo-peptide binding mode to a small molecule that is active in primary neurons. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:5004-5014. [PMID: 17092934 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608166200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient research strategy integrating empirically guided, structure-based modeling and chemoinformatics was used to discover potent small molecule inhibitors of the botulinum neurotoxin serotype A light chain. First, a modeled binding mode for inhibitor 2-mercapto-3-phenylpropionyl-RATKML (K(i) = 330 nM) was generated, and required the use of a molecular dynamic conformer of the enzyme displaying the reorientation of surface loops bordering the substrate binding cleft. These flexible loops are conformationally variable in x-ray crystal structures, and the model predicted that they were pivotal for providing complementary binding surfaces and solvent shielding for the pseudo-peptide. The docked conformation of 2-mercapto-3-phenylpropionyl-RATKML was then used to refine our pharmacophore for botulinum serotype A light chain inhibition. Data base search queries derived from the pharmacophore were employed to mine small molecule (non-peptidic) inhibitors from the National Cancer Institute's Open Repository. Four of the inhibitors possess K(i) values ranging from 3.0 to 10.0 microM. Of these, NSC 240898 is a promising lead for therapeutic development, as it readily enters neurons, exhibits no neuronal toxicity, and elicits dose-dependent protection of synaptosomal-associated protein (of 25 kDa) in a primary culture of embryonic chicken neurons. Isothermal titration calorimetry showed that the interaction between NSC 240898 and the botulinum A light chain is largely entropy-driven, and occurs with a 1:1 stoichiometry and a dissociation constant of 4.6 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Burnett
- Target Structure-based Drug Discovery Group, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., and the National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Gordon Ruthel
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Christian M Stegmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) and Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Neurology and Neurological Sciences, and the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, and the
| | - Rekha G Panchal
- Target Structure-based Drug Discovery Group, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., and the National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Tam L Nguyen
- Target Structure-based Drug Discovery Group, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., and the National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Ann R Hermone
- Target Structure-based Drug Discovery Group, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., and the National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Robert G Stafford
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Douglas J Lane
- Target Structure-based Drug Discovery Group, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., and the National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Tara A Kenny
- Target Structure-based Drug Discovery Group, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., and the National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Connor F McGrath
- Target Structure-based Drug Discovery Group, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., and the National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Peter Wipf
- Combinatorial Chemistry Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Andrea M Stahl
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - James J Schmidt
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Rick Gussio
- Information Technology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Axel T Brunger
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) and Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Neurology and Neurological Sciences, and the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, and the.
| | - Sina Bavari
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702.
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23
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Villar RG, Elliott SP, Davenport KM. Botulism: the many faces of botulinum toxin and its potential for bioterrorism. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2006; 20:313-27, ix. [PMID: 16762741 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo G Villar
- Department of Pediatrics and Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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24
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Boldt GE, Eubanks LM, Janda KD. Identification of a botulinum neurotoxin A protease inhibitor displaying efficacy in a cellular model. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:3063-5. [PMID: 16855686 DOI: 10.1039/b603099h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe a small-molecule, non-peptidic, inhibitor for botulinum neurotoxin A protease, that displays for the first time efficacy in a cell-based assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant E Boldt
- Department of Chemistry and Immunology, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research Medicine (WIRM), Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Candela-Lena JI, Davies SG, Roberts PM, Roux B, Russell AJ, Sánchez-Fernández EM, Smith AD. Asymmetric synthesis of α-mercapto-β-amino acid derivatives: application to the synthesis of polysubstituted thiomorpholines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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