1
|
Ball HL, Said H, Chapman K, Fu R, Xiong Y, Burk JA, Rosenbaum D, Veneziano R, Cotten ML. Orexin A, an amphipathic α-helical neuropeptide involved in pleiotropic functions in the nervous and immune systems: Synthetic approach and biophysical studies of the membrane-bound state. Biophys Chem 2023; 297:107007. [PMID: 37037119 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2023.107007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
This research reports on the membrane interactions of orexin A (OXA), an α-helical and amphipathic neuropeptide that contains 33 residues and two disulfide bonds in the N-terminal region. OXA, which activates the orexins 1 and 2 receptors in neural and immune cell membranes, has essential pleiotropic physiological effects, including at the levels of arousal, sleep/wakefulness, energy balance, neuroprotection, lipid signaling, the inflammatory response, and pain. As a result, the orexin system has become a prominent target to treat diseases such as sleep disorders, drug addiction, and inflammation. While the high-resolution structure of OXA has been investigated in water and bound to micelles, there is a lack of information about its conformation bound to phospholipid membranes and its receptors. NMR is a powerful method to investigate peptide structures in a membrane environment. To facilitate the NMR structural studies of OXA exposed to membranes, we present a novel synthetic scheme, leading to the production of isotopically-labeled material at high purity. A receptor activation assay shows that the 15N-labeled peptide is biologically active. Biophysical studies are performed using surface plasmon resonance, circular dichroism, and NMR to investigate the interactions of OXA with phospholipid bilayers. The results demonstrate a strong interaction between the peptide and phospholipids, an increase in α-helical content upon membrane binding, and an in-plane orientation of the C-terminal region critical to function. This new knowledge about structure-activity relationships in OXA could inspire the design of novel therapeutics that leverage the anti-inflammatory and neuro-protective functions of OXA, and therefore could help address neuroinflammation, a major issue associated with neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haydn L Ball
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hooda Said
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Computing, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Karen Chapman
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Riqiang Fu
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Yawei Xiong
- Department of Applied Science, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
| | - Joshua A Burk
- Department of Psychological Sciences, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
| | - Daniel Rosenbaum
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Remi Veneziano
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Computing, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Myriam L Cotten
- Department of Applied Science, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Krug U, Gloge A, Schmidt P, Becker‐Baldus J, Bernhard F, Kaiser A, Montag C, Gauglitz M, Vishnivetskiy SA, Gurevich VV, Beck‐Sickinger AG, Glaubitz C, Huster D. The Conformational Equilibrium of the Neuropeptide Y2 Receptor in Bilayer Membranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23854-23861. [PMID: 32790043 PMCID: PMC7736470 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic structural transitions within the seven-transmembrane bundle represent the mechanism by which G-protein-coupled receptors convert an extracellular chemical signal into an intracellular biological function. Here, the conformational dynamics of the neuropeptide Y receptor type 2 (Y2R) during activation was investigated. The apo, full agonist-, and arrestin-bound states of Y2R were prepared by cell-free expression, functional refolding, and reconstitution into lipid membranes. To study conformational transitions between these states, all six tryptophans of Y2R were 13 C-labeled. NMR-signal assignment was achieved by dynamic-nuclear-polarization enhancement and the individual functional states of the receptor were characterized by monitoring 13 C NMR chemical shifts. Activation of Y2R is mediated by molecular switches involving the toggle switch residue Trp2816.48 of the highly conserved SWLP motif and Trp3277.55 adjacent to the NPxxY motif. Furthermore, a conformationally preserved "cysteine lock"-Trp11623.50 was identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Krug
- Institute of Medical Physics and BiophysicsUniversity of LeipzigHärtelstr. 16–1804107LeipzigGermany
| | - Anika Gloge
- Institute of Medical Physics and BiophysicsUniversity of LeipzigHärtelstr. 16–1804107LeipzigGermany
| | - Peter Schmidt
- Institute of Medical Physics and BiophysicsUniversity of LeipzigHärtelstr. 16–1804107LeipzigGermany
| | - Johanna Becker‐Baldus
- Institute of Biophysical ChemistryGoethe University FrankfurtGermany
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic ResonanceGoethe University FrankfurtGermany
| | - Frank Bernhard
- Institute of Biophysical ChemistryGoethe University FrankfurtGermany
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic ResonanceGoethe University FrankfurtGermany
| | - Anette Kaiser
- Institute of BiochemistryUniversity of LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Cindy Montag
- Institute of Medical Physics and BiophysicsUniversity of LeipzigHärtelstr. 16–1804107LeipzigGermany
| | - Marcel Gauglitz
- Institute of Medical Physics and BiophysicsUniversity of LeipzigHärtelstr. 16–1804107LeipzigGermany
- Berlin Joint Electron Paramagnetic Resonance LaboratoryFree University BerlinGermany
| | | | | | | | - Clemens Glaubitz
- Institute of Biophysical ChemistryGoethe University FrankfurtGermany
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic ResonanceGoethe University FrankfurtGermany
| | - Daniel Huster
- Institute of Medical Physics and BiophysicsUniversity of LeipzigHärtelstr. 16–1804107LeipzigGermany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Krug U, Gloge A, Schmidt P, Becker‐Baldus J, Bernhard F, Kaiser A, Montag C, Gauglitz M, Vishnivetskiy SA, Gurevich VV, Beck‐Sickinger AG, Glaubitz C, Huster D. Das Konformationsgleichgewicht des Neuropeptid‐Y2‐Rezeptors in Lipidmembranen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Krug
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik Universität Leipzig Härtelstr. 16–18 04107 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Anika Gloge
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik Universität Leipzig Härtelstr. 16–18 04107 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Peter Schmidt
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik Universität Leipzig Härtelstr. 16–18 04107 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Johanna Becker‐Baldus
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main Deutschland
- Zentrum für Biomolekulare Magnetresonanz Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main Deutschland
| | - Frank Bernhard
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main Deutschland
- Zentrum für Biomolekulare Magnetresonanz Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main Deutschland
| | - Anette Kaiser
- Institut für Biochemie Universität Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Cindy Montag
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik Universität Leipzig Härtelstr. 16–18 04107 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Marcel Gauglitz
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik Universität Leipzig Härtelstr. 16–18 04107 Leipzig Deutschland
- Berlin Joint Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Laboratory Freie Universität Berlin Deutschland
| | | | | | | | - Clemens Glaubitz
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main Deutschland
- Zentrum für Biomolekulare Magnetresonanz Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main Deutschland
| | - Daniel Huster
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik Universität Leipzig Härtelstr. 16–18 04107 Leipzig Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Capturing Peptide-GPCR Interactions and Their Dynamics. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204724. [PMID: 33076289 PMCID: PMC7587574 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many biological functions of peptides are mediated through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Upon ligand binding, GPCRs undergo conformational changes that facilitate the binding and activation of multiple effectors. GPCRs regulate nearly all physiological processes and are a favorite pharmacological target. In particular, drugs are sought after that elicit the recruitment of selected effectors only (biased ligands). Understanding how ligands bind to GPCRs and which conformational changes they induce is a fundamental step toward the development of more efficient and specific drugs. Moreover, it is emerging that the dynamic of the ligand–receptor interaction contributes to the specificity of both ligand recognition and effector recruitment, an aspect that is missing in structural snapshots from crystallography. We describe here biochemical and biophysical techniques to address ligand–receptor interactions in their structural and dynamic aspects, which include mutagenesis, crosslinking, spectroscopic techniques, and mass-spectrometry profiling. With a main focus on peptide receptors, we present methods to unveil the ligand–receptor contact interface and methods that address conformational changes both in the ligand and the GPCR. The presented studies highlight a wide structural heterogeneity among peptide receptors, reveal distinct structural changes occurring during ligand binding and a surprisingly high dynamics of the ligand–GPCR complexes.
Collapse
|
5
|
Naider F, Becker JM. A Paradigm for Peptide Hormone-GPCR Analyses. Molecules 2020; 25:E4272. [PMID: 32961885 PMCID: PMC7570734 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Work from our laboratories over the last 35 years that has focused on Ste2p, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), and its tridecapeptide ligand α-factor is reviewed. Our work utilized the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model system for understanding peptide-GPCR interactions. It explored the structure and function of synthetic α-factor analogs and biosynthetic receptor domains, as well as designed mutations of Ste2p. The results and conclusions are described using the nuclear magnetic resonance interrogation of synthetic Ste2p transmembrane domains (TMs), the fluorescence interrogation of agonist and antagonist binding, the biochemical crosslinking of peptide analogs to Ste2p, and the phenotypes of receptor mutants. We identified the ligand-binding domain in Ste2p, the functional assemblies of TMs, unexpected and interesting ligand analogs; gained insights into the bound α-factor structure; and unraveled the function and structures of various Ste2p domains, including the N-terminus, TMs, loops connecting the TMs, and the C-terminus. Our studies showed interactions between specific residues of Ste2p in an active state, but not resting state, and the effect of ligand activation on the dimerization of Ste2p. We show that, using a battery of different biochemical and genetic approaches, deep insight can be gained into the structure and conformational dynamics of GPCR-peptide interactions in the absence of a crystal structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fred Naider
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, CUNY, 2800 Victory Blvd, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Becker
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, 610 Ken and Blaire Mossman Building, 1311 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Madsen TD, Hansen LH, Hintze J, Ye Z, Jebari S, Andersen DB, Joshi HJ, Ju T, Goetze JP, Martin C, Rosenkilde MM, Holst JJ, Kuhre RE, Goth CK, Vakhrushev SY, Schjoldager KT. An atlas of O-linked glycosylation on peptide hormones reveals diverse biological roles. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4033. [PMID: 32820167 PMCID: PMC7441158 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17473-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide hormones and neuropeptides encompass a large class of bioactive peptides that regulate physiological processes like anxiety, blood glucose, appetite, inflammation and blood pressure. Here, we execute a focused discovery strategy to provide an extensive map of O-glycans on peptide hormones. We find that almost one third of the 279 classified peptide hormones carry O-glycans. Many of the identified O-glycosites are conserved and are predicted to serve roles in proprotein processing, receptor interaction, biodistribution and biostability. We demonstrate that O-glycans positioned within the receptor binding motifs of members of the neuropeptide Y and glucagon families modulate receptor activation properties and substantially extend peptide half-lives. Our study highlights the importance of O-glycosylation in the biology of peptide hormones, and our map of O-glycosites in this large class of biomolecules serves as a discovery platform for an important class of molecules with potential opportunities for drug designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Madsen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Lasse H Hansen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - John Hintze
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Zilu Ye
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Shifa Jebari
- Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, 48080, Spain
| | - Daniel B Andersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hiren J Joshi
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Tongzhong Ju
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Jens P Goetze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Cesar Martin
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Rune E Kuhre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Christoffer K Goth
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Sergey Y Vakhrushev
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Katrine T Schjoldager
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Marino J, Walser R, Poms M, Zerbe O. Understanding GPCR Recognition and Folding from NMR Studies of Fragments. RSC Adv 2018; 8:9858-9870. [PMID: 29732143 PMCID: PMC5935241 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01520a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotranslational protein folding is a vectorial process, and for membrane proteins, N-terminal helical segments are the first that become available for membrane insertion. While structures of many G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in various states have been determined, the details of their folding pathways are largely unknown. The seven transmembrane (TM) helices of GPCRs often contain polar residues within the hydrophobic core, and some of the helices in isolation are predicted to be only marginally stable in a membrane environment. Here we review our efforts to describe how marginally hydrophobic TM helices of GPCRs integrate into the membrane in the absence of all compensating interhelical contacts, ideally capturing early biogenesis events. To this end, we use truncated GPCRs, here referred to as fragments. We present data from the human Y4 and the yeast Ste2p receptors in detergent micelles derived from solution NMR techniques. We find that the secondary structure in the fragments is similar to corresponding parts of the entire receptors. However, uncompensated polar or charged residues destabilize the helices, and prevent proper integration into the lipid bilayer, in agreement with the biophysical scales from Wimley and White for the partitioning of amino acids into the membrane-interior. We observe that the stability and integration of single TM helices is improved by adding neighboring helices. We describe a topology study, in which all possible forms of the Y4 receptor were made so that the entire receptor is truncated from the N-terminus by one TM helix at a time. We discover that proteins with an increasing number of helices assume a more defined topology. In a parallel study, we focused on the role of extracellular loops in ligand recognition. We demonstrate that transferring all loops of the human Y1 receptor onto the E. coli outer membrane protein OmpA in a suitable topology results in a chimeric receptor that displays, albeit reduced, affinity and specificity for the cognate ligand. Our data indicate that not all TM helices will spontaneously insert into the helix, and we suggest that at least for some GPCRs, N-terminal segments might remain associated with the translocon until their interacting partners are biosynthesized. Cotranslational protein folding is a vectorial process, and for membrane proteins, N-terminal helical segments are the first that become available for membrane insertion. Here fragments corresponding to these segments are investigated by NMR.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Marino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto Walser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Poms
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Zerbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schmidt P, Bender BJ, Kaiser A, Gulati K, Scheidt HA, Hamm HE, Meiler J, Beck-Sickinger AG, Huster D. Improved in Vitro Folding of the Y 2 G Protein-Coupled Receptor into Bicelles. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 4:100. [PMID: 29387686 PMCID: PMC5776092 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prerequisite for structural studies on G protein-coupled receptors is the preparation of highly concentrated, stable, and biologically active receptor samples in milligram amounts of protein. Here, we present an improved protocol for Escherichia coli expression, functional refolding, and reconstitution into bicelles of the human neuropeptide Y receptor type 2 (Y2R) for solution and solid-state NMR experiments. The isotopically labeled receptor is expressed in inclusion bodies and purified using SDS. We studied the details of an improved preparation protocol including the in vitro folding of the receptor, e.g., the native disulfide bridge formation, the exchange of the denaturating detergent SDS, and the functional reconstitution into bicelle environments of varying size. Full pharmacological functionality of the Y2R preparation was shown by a ligand affinity of 4 nM and G-protein activation. Further, simple NMR experiments are used to test sample quality in high micromolar concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schmidt
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Brian J Bender
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Anette Kaiser
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Khushboo Gulati
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Holger A Scheidt
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heidi E Hamm
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jens Meiler
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | | | - Daniel Huster
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ye H, Yang Z, Li H, Gao Z. NPY binds with heme to form a NPY–heme complex: enhancing peroxidase activity in free heme and promoting NPY nitration and inactivation. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:10315-10323. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01822c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
NPY binding with heme enhances the peroxidase activity of free heme, resulting in the important tyrosine nitration, which will attenuate its bioactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huixian Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074
- People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Houston
- Houston
- USA
| | - Hailing Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074
- People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica
| | - Zhonghong Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074
- People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kaiser A, Müller P, Zellmann T, Scheidt HA, Thomas L, Bosse M, Meier R, Meiler J, Huster D, Beck-Sickinger AG, Schmidt P. Unwinding of the C-Terminal Residues of Neuropeptide Y is critical for Y₂ Receptor Binding and Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7446-9. [PMID: 25924821 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent breakthroughs in the structural characterization of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), there is only sparse data on how GPCRs recognize larger peptide ligands. NMR spectroscopy, molecular modeling, and double-cycle mutagenesis studies were integrated to obtain a structural model of the peptide hormone neuropeptide Y (NPY) bound to its human G-protein-coupled Y2 receptor (Y2R). Solid-state NMR measurements of specific isotope-labeled NPY in complex with in vitro folded Y2R reconstituted into phospholipid bicelles provided the bioactive structure of the peptide. Guided by solution NMR experiments, it could be shown that the ligand is tethered to the second extracellular loop by hydrophobic contacts. The C-terminal α-helix of NPY, which is formed in a membrane environment in the absence of the receptor, is unwound starting at T(32) to provide optimal contacts in a deep binding pocket within the transmembrane bundle of the Y2R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anette Kaiser
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig (Germany)
| | - Paul Müller
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig (Germany)
| | - Tristan Zellmann
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig (Germany).,Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, 465 21stAve South, Nashville, TN 37203 (USA)
| | - Holger A Scheidt
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig (Germany)
| | - Lars Thomas
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig (Germany)
| | - Mathias Bosse
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig (Germany)
| | - Rene Meier
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig (Germany)
| | - Jens Meiler
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, 465 21stAve South, Nashville, TN 37203 (USA)
| | - Daniel Huster
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig (Germany)
| | | | - Peter Schmidt
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig (Germany).
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kaiser A, Müller P, Zellmann T, Scheidt HA, Thomas L, Bosse M, Meier R, Meiler J, Huster D, Beck-Sickinger AG, Schmidt P. Die Entfaltung der C-terminalen α-Helix des Neuropeptids Y ist entscheidend für die Bindung und Aktivierung des Y2-Rezeptors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
12
|
Sherman PJ, Separovic F, Bowie JH. The investigation of membrane binding by amphibian peptide agonists of CCK2R using (31)P and (2)H solid-state NMR. Peptides 2014; 55:98-102. [PMID: 24582625 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that some neuropeptides may be anchored to the cell membranes prior to attaching to the adjacent active sites of transmembrane receptors. The three amphibian skin neuropeptides signiferin 1 [RLCIPYIIPC(OH)] (smooth muscle active and immunomodulator), riparin 1.1 [[RLCIPVIFPC(OH)] (immunomodulator) and rothein 1 [SVSNIPESIGF(OH)] (immunomodulator) act via CCK2 transmembrane receptors. A combination of (31)P and (2)H solid state NMR studies of each of these three peptides in eukaryotic phospholipid models at 25°C shows that rothein 1 does not interact with the membrane at all. In contrast, both of the cyclic disulfides signiferin 1 and riparin 1.1 interact with phospholipid head groups and partially penetrate into the upper leaflet of the model bilayer, but to different extents. These interactions are not sufficiently effective to cause disruption of the lipid bilayer since the peptides are not antimicrobial, anticancer, antifungal nor active against enveloped viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Sherman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - John H Bowie
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pedersen SL, Bhatia VK, Jurt S, Paulsson JF, Pedersen MH, Jorgensen R, Holst B, Stamou D, Vrang N, Zerbe O, Jensen KJ. Improving membrane binding as a design strategy for amphipathic peptide hormones: 2-helix variants of PYY3-36. J Pept Sci 2012; 18:579-87. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Søren L. Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University of Copenhagen; Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Center for Biomembranes in Nanomedicine; Unversity of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Vikram K. Bhatia
- Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Blegdamsvej 3B 2200 Copenhagen N Denmark
- Novozymes A/S; Bagsvaerd Denmark
| | - Simon Jurt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Maria H. Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University of Copenhagen; Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | | | - Birgitte Holst
- Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Blegdamsvej 3B 2200 Copenhagen N Denmark
| | - Dimitrios Stamou
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University of Copenhagen; Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Center for Biomembranes in Nanomedicine; Unversity of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Niels Vrang
- gubra Aps; Agern Allé 1 2970 Hørsholm Denmark
| | - Oliver Zerbe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Knud J. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University of Copenhagen; Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Center for Biomembranes in Nanomedicine; Unversity of Copenhagen; Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zakhari JS, Zorrilla EP, Zhou B, Mayorov AV, Janda KD. Oligoclonal antibody targeting ghrelin increases energy expenditure and reduces food intake in fasted mice. Mol Pharm 2011; 9:281-9. [PMID: 22149064 DOI: 10.1021/mp200376c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, an enteric peptide hormone linked to the pathophysiology of obesity has been a therapeutic target of great interest over the past decade. Many research efforts have focused on the antagonism of ghrelin's endogenous receptor GHSR1a, which is found along ascending vagal afferent fibers, as well as in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Additionally, peptidic inhibitors of ghrelin O-acyltransferase, the enzyme responsible for the paracrine activation of ghrelin, have recently been studied. Our research has taken an alternative immunological approach, studying both active and passive vaccination as a means to sequester ghrelin in the periphery, with the original discovery in rat of decreased feed efficiency and adiposity, as well as increased metabolic activity. Using our previous hapten designs as a stepping-stone, three monoclonal antibodies (JG2, JG3, and JG4) were procured against ghrelin and tested in vivo. While mAb JG4 had the highest affinity for ghrelin, it failed to attenuate the orexigenic effects of food deprivation on energy metabolism or food intake in mice. However, animals that were administered a combination of JG3:JG4 (termed a doublet) or JG2:JG3:JG4 (termed a triplet) demonstrated higher heat dispersion and rate of respiration (higher CO(2) emission and O(2) consumption) during a 24 h fast refeed. Mice administered the triplet cocktail of JG2:JG3:JG4 also demonstrated decreased food intake upon refeeding as compared to control animals. Recently, Lu and colleagues reported that a passive approach using a single, high affinity N-terminally directed monoclonal antibody did not abrogate the effects of endogenous ghrelin. Our current report corroborates this finding, yet, refutes that a monoclonal antibody approach cannot be efficacious. Rather, we find that a multiple monoclonal antibody (oligoclonal) approach can reproduce the underlying logic to previously reported efficacies using active vaccinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Zakhari
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Walser R, Kleinschmidt JH, Zerbe O. A chimeric GPCR model mimicking the ligand binding site of the human Y1 receptor studied by NMR spectroscopy. Chembiochem 2011; 12:1690-3. [PMID: 21695755 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Reto Walser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Santoprete A, Capitò E, Carrington PE, Pocai A, Finotto M, Langella A, Ingallinella P, Zytko K, Bufali S, Cianetti S, Veneziano M, Bonelli F, Zhu L, Monteagudo E, Marsh DJ, Sinharoy R, Bianchi E, Pessi A. DPP-IV-resistant, long-acting oxyntomodulin derivatives. J Pept Sci 2011; 17:270-80. [PMID: 21294225 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the major risk factors for type 2 diabetes, and the development of agents, that can simultaneously achieve glucose control and weight loss, is being actively pursued. Therapies based on peptide mimetics of the gut hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) are rapidly gaining favor, due to their ability to increase insulin secretion in a strictly glucose-dependent manner, with little or no risk of hypoglycemia, and to their additional benefit of causing a modest, but durable weight loss. Oxyntomodulin (OXM), a 37-amino acid peptide hormone of the glucagon (GCG) family with dual agonistic activity on both the GLP-1 (GLP1R) and the GCG (GCGR) receptors, has been shown to reduce food intake and body weight in humans, with a lower incidence of treatment-associated nausea than GLP-1 mimetics. As for other peptide hormones, its clinical application is limited by the short circulatory half-life, a major component of which is cleavage by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV). SAR studies on OXM, described herein, led to the identification of molecules resistant to DPP-IV degradation, with increased potency as compared to the natural hormone. Analogs derivatized with a cholesterol moiety display increased duration of action in vivo. Moreover, we identified a single substitution which can change the OXM pharmacological profile from a dual GLP1R/GCGR agonist to a selective GLP1R agonist. The latter finding enabled studies, described in detail in a separate study (Pocai A, Carrington PE, Adams JR, Wright M, Eiermann G, Zhu L, Du X, Petrov A, Lassman ME, Jiang G, Liu F, Miller C, Tota LM, Zhou G, Zhang X, Sountis MM, Santoprete A, Capitò E, Chicchi GG, Thornberry N, Bianchi E, Pessi A, Marsh DJ, SinhaRoy R. Glucagon-like peptide 1/glucagon receptor dual agonism reverses obesity in mice. Diabetes 2009; 58: 2258-2266), which highlight the potential of GLP1R/GCGR dual agonists as a potentially superior class of therapeutics over the pure GLP1R agonists currently in clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Santoprete
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. Angeletti, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kuzmis A, Lim SB, Desai E, Jeon E, Lee BS, Rubinstein I, Onyüksel H. Micellar nanomedicine of human neuropeptide Y. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 7:464-71. [PMID: 21272667 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an important biologics that regulates a multitude of physiological functions and could be amenable to therapeutic manipulations in certain disease states. However, rapid (within minutes) enzymatic degradation and inactivation of NPY precludes its development as a drug. Accordingly, we determined whether self-association of NPY with biocompatible and biodegradable sterically stabilized phospholipid micelles (SSM) improves its stability and bioactivity. We found that in saline NPY spontaneously aggregates; however, in the presence of SSM it self-associates with the micelles as monomers. Three NPY molecules self-associate with 1 SSM at saturation. This process stabilizes the peptide in α-helix conformation, abrogates its degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and potentiates NPY-induced inhibition of cAMP elaboration in SK-N-MC cells. Collectively, these data indicate that self-association of NPY with SSM stabilizes and protects the peptide in active monomeric conformation, thereby amplifying its bioactivity in vitro. We propose further development of NPY in SSM as a novel, long-acting nanomedicine. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Human neuropeptide Y (NPY) regulates a multitude of physiological functions and could be amenable to therapeutic manipulations, which is currently limited by its short half life. Self-association of NPY with spherically stabilized micelles (SSM) protects and stabilizes the peptide in active monomeric conformation, thereby amplifying its bioactivity in vitro, enabling future therapeutic considerations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Kuzmis
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schmidt P, Lindner D, Montag C, Berndt S, Beck-Sickinger AG, Rudolph R, Huster D. Prokaryotic expression, in vitro folding, and molecular pharmacological characterization of the neuropeptide Y receptor type 2. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 25:1732-9. [PMID: 19725122 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a class of membrane proteins that represent a major target for pharmacological developments. However, there is still little knowledge about GPCR structure and dynamics since high-level expression and characterization of active GPCRs in vitro is extremely complicated. Here, we describe the recombinant expression and functional folding of the human Y(2) receptor from inclusion bodies of E. coli cultures. Milligram protein quantities were produced using high density fermentation and isolated in a single step purification with a yield of over 20 mg/L culture. Extensive studies were carried out on in vitro refolding and stabilization of the isolated receptor in detergent solution. The specific binding of the ligand, the 36 residue neuropeptide Y (NPY), to the recombinant Y(2) receptors in micellar form was shown by several radioligand affinity assays. In competition experiments, an IC(50) value in low nanomolar range could be determined. Further, a K(D) value of 1.9 nM was determined from a saturation assay, where NPY was titrated to the recombinant Y(2) receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schmidt
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pedersen SL, Steentoft C, Vrang N, Jensen KJ. Glyco-Scan: Varying Glycosylation in the Sequence of the Peptide Hormone PYY3-36 and Its Effect on Receptor Selectivity. Chembiochem 2010; 11:366-74. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
20
|
Zdobinsky T, Scherkenbeck J, Zerbe O, Antonicek H, Chen H. Structures of Micelle-Bound Selected Insect Neuropeptides and Analogues: Implications for Receptor Selection. Chembiochem 2009; 10:2644-53. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
21
|
Lee JY, Moon JS, Eu YJ, Lee CW, Yang ST, Lee SK, Jung HH, Kim HH, Rhim H, Seong JY, Kim JI. Molecular interaction between kisspeptin decapeptide analogs and a lipid membrane. Arch Biochem Biophys 2009; 485:109-14. [PMID: 19275876 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptin-10 is the C-terminal decapeptide amide of kisspeptin, an endogenous ligand for GPR54, and exhibits the same binding and agonist activity as the parent molecule. Although GPR54 is a membrane-embedded protein, details of the molecular interaction between kisspeptin-10 and lipid membranes remain unclear. Here, we performed a series of structural analyses using alanine-scanning analogs of kisspeptin-10 in membrane-mimetic medium. We found that there is a close correlation between lipid membrane binding and agonist activity. For instance, the F10A and non-amidated (NH2-->OH) analogs showed little or no GPR54-agonist activity and elicited no blue shift in tryptophan fluorescence. NMR analysis of kisspeptin-10 analog in DPC micelles revealed it to contain several tight turn structures, encompassing residues Trp3 to Phe10, but no helical conformation like that seen previously with SDS micelles. Together, our results suggest that kisspeptin-10 may activate GPR54 via a ligand transportation pathway incorporating a lipid membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yeon Lee
- Department of Life Science, Research Center for Bio-imaging, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zou C, Kumaran S, Markovic S, Walser R, Zerbe O. Studies of the structure of the N-terminal domain from the Y4 receptor - a G protein-coupled receptor - and its interaction with hormones from the NPY family. Chembiochem 2009; 9:2276-84. [PMID: 18767100 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Binding of peptide hormones to G protein-coupled receptors is believed to be mediated through formation of contacts of the ligands with residues of the extracellular loops of family 1 GPCRs. Here we have investigated whether additional binding sites exist within the N-terminal domain, as studied in the form of binding of peptides from the neuropeptide Y (NPY) family to the N terminus of the Y4 receptor (N-Y4). The N-terminal domain of the Y4 receptor has been expressed in isotopically enriched form and studied by solution NMR spectroscopy. The peptide is unstructured in solution, whereas a micelle-associated helical segment is formed in the presence of dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) or sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS). As measured by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy, N-Y4 binds with approximately 50 microM affinity to the pancreatic polypeptide (PP), a high-affinity ligand to the Y4 receptor, whereas binding to neuropeptide Y (NPY) and peptide YY (PYY) is much weaker. Residues critical for binding in PP and in N-Y4 have been identified by site-directed mutagenesis. The data indicate that electrostatic interactions dominate and that this interaction is mediated by acidic ligand and basic receptor residues. Residues of N-Y4 are likely to contribute to the binding of PP, and in addition might possibly also help to transfer the hormone from the membrane-bound state into the receptor binding pocket.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zou
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zerbe O, Neumoin A, Mares J, Walser R, Walser R, Zou C. Recognition of Neurohormones of the NPY Family by Their Receptors. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2008; 26:487-504. [PMID: 17118795 DOI: 10.1080/10799890600928194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this review a structural approach developed to answer the question whether hormones from the neuropeptide Y (NPY) family are recognized directly from solution or from the membrane-bound state is described. The chosen strategy is built onto a comparison of a set of peptides with well-known pharmacology and investigates whether similarities of structures of pharmacologically related peptides are higher in solution or in the membrane-bound state. Moreover, we have established the membrane-association mode of these peptides and contributed to our understanding of the structural features of these hormones both when placed in bulk solution and when bound to membranes. As a result we propose a receptor recognition pathway that includes initial association with the membrane and requires the peptides to come off the membrane to diffuse into the binding pocket of the receptor. This review also presents methodology recently developed by us to simulate the structural transition the peptides undergo when diffusing from bulk solution onto the membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Zerbe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Affiliation(s)
- Abby M Hodges
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Neumoin A, Mares J, Lerch-Bader M, Bader R, Zerbe O. Probing the Formation of Stable Tertiary Structure in a Model Miniprotein at Atomic Resolution: Determinants of Stability of a Helical Hairpin. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:8811-7. [PMID: 17580866 DOI: 10.1021/ja0716960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The minimal model system to study the basic principles of protein folding is the hairpin. The formation of beta-hairpins, which are the basic components of antiparallel beta-sheets, has been studied extensively in the past decade, but much less is known about helical hairpins. Here, we probe hairpin formation between a polyproline type-II helix and an alpha-helix as present in the natural miniprotein peptide YY (PYY). Both turn sequence and interactions of aromatic side chains from the C-terminal alpha-helix with the pockets formed by N-terminal Pro residues are shown by site-directed mutagenesis and solution NMR spectroscopy in different solvent systems to be important determinants of backbone dynamics and hairpin stability, suggesting a close analogy with some beta-hairpin structures. It is shown that multiple relatively weak contacts between the helices are necessary for the formation of the helical hairpin studied here, whereas the type-I beta-turn acts like a hinge, which through certain single amino acid substitutions is destabilized such that hairpin formation is completely abolished. Denaturation and renaturation of tertiary structure by temperature or cosolvents were probed by measuring changes of chemical shifts. Folding of PYY is both reversible and cooperative as inferred from the sigmoidal denaturation curves displayed by residues at the interface of the helical hairpin. Such miniproteins thus feature an important hallmark of globular proteins and should provide a convenient system to study basic aspects of helical hairpin folding that are complementary to those derived from studies of beta-hairpins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Neumoin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Neumoin A, Arshava B, Becker J, Zerbe O, Naider F. NMR studies in dodecylphosphocholine of a fragment containing the seventh transmembrane helix of a G-protein-coupled receptor from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biophys J 2007; 93:467-82. [PMID: 17449670 PMCID: PMC1896227 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.106.103770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure and dynamics of a large segment of Ste2p, the G-protein-coupled alpha-factor receptor from yeast, were studied in dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelles using solution NMR spectroscopy. We investigated the 73-residue peptide EL3-TM7-CT40 consisting of the third extracellular loop 3 (EL3), the seventh transmembrane helix (TM7), and 40 residues from the cytosolic C-terminal domain (CT40). The structure reveals the presence of an alpha-helix in the segment encompassing residues 10-30, which is perturbed around the internal Pro-24 residue. Root mean-square deviation values of individually superimposed helical segments 10-20 and 25-30 were 0.91 +/- 0.33 A and 0.76 +/- 0.37 A, respectively. 15N-relaxation and residual dipolar coupling data support a rather stable fold for the TM7 part of EL3-TM7-CT40, whereas the EL3 and CT40 segments are more flexible. Spin-label data indicate that the TM7 helix integrates into DPC micelles but is flexible around the internal Pro-24 site, exposing residues 22-26 to solution and reveal a second site of interaction with the micelle within a region comprising residues 43-58, which forms part of a less well-defined nascent helix. These findings are discussed in light of previous studies in organic-aqueous solvent systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Neumoin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zellefrow CD, Griffiths JS, Saha S, Hodges AM, Goodman JL, Paulk J, Kritzer JA, Schepartz A. Encodable Activators of Src Family Kinases. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:16506-7. [PMID: 17177392 DOI: 10.1021/ja0672977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable current interest in the design of encodable molecules that regulate intracellular protein circuitry and/or activity, ideally with a high level of specificity. Src homology 3 (SH3) domains are ubiquitous components of multidomain signaling proteins, including many kinases, and are attractive drug targets because of the important role their interactions play in diseases as diverse as cancer, osteoporosis, and inflammation. Here we describe a set of miniature proteins that recognize distinct SH3 domains from Src family kinases with high affinity. Three of these molecules discriminate effectively between the SH3 domains of Src and Fyn, which are expressed ubiquitously, and two of these three activate Hck kinase with potencies that rival HIV Nef, one of the most potent kinase activators known. These results suggest that miniature proteins represent a viable, encodable strategy for selective activation of Src family kinases in a variety of cell types.
Collapse
|
28
|
Jurt S, Aemissegger A, Güntert P, Zerbe O, Hilvert D. A Photoswitchable Miniprotein Based on the Sequence of Avian Pancreatic Polypeptide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
29
|
Jurt S, Aemissegger A, Güntert P, Zerbe O, Hilvert D. A Photoswitchable Miniprotein Based on the Sequence of Avian Pancreatic Polypeptide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:6297-300. [PMID: 16933352 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jurt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
We identified 1113 articles (103 reviews, 1010 primary research articles) published in 2005 that describe experiments performed using commercially available optical biosensors. While this number of publications is impressive, we find that the quality of the biosensor work in these articles is often pretty poor. It is a little disappointing that there appears to be only a small set of researchers who know how to properly perform, analyze, and present biosensor data. To help focus the field, we spotlight work published by 10 research groups that exemplify the quality of data one should expect to see from a biosensor experiment. Also, in an effort to raise awareness of the common problems in the biosensor field, we provide side-by-side examples of good and bad data sets from the 2005 literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|