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Jimidar CC, Grunenberg J, Karge B, Fuchs HLS, Brönstrup M, Klahn P. Masked Amino Trimethyl Lock (H 2 N-TML) Systems: New Molecular Entities for the Development of Turn-On Fluorophores and Their Application in Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2 S) Imaging in Human Cells. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103525. [PMID: 34713944 PMCID: PMC9299139 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Masked trimethyl lock (TML) systems as molecular moieties enabling the bioresponsive release of compounds or dyes in a controlled temporal and spatial manner have been widely applied for the development of drug conjugates, prodrugs or molecular imaging tools. Herein, we report the development of a novel amino trimethyl lock (H2 N-TML) system as an auto-immolative molecular entity for the release of fluorophores. We designed Cou-TML-N3 and MURh-TML-N3 , two azide-masked turn-on fluorophores. The latter was demonstrated to selectively release fluorescent MURh in the presence of physiological concentrations of the redox-signaling molecule H2 S in vitro and was successfully applied to image H2 S in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Cheyenne Jimidar
- Institute of Organic ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Jörg Grunenberg
- Institute of Organic ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Bianka Karge
- Department Chemical BiologyHelmholtz Center for Infection ResearchInhoffenstraße 738124BraunschweigGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) -Partner site Braunschweig-HannoverGermany
| | - Hazel Leanne Sarah Fuchs
- Department Chemical BiologyHelmholtz Center for Infection ResearchInhoffenstraße 738124BraunschweigGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) -Partner site Braunschweig-HannoverGermany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department Chemical BiologyHelmholtz Center for Infection ResearchInhoffenstraße 738124BraunschweigGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) -Partner site Braunschweig-HannoverGermany
| | - Philipp Klahn
- Institute of Organic ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
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2
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Sidhu JS, Kaur N, Singh N. Trends in small organic fluorescent scaffolds for detection of oxidoreductase. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 191:113441. [PMID: 34167075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidoreductases are diverse class of enzymes engaged in modulating the redox homeostasis and cellular signaling cascades. Abnormal expression of oxidoreductases including thioredoxin reductase, azoreductase, cytochrome oxidoreductase, tyrosinase and monoamine oxidase leads to the initiation of numerous disorders. Thus, enzymes are the promising biomarkers of the diseased cells and their accurate detection has utmost significance for clinical diagnosis. The detection method must be extremely selective, sensitive easy to use, long self-life, mass manufacturable and disposable. Fluorescence assay approach has been developed potential substitute to conventional techniques used in enzyme's quantification. The fluorescent probes possess excellent stability, high spatiotemporal ratio and reproducibility represent applications in real sample analysis. Therefore, the enzymatic transformations have been monitored by small activatable organic fluorescent probes. These probes are generally integrated with enzyme's substrate/inhibitors to improve their binding affinity toward the enzyme's catalytic site. As the recognition unit bio catalyzed, the signaling unit produces the readout signals and provides novel insights to understand the biochemical reactions for diagnosis and development of point of care devices. Several structural modifications are required in fluorogenic scaffolds to tune the selectivity for a particular enzyme. Hence, the fluorescent probes with their structural features and enzymatic reaction mechanism of oxidoreductase are the key points discussed in this review. The basic strategies to detect each enzyme are discussed. The selectivity, sensitivity and real-time applications are critically compared. The kinetic parameters and futuristic opportunities are present, which would be enormous benefits for chemists and biologists to understand the facts to design and develop unique fluorophore molecules for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagpreet Singh Sidhu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Narinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India.
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3
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Lou J, Best MD. A General Approach to Enzyme‐Responsive Liposomes. Chemistry 2020; 26:8597-8607. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Lou
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee 1420 Circle Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Michael D. Best
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee 1420 Circle Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
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4
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Mu R, Kong C, Yu W, Wang H, Ma Y, Li X, Wu J, Somersan-Karakaya S, Li H, Sun Z, Liu G. Nitrooxidoreductase Rv2466c-Dependent Fluorescent Probe for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Diagnosis and Drug Susceptibility Testing. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:949-961. [PMID: 30916931 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Firstly, this study demonstrated that natural product-inspired coumarin-based nitrofuranyl calanolides (NFCs) can form the Rv2466c-mycothiol (MSH)-NFC (RvMN) ternary complex via NFC binding to W21, N51, and Y61 of Rv2466c and be specifically reduced by Rv2466c, which is accompanied by the generation of a high level of fluorescence. Additionally, the results unveiled that the acetylated cysteine-glucosamine (AcCys-GlcN) motif of MSH is sufficient to interact with Rv2466c and adopt the active conformation that is essential for fully reducing NFCs. Further clinical translational investigation in this Article indicated that the novel fluorescent NFC probe can serve as a much needed high-throughput and low-cost detection method for detection of living Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb) and can precisely determine MIC values for a full range of available drugs. This method can greatly facilitate the development of phenotypic drug-susceptibility testing (pDST) that will allow the point-of-care treatment of tuberculosis (TB) within a week after diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Mu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Chengcheng Kong
- Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, P. R. China
- Translational Medicine Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Hongyao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yao Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xueyuan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Selin Somersan-Karakaya
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Haitao Li
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhaogang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, P. R. China
- Translational Medicine Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P. R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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5
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Okada K, Yamaguchi T, Dodo K, Sodeoka M, Obika S. Detection of esterase activity by chromogenic and fluorogenic probe based on an O-nitrobenzoxadiazole (O-NBD) unit. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1444-1448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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Okoh OA, Klahn P. Trimethyl Lock: A Multifunctional Molecular Tool for Drug Delivery, Cellular Imaging, and Stimuli-Responsive Materials. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1668-1694. [PMID: 29888433 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trimethyl lock (TML) systems are based on ortho-hydroxydihydrocinnamic acid derivatives displaying increased lactonization reactivity owing to unfavorable steric interactions of three pendant methyl groups, and this leads to the formation of hydrocoumarins. Protection of the phenolic hydroxy function or masking of the reactivity as benzoquinone derivatives prevents lactonization and provides a trigger for controlled release of molecules attached to the carboxylic acid function through amides, esters, or thioesters. Their easy synthesis and possible chemical adaption to several different triggers make TML a highly versatile module for the development of drug-delivery systems, prodrug approaches, cell-imaging tools, molecular tools for supramolecular chemistry, as well as smart stimuliresponsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okoh Adeyi Okoh
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philipp Klahn
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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7
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Zhou J, Zhang J, Ren H, Dong X, Zheng X, Zhao W. A turn-on fluorescent probe for selective detection of glutathione using trimethyl lock strategy. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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8
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Cuff S, Lewis RD, Chinje E, Jaffar M, Knox R, Weeks I. An improved cell-permeable fluorogenic substrate as the basis for a highly sensitive test for NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) in living cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 116:141-148. [PMID: 29325897 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is a flavoenzyme upregulated in response to oxidative stress and in some cancers. Its upregulation by compounds has been used as an indicator of their potential anti-cancer properties. In this study we have designed, produced and tested a fluorogenic coumarin conjugate which selectively releases highly fluorescent 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) in the presence of NQO1. It was found that measuring 4-MU release rapidly and specifically quantitated NQO1 levels in vitro and in live cells. Both the substrate and its products freely perfused through cell membranes and were non-toxic. The substrate was very specific with low background, and the assay itself could be done in less than 10minutes. This is the first assay to allow the quantitation of NQO1 in live cells which can then be retained for further experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cuff
- Innovation Hub, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Ruth D Lewis
- Innovation Hub, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Edwin Chinje
- Morvus Technology, Aberllech, Pentre Bach, Brecon LD3 8UB, UK
| | - Mohammed Jaffar
- Morvus Technology, Aberllech, Pentre Bach, Brecon LD3 8UB, UK
| | - Richard Knox
- Morvus Technology, Aberllech, Pentre Bach, Brecon LD3 8UB, UK
| | - Ian Weeks
- Innovation Hub, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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9
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Chyan W, Kilgore HR, Gold B, Raines RT. Electronic and Steric Optimization of Fluorogenic Probes for Biomolecular Imaging. J Org Chem 2017; 82:4297-4304. [PMID: 28345343 PMCID: PMC5519408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fluorogenic probes are invaluable tools for spatiotemporal investigations within live cells. In common fluorogenic probes, the intrinsic fluorescence of a small-molecule fluorophore is masked by esterification until entry into a cell, where endogenous esterases catalyze the hydrolysis of the masking groups, generating fluorescence. The susceptibility of masking groups to spontaneous hydrolysis is a major limitation of these probes. Previous attempts to address this problem have incorporated auto-immolative linkers at the cost of atom economy and synthetic adversity. Here, we report on a linker-free strategy that employs adventitious electronic and steric interactions in easy-to-synthesize probes. We find that X···C═O n→π* interactions and acyl group size are optimized in 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diisobutyrate. This probe is relatively stable to spontaneous hydrolysis but is a highly reactive substrate for esterases both in vitro and in cellulo, yielding a bright, photostable fluorophore with utility in biomolecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chyan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Henry R. Kilgore
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Brian Gold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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10
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Wang P, Du J, Liu H, Bi G, Zhang G. Small quinolinium-based enzymatic probes via blue-to-red ratiometric fluorescence. Analyst 2017; 141:1483-7. [PMID: 26788553 DOI: 10.1039/c5an02480c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A small fluorescence ratiometric probe consisting of a single dye species, N-methyl-6-hydroxyquinolinium (MHQ), and coupled enzymatic substrates, exhibits a dramatic colour change (deep blue to red) and possesses a huge response ratio (over 2000 fold) upon specific recognition of target enzymes. Such dramatic responses are attributed to the excited-state proton transfer processes of MHQ molecules in water. Here the detection of β-galactosidase and porcine pancreatic lipase is successfully demonstrated and this class of molecules has the potential to be developed as a "naked-eye" probe in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- Heifei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Polymer Science and Engieering, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, P. R. China.
| | - Jiajun Du
- Heifei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Polymer Science and Engieering, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, P. R. China.
| | - Huijing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Heifei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Polymer Science and Engieering, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, P. R. China.
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11
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Kotresh MG, Adarsh KS, Shivkumar MA, Mulimani BG, Savadatti MI, Inamdar SR. Spectroscopic investigation of alloyed quantum dot-based FRET to cresyl violet dye. LUMINESCENCE 2015; 31:760-8. [PMID: 26333828 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs), bright luminescent semiconductor nanoparticles, have found numerous applications ranging from optoelectronics to bioimaging. Here, we present a systematic investigation of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from hydrophilic ternary alloyed quantum dots (CdSeS/ZnS) to cresyl violet dye with a view to explore the effect of composition of QD donors on FRET efficiency. Fluorescence emission of QD is controlled by varying the composition of QD without altering the particle size. The results show that quantum yield of the QDs increases with increase in the emission wavelength. The FRET parameters such as spectral overlap J(λ), Förster distance R0, intermolecular distance (r), rate of energy transfer k(T)(r), and transfer efficiency (E) are determined by employing both steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Additionally, dynamic quenching is noticed to occur in the present FRET system. Stern-Volmer (K(D)) and bimolecular quenching constants (k(q)) are determined from the Stern-Volmer plot. It is observed that the transfer efficiency follows a linear dependence on the spectral overlap and the quantum yield of the donor as predicted by the Förster theory upon changing the composition of the QD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Kotresh
- Laser Spectroscopy Programme, Department of Physics, and UGC-Centre with Potential for Excellence (CPEPA), Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580003, India
| | - K S Adarsh
- Laser Spectroscopy Programme, Department of Physics, and UGC-Centre with Potential for Excellence (CPEPA), Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580003, India
| | - M A Shivkumar
- Laser Spectroscopy Programme, Department of Physics, and UGC-Centre with Potential for Excellence (CPEPA), Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580003, India
| | | | - M I Savadatti
- Laser Spectroscopy Programme, Department of Physics, and UGC-Centre with Potential for Excellence (CPEPA), Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580003, India
| | - S R Inamdar
- Laser Spectroscopy Programme, Department of Physics, and UGC-Centre with Potential for Excellence (CPEPA), Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580003, India
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12
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Tallman KR, Beatty KE. Far-red fluorogenic probes for esterase and lipase detection. Chembiochem 2014; 16:70-5. [PMID: 25469918 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fluorogenic enzyme probes go from a dark to a bright state following hydrolysis and can provide a sensitive, real-time readout of enzyme activity. They are useful for examining enzymatic activity in bacteria, including the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Herein, we describe two fluorogenic esterase probes derived from the far-red fluorophore 7-hydroxy-9H-(1,3-dichloro-9,9-dimethylacridin-2-one) (DDAO). These probes offer enhanced optical properties compared to existing esterase probes because the hydrolysis product, DDAO, excites above 600 nm while retaining a good quantum yield (ϕ=0.40). We validated both probes with a panel of commercially available enzymes alongside known resorufin- and fluorescein-derived esterase substrates. Furthermore, we used these probes to reveal esterase activity in protein gel-resolved mycobacterial lysates. These probes represent new tools for esterase detection and characterization and should find use in a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie R Tallman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, CL3B, Portland, OR 97201 (USA)
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13
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Lavis LD, Raines RT. Bright building blocks for chemical biology. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:855-66. [PMID: 24579725 PMCID: PMC4006396 DOI: 10.1021/cb500078u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule fluorophores manifest the ability of chemistry to solve problems in biology. As we noted in a previous review (Lavis, L. D.; Raines, R. T. ACS Chem. Biol. 2008, 3, 142-155), the extant collection of fluorescent probes is built on a modest set of "core" scaffolds that evolved during a century of academic and industrial research. Here, we survey traditional and modern synthetic routes to small-molecule fluorophores and highlight recent biological insights attained with customized fluorescent probes. Our intent is to inspire the design and creation of new high-precision tools that empower chemical biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D. Lavis
- Janelia Farm Research
Campus, Howard Hughes Medical
Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United
States
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Departments
of Biochemistry and Chemistry, University
of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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14
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Fluorogenic probe for constitutive cellular endocytosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:614-8. [PMID: 23601650 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis is a fundamental process of eukaryotic cells that is critical for nutrient uptake, signal transduction, and growth. We have developed a molecular probe to quantify endocytosis. The probe is a lipid conjugated to a fluorophore that is masked with an enzyme-activatable moiety known as the trimethyl lock. The probe is not fluorescent when incorporated into the plasma membrane of human cells but becomes fluorescent upon internalization into endosomes, where cellular esterases activate the trimethyl lock. Using this probe, we found that human breast cancer cells undergo constitutive endocytosis more rapidly than do matched noncancerous cells. These data reveal a possible phenotypic distinction of cancer cells that could be the basis for chemotherapeutic intervention.
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15
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Keliris A, Mamedov I, Hagberg GE, Logothetis NK, Scheffler K, Engelmann J. A smart (19) F and (1) H MRI probe with self-immolative linker as a versatile tool for detection of enzymes. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2013; 7:478-83. [PMID: 22821882 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Here we report on a dual-modal (19) F and (1) H MRI paramagnetic probe with a self-immolative linker, Gd-DOMF-Gal. The enzymatic conversion of this probe by β-galactosidase resulted in a simultaneous turning on of the fluorine signal and changed ability of the Gd(3+) complex to modulate the (1) H MR signal intensity of the surrounding water molecules. A versatile imaging platform for monitoring a variety of enzymes by (19) F and (1) H MRI using this molecular design is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Keliris
- Department for High-field Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany.
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16
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The chemistry of small-molecule fluorogenic probes. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 113:1-34. [PMID: 23244787 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386932-6.00001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Chemical fluorophores find wide use in biology to detect and visualize different phenomena. A key advantage of small-molecule dyes is the ability to construct compounds where fluorescence is activated by chemical or biochemical processes. Fluorogenic molecules, in which fluorescence is activated by enzymatic activity, light, or environmental changes, enable advanced bioassays and sophisticated imaging experiments. Here, we detail the collection of fluorophores and highlight both general strategies and unique approaches that are employed to control fluorescence using chemistry.
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17
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Levine MN, Raines RT. Trimethyl lock: A trigger for molecular release in chemistry, biology, and pharmacology. Chem Sci 2012; 3:2412-2420. [PMID: 23181187 PMCID: PMC3501758 DOI: 10.1039/c2sc20536j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The trimethyl lock is an o-hydroxydihydrocinnamic acid derivative in which unfavorable steric interactions between three pendant methyl groups encourage lactonization to form a hydrocoumarin. This reaction is extremely rapid, even when the electrophile is an amide and the leaving group is an amino group of a small-molecule drug, fluorophore, peptide, or nucleic acid. O-Acylation of the phenolic hydroxyl group prevents reaction, providing a trigger for the reaction. Thus, the release of an amino group from an amide can be coupled to the hydrolysis of a designated ester (or to another chemical reaction that regenerates the hydroxyl group). Trimethyl lock conjugates are easy to synthesize, making the trimethyl lock a highly versatile module for chemical biology and related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N. Levine
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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18
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Krucker T, Sandanaraj BS. Optical imaging for the new grammar of drug discovery. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2011; 369:4651-4665. [PMID: 22006912 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Optical technologies used in biomedical research have undergone tremendous development in the last decade and enabled important insight into biochemical, cellular and physiological phenomena at the microscopic and macroscopic level. Historically in drug discovery, to increase throughput in screening, or increase efficiency through automation of image acquisition and analysis in pathology, efforts in imaging were focused on the reengineering of established microscopy solutions. However, with the emergence of the new grammar for drug discovery, other requirements and expectations have created unique opportunities for optical imaging. The new grammar of drug discovery provides rules for translating the wealth of genomic and proteomic information into targeted medicines with a focus on complex interactions of proteins. This paradigm shift requires highly specific and quantitative imaging at the molecular level with tools that can be used in cellular assays, animals and finally translated into patients. The development of fluorescent targeted and activatable 'smart' probes, fluorescent proteins and new reporter gene systems as functional and dynamic markers of molecular events in vitro and in vivo is therefore playing a pivotal role. An enabling optical imaging platform will combine optical hardware refinement with a strong emphasis on creating and validating highly specific chemical and biological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Krucker
- Global Imaging Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Abstract
The early detection of many human diseases is crucial if they are to be treated successfully. Therefore, the development of imaging techniques that can facilitate early detection of disease is of high importance. Changes in the levels of enzyme expression are known to occur in many diseases, making their accurate detection at low concentrations an area of considerable active research. Activatable fluorescent probes show immense promise in this area. If properly designed they should exhibit no signal until they interact with their target enzyme, reducing the level of background fluorescence and potentially endowing them with greater sensitivity. The mechanisms of fluorescence changes in activatable probes vary. This review aims to survey the field of activatable probes, focusing on their mechanisms of action as well as illustrating some of the in vitro and in vivo settings in which they have been employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Drake
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 185 Berry Street, Suite 350, Box 0946, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
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20
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Sensitive fluorogenic substrate for alkaline phosphatase. Anal Biochem 2011; 418:247-52. [PMID: 21827735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase serves both as a model enzyme for studies on the mechanism and kinetics of phosphomonoesterases and as a reporter in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and other biochemical methods. The tight binding of the enzyme to its inorganic phosphate product leads to strong inhibition of catalysis and confounds measurements of alkaline phosphatase activity. We have developed an alkaline phosphatase substrate in which the fluorescence of rhodamine is triggered on P-O bond cleavage in a process mediated by a "trimethyl lock." Although this substrate requires a nonenzymatic second step to manifest fluorescence, we demonstrated that the enzymatic first step limits the rate of fluorogenesis. The substrate enables the catalytic activity of alkaline phosphatase to be measured with high sensitivity and accuracy. Its attributes are ideal for enzymatic assays of alkaline phosphatase for both basic research and biotechnological applications.
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21
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Optical and magnetic resonance imaging as complementary modalities in drug discovery. Future Med Chem 2011; 2:317-37. [PMID: 21426169 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging has the ability to study various biological and chemical processes noninvasively in living subjects in a longitudinal way. For this reason, imaging technologies have become an integral part of the drug-discovery and development program and are commonly used in following disease processes and drug action in both preclinical and clinical stages. As the domain of imaging sciences transitions from anatomical/functional to molecular applications, the development of molecular probes becomes crucial for the advancement of the field. This review summarizes the role of two complementary techniques, magnetic resonance and fluorescence optical imaging, in drug discovery. While the first approach exploits intrinsic tissue characteristics as the source of image contrast, the second necessitates the use of appropriate probes for signal generation. The anatomical, functional, metabolic and molecular information that becomes accessible through imaging can provide invaluable insights into disease mechanisms and mechanisms of drug action.
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22
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Lavis LD, Chao TY, Raines RT. Synthesis and utility of fluorogenic acetoxymethyl ethers. Chem Sci 2011; 2:521-530. [PMID: 21394227 PMCID: PMC3049939 DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00466a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic fluorophores such as fluorescein, Tokyo Green, resorufin, and their derivatives are workhorses of biological science. Acylating the phenolic hydroxyl group(s) in these fluorophores masks their fluorescence. The ensuing ester is a substrate for cellular esterases, which can restore fluorescence. These esters are, however, notoriously unstable to hydrolysis, severely compromising their utility. The acetoxymethyl (AM) group is an esterase-sensitive motif that can mask polar functionalities in small molecules. Here, we report on the use of AM ether groups to mask phenolic fluorophores. The resulting profluorophores have a desirable combination of low background fluorescence, high chemical stability, and high enzymatic reactivity, both in vitro and in cellulo. These simple phenyl ether-based profluorophores could supplement or supplant the use of phenyl esters for imaging biochemical and biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D. Lavis
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn VA 20147, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Tzu-Yuan Chao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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23
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24
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Meyer Y, Richard JA, Delest B, Noack P, Renard PY, Romieu A. A comparative study of the self-immolation of para-aminobenzylalcohol and hemithioaminal-based linkers in the context of protease-sensitive fluorogenic probes. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:1777-80. [DOI: 10.1039/b926316k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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van den Dungen ETA, Loos B, Klumperman B. Use of a Profluorophore for Visualization of the Rupture of Capsules in Self-Healing Coatings. Macromol Rapid Commun 2009; 31:625-8. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200900728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Zhang XB, Waibel M, Hasserodt J. An Autoimmolative Spacer Allows First-Time Incorporation of a Unique Solid-State Fluorophore into a Detection Probe for Acyl Hydrolases. Chemistry 2009; 16:792-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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Watkins RW, Lavis LD, Kung VM, Los GV, Raines RT. Fluorogenic affinity label for the facile, rapid imaging of proteins in live cells. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:3969-75. [PMID: 19763299 PMCID: PMC2800956 DOI: 10.1039/b907664f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Haloalkane dehalogenase (HD) catalyzes the hydrolysis of haloalkanes via a covalent enzyme-substrate intermediate. Fusing a target protein to an HD variant that cannot hydrolyze the intermediate enables labeling of the target protein with a haloalkane in cellulo. The utility of extant probes is hampered, however, by background fluorescence as well as limited membrane permeability. Here, we report on the synthesis and use of a fluorogenic affinity label that, after unmasking by an intracellular esterase, labels an HD variant in cellulo. Labeling is rapid and specific, as expected from the reliance upon enzymic catalysts and the high membrane permeance of the probe both before and after unmasking. Most notably, even high concentrations of the fluorogenic affinity label cause minimal background fluorescence without a need to wash the cells. We envision that such fluorogenic affinity labels, which enlist catalysis by two cellular enzymes, will find utility in pulse-chase experiments, high-content screening, and numerous other protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex W. Watkins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Luke D. Lavis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Vanessa M. Kung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Georgyi V. Los
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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28
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Yatzeck MM, Lavis LD, Chao TY, Chandran SS, Raines RT. A highly sensitive fluorogenic probe for cytochrome P450 activity in live cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5864-6. [PMID: 18595692 PMCID: PMC2586036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A derivative of rhodamine 110 has been designed and assessed as a probe for cytochrome P450 activity. This probe is the first to utilize a 'trimethyl lock' that is triggered by cleavage of an ether bond. In vitro, fluorescence was manifested by the CYP1A1 isozyme with k(cat)/K(M)=8.8x10(3)M(-1)s(-1) and K(M)=0.09microM. In cellulo, the probe revealed the induction of cytochrome P450 activity by the carcinogen 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, and its repression by the chemoprotectant resveratrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Yatzeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706-1322, USA
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29
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Richard JA, Meyer Y, Jolivel V, Massonneau M, Dumeunier R, Vaudry D, Vaudry H, Renard PY, Romieu A. Latent Fluorophores Based on a Self-Immolative Linker Strategy and Suitable for Protease Sensing. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:1707-18. [DOI: 10.1021/bc8001997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Alexandre Richard
- Equipe de Chimie Bio-Organique, Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France, UMR CNRS 6014, COBRA, IRCOF, rue Lucien Tesnière, 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France, QUIDD, Technopôle du Madrillet, 50, rue Ettore Bugatti, 76800 Saint-Etienne du Rouvray, France, Laboratoire de Neuroendocrinologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, INSERM U413, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France, and Plate-forme Régionale de Recherche en Imagerie Cellulaire de Haute-Normandie, IFRMP23,
| | - Yves Meyer
- Equipe de Chimie Bio-Organique, Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France, UMR CNRS 6014, COBRA, IRCOF, rue Lucien Tesnière, 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France, QUIDD, Technopôle du Madrillet, 50, rue Ettore Bugatti, 76800 Saint-Etienne du Rouvray, France, Laboratoire de Neuroendocrinologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, INSERM U413, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France, and Plate-forme Régionale de Recherche en Imagerie Cellulaire de Haute-Normandie, IFRMP23,
| | - Valérie Jolivel
- Equipe de Chimie Bio-Organique, Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France, UMR CNRS 6014, COBRA, IRCOF, rue Lucien Tesnière, 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France, QUIDD, Technopôle du Madrillet, 50, rue Ettore Bugatti, 76800 Saint-Etienne du Rouvray, France, Laboratoire de Neuroendocrinologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, INSERM U413, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France, and Plate-forme Régionale de Recherche en Imagerie Cellulaire de Haute-Normandie, IFRMP23,
| | - Marc Massonneau
- Equipe de Chimie Bio-Organique, Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France, UMR CNRS 6014, COBRA, IRCOF, rue Lucien Tesnière, 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France, QUIDD, Technopôle du Madrillet, 50, rue Ettore Bugatti, 76800 Saint-Etienne du Rouvray, France, Laboratoire de Neuroendocrinologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, INSERM U413, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France, and Plate-forme Régionale de Recherche en Imagerie Cellulaire de Haute-Normandie, IFRMP23,
| | - Raphaël Dumeunier
- Equipe de Chimie Bio-Organique, Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France, UMR CNRS 6014, COBRA, IRCOF, rue Lucien Tesnière, 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France, QUIDD, Technopôle du Madrillet, 50, rue Ettore Bugatti, 76800 Saint-Etienne du Rouvray, France, Laboratoire de Neuroendocrinologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, INSERM U413, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France, and Plate-forme Régionale de Recherche en Imagerie Cellulaire de Haute-Normandie, IFRMP23,
| | - David Vaudry
- Equipe de Chimie Bio-Organique, Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France, UMR CNRS 6014, COBRA, IRCOF, rue Lucien Tesnière, 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France, QUIDD, Technopôle du Madrillet, 50, rue Ettore Bugatti, 76800 Saint-Etienne du Rouvray, France, Laboratoire de Neuroendocrinologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, INSERM U413, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France, and Plate-forme Régionale de Recherche en Imagerie Cellulaire de Haute-Normandie, IFRMP23,
| | - Hubert Vaudry
- Equipe de Chimie Bio-Organique, Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France, UMR CNRS 6014, COBRA, IRCOF, rue Lucien Tesnière, 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France, QUIDD, Technopôle du Madrillet, 50, rue Ettore Bugatti, 76800 Saint-Etienne du Rouvray, France, Laboratoire de Neuroendocrinologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, INSERM U413, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France, and Plate-forme Régionale de Recherche en Imagerie Cellulaire de Haute-Normandie, IFRMP23,
| | - Pierre-Yves Renard
- Equipe de Chimie Bio-Organique, Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France, UMR CNRS 6014, COBRA, IRCOF, rue Lucien Tesnière, 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France, QUIDD, Technopôle du Madrillet, 50, rue Ettore Bugatti, 76800 Saint-Etienne du Rouvray, France, Laboratoire de Neuroendocrinologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, INSERM U413, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France, and Plate-forme Régionale de Recherche en Imagerie Cellulaire de Haute-Normandie, IFRMP23,
| | - Anthony Romieu
- Equipe de Chimie Bio-Organique, Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France, UMR CNRS 6014, COBRA, IRCOF, rue Lucien Tesnière, 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France, QUIDD, Technopôle du Madrillet, 50, rue Ettore Bugatti, 76800 Saint-Etienne du Rouvray, France, Laboratoire de Neuroendocrinologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, INSERM U413, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France, and Plate-forme Régionale de Recherche en Imagerie Cellulaire de Haute-Normandie, IFRMP23,
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30
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Gestwicki JE. The interface of chemistry and biology is actually a continuum. ACS Chem Biol 2008; 3:328-34. [PMID: 18570351 DOI: 10.1021/cb800114k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason E. Gestwicki
- Department of Pathology and the Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2216
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31
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Mangold SL, Carpenter RT, Kiessling LL. Synthesis of fluorogenic polymers for visualizing cellular internalization. Org Lett 2008; 10:2997-3000. [PMID: 18563907 DOI: 10.1021/ol800932w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The binding of a polymeric ligand to a cell surface receptor can promote its internalization. Methods to track and visualize multivalent ligands within a cell can give rise to new therapeutic strategies and illuminate signaling processes. We have used the features of the ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) to develop a general strategy for synthesizing multivalent ligands equipped with a latent fluorophore. The utility of ligands of this type is highlighted by visualizing multivalent antigen internalization in live B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane L Mangold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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32
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Zhou W, Andrews C, Liu J, Shultz JW, Valley MP, Cali JJ, Hawkins EM, Klaubert DH, Bulleit RF, Wood KV. Self-Cleavable Bioluminogenic Luciferin Phosphates as Alkaline Phosphatase Reporters. Chembiochem 2008; 9:714-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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33
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Abstract
Small-molecule fluorescent probes embody an essential facet of chemical biology. Although numerous compounds are known, the ensemble of fluorescent probes is based on a modest collection of modular "core" dyes. The elaboration of these dyes with diverse chemical moieties is enabling the precise interrogation of biochemical and biological systems. The importance of fluorescence-based technologies in chemical biology elicits a necessity to understand the major classes of small-molecule fluorophores. Here, we examine the chemical and photophysical properties of oft-used fluorophores and highlight classic and contemporary examples in which utility has been built upon these scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Chemistry
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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34
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Levine MN, Lavis LD, Raines RT. Trimethyl lock: a stable chromogenic substrate for esterases. Molecules 2008; 13:204-11. [PMID: 18305412 PMCID: PMC2803762 DOI: 10.3390/molecules13020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
p-Nitrophenyl acetate is the most commonly used substrate for detecting the catalytic activity of esterases, including those that activate prodrugs in human cells. This substrate is unstable in aqueous solution, limiting its utility. Here, a stable chromogenic substrate for esterases is produced by the structural isolation of an acetyl ester and p-nitroaniline group using a trimethyl lock moiety. Upon ester hydrolysis, unfavorable steric interactions between the three methyl groups of this o-hydroxycinnamic acid derivative encourage rapid lactonization to form a hydrocoumarin and release p-nitroaniline. This “prochromophore” could find use in a variety of assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N. Levine
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA
| | - Luke D. Lavis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706-1322, USA
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706-1322, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail:
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35
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Gomes P, Vale N, Moreira R. Cyclization-activated prodrugs. Molecules 2007; 12:2484-506. [PMID: 18065953 PMCID: PMC6149143 DOI: 10.3390/12112484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many drugs suffer from an extensive first-pass metabolism leading to drug inactivation and/or production of toxic metabolites, which makes them attractive targets for prodrug design. The classical prodrug approach, which involves enzyme-sensitive covalent linkage between the parent drug and a carrier moiety, is a well established strategy to overcome bioavailability/toxicity issues. However, the development of prodrugs that can regenerate the parent drug through non-enzymatic pathways has emerged as an alternative approach in which prodrug activation is not influenced by inter- and intraindividual variability that affects enzymatic activity. Cyclization-activated prodrugs have been capturing the attention of medicinal chemists since the middle-1980s, and reached maturity in prodrug design in the late 1990 s. Many different strategies have been exploited in recent years concerning the development of intramoleculary-activated prodrugs spanning from analgesics to anti-HIV therapeutic agents. Intramolecular pathways have also a key role in two-step prodrug activation, where an initial enzymatic cleavage step is followed by a cyclization-elimination reaction that releases the active drug. This work is a brief overview of research on cyclization-activated prodrugs from the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Gomes
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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36
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Abstract
Traditional small-molecule fluorophores are always fluorescent. This attribute can obscure valuable information in biological experiments. Here, we report on a versatile "latent" fluorophore that overcomes this limitation. At the core of the latent fluorophore is a derivative of rhodamine in which one nitrogen is modified as a urea. That modification enables rhodamine to retain half of its fluorescence while facilitating conjugation to a target molecule. The other nitrogen of rhodamine is modified with a "trimethyl lock", which enables fluorescence to be unmasked fully by a single user-designated chemical reaction. An esterase-reactive latent fluorophore was synthesized in high yield and attached covalently to a cationic protein. The resulting conjugate was not fluorescent in the absence of esterases. The enzymatic activity of esterases in endocytic vesicles and the cytosol educed fluorescence, enabling the time-lapse imaging of endocytosis into live human cells and thus providing unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution of this process. The modular design of this "fluorogenic label" enables the facile synthesis of an ensemble of small-molecule probes for the illumination of numerous biochemical and cell biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D. Lavis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Tzu-Yuan Chao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- To whom correspondence should be addressed:
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