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Kuttel MM, Cescutti P, Distefano M, Rizzo R. Fluorescence and NMR spectroscopy together with molecular simulations reveal amphiphilic characteristics of a Burkholderia biofilm exopolysaccharide. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:11034-11042. [PMID: 28468829 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.785048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are a collective mode of bacterial life in which a self-produced matrix confines cells in close proximity to each other. Biofilms confer many advantages, including protection from chemicals (including antibiotics), entrapment of useful extracellular enzymes and nutrients, as well as opportunities for efficient recycling of molecules from dead cells. Biofilm matrices are aqueous gel-like structures composed of polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA stabilized by intermolecular interactions that may include non-polar connections. Recently, polysaccharides extracted from biofilms produced by species of the Burkholderia cepacia complex were shown to possess clusters of rhamnose, a 6-deoxy sugar with non-polar characteristics. Molecular dynamics simulations are well suited to characterizing the structure and dynamics of polysaccharides, but only relatively few such studies exist of their interaction with non-polar molecules. Here we report an investigation into the hydrophobic properties of the exopolysaccharide produced by Burkholderia multivorans strain C1576. Fluorescence experiments with two hydrophobic fluorescent probes established that this polysaccharide complexes hydrophobic species, and NMR experiments confirmed these interactions. Molecular simulations to model the hydrodynamics of the polysaccharide and the interaction with guest species revealed a very flexible, amphiphilic carbohydrate chain that has frequent dynamic interactions with apolar molecules; both hexane and a long-chain fatty acid belonging to the quorum-sensing system of B. multivorans were tested. A possible role of the non-polar domains of the exopolysaccharide in facilitating the diffusion of aliphatic species toward specific targets within the biofilm aqueous matrix is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Kuttel
- From the Department of Computer Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa and
| | - Paola Cescutti
- the Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Distefano
- the Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Roberto Rizzo
- the Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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Liu L, Siuda I, Richards MR, Renaud J, Kitova EN, Mayer PM, Tieleman DP, Lowary TL, Klassen JS. Structure and Stability of Carbohydrate-Lipid Interactions. Methylmannose Polysaccharide-Fatty Acid Complexes. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1571-8. [PMID: 27253157 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report a detailed study of the structure and stability of carbohydrate-lipid interactions. Complexes of a methylmannose polysaccharide (MMP) derivative and fatty acids (FAs) served as model systems. The dependence of solution affinities and gas-phase dissociation activation energies (Ea ) on FA length indicates a dominant role of carbohydrate-lipid interactions in stabilizing (MMP+FA) complexes. Solution (1) H NMR results reveal weak interactions between MMP methyl groups and FA acyl chain; MD simulations suggest the complexes are disordered. The contribution of FA methylene groups to the Ea is similar to that of heats of transfer of n-alkanes from the gas phase to polar solvents, thus suggesting that MMP binds lipids through dipole-induced dipole interactions. The MD results point to hydrophobic interactions and H-bonds with the FA carboxyl group. Comparison of collision cross sections of deprotonated (MMP+FA) ions with MD structures suggests that the gaseous complexes are disordered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Liu
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Iwona Siuda
- Centre for Molecular Simulation, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Michele R Richards
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Justin Renaud
- Chemistry Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Elena N Kitova
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Paul M Mayer
- Chemistry Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - D Peter Tieleman
- Centre for Molecular Simulation, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - John S Klassen
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
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Xia L, Lowary TL. Amphiphilic cytosolic glycans from mycobacteria: occurrence, lipid-binding properties, biosynthesis, and synthesis. Biopolymers 2013; 99:697-712. [PMID: 23703393 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Polymethylated polysaccharides (PMPSs), glycans composed of 10-20 carbohydrate residues the majority of which carry a single methyl group, are produced by some mycobacterial species. O-Methylation thus occurs on 20-30% of all the hydroxyl groups within the molecule, rendering them amphiphilic. A property of PMPSs is their ability to form high-affinity complexes with fatty acids and their derivatives, suggesting a role in mycobacterial fatty acid biosynthesis. However, direct evidence for their in vivo function is still lacking. Over the past several decades the lipid-binding properties, biosynthesis, and chemical synthesis of PMPSs have been explored and this review will provide an overview of progress made in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xia
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
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Liu L, Bai Y, Sun N, Xia L, Lowary TL, Klassen JS. Carbohydrate-Lipid Interactions: Affinities of Methylmannose Polysaccharides for Lipids in Aqueous Solution. Chemistry 2012; 18:12059-67. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Mendes V, Maranha A, Alarico S, Empadinhas N. Biosynthesis of mycobacterial methylglucose lipopolysaccharides. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:834-44. [PMID: 22678749 DOI: 10.1039/c2np20014g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial pathogenesis is closely associated with a unique cell envelope rich in complex carbohydrates and unique lipids, among which are the mycolic acids. Mycobacteria also synthesize unique intracellular polymethylated polysaccharides (PMPSs), namely methylglucose lipopolysaccharides (MGLPs), which are acylated with short-chain fatty acids, and methylmannose polysaccharides (MMPs). Since PMPSs modulate the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids in vitro, the possibility of a similar role in vivo and the regulation of mycolic acids assembly have been anticipated. Unlike MGLPs, MMPs have been identified in M. smegmatis and other fast-growing mycobacteria but not in M. tuberculosis, implying an essential role for MGLPs in this pathogen and turning the biosynthetic enzymes into attractive drug targets. The genome of M. tuberculosis was decoded 14 years ago but only recently has the identity of the genes involved in MGLPs biosynthesis been investigated. Two gene clusters (Rv1208-Rv1213 and Rv3030-Rv3037c) containing a few genes considered to be essential for M. tuberculosis growth, have initially been proposed to coordinate MGLPs biosynthesis. Among these genes, only the product of Rv1208 for the first step in the MGLPs pathway has, so far, been crystallized and its three-dimensional structure been determined. However, recent results indicate that at least three additional clusters may be involved in this pathway. The functional assignment of authentic roles to some of these M. tuberculosis H37Rv genes sheds new light on the intricacy of MGLPs biogenesis and renewed interest on their biological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Mendes
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2007-2008. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:183-311. [PMID: 21850673 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This review is the fifth update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2008. The first section of the review covers fundamental studies, fragmentation of carbohydrate ions, use of derivatives and new software developments for analysis of carbohydrate spectra. Among newer areas of method development are glycan arrays, MALDI imaging and the use of ion mobility spectrometry. The second section of the review discusses applications of MALDI MS to the analysis of different types of carbohydrate. Specific compound classes that are covered include carbohydrate polymers from plants, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, biopharmaceuticals, glycated proteins, glycolipids, glycosides and various other natural products. There is a short section on the use of MALDI mass spectrometry for the study of enzymes involved in glycan processing and a section on the use of MALDI MS to monitor products of the chemical synthesis of carbohydrates with emphasis on carbohydrate-protein complexes and glycodendrimers. Corresponding analyses by electrospray ionization now appear to outnumber those performed by MALDI and the amount of literature makes a comprehensive review on this technique impractical. However, most of the work relating to sample preparation and glycan synthesis is equally relevant to electrospray and, consequently, those proposing analyses by electrospray should also find material in this review of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Empadinhas N, Albuquerque L, Mendes V, Macedo-Ribeiro S, Da Costa MS. Identification of the mycobacterial glucosyl-3-phosphoglycerate synthase. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 280:195-202. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.01064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Wang Y, Cheon HS, Kishi Y. Unique Reactivity of the Mukaiyama Glycosidation Catalyst (SnCl3ClO4) Toward β-Mannopyranosides. Chem Asian J 2008; 3:319-26. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.200700297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Papaioannou N, Cheon HS, Lian Y, Kishi Y. Product-regulation mechanisms for fatty acid biosynthesis catalyzed by Mycobacterium smegmatis FAS I. Chembiochem 2008; 8:1775-80. [PMID: 17893901 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Papaioannou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Cheon HS, Lian Y, Kishi Y. Highly stereoselective and iterative synthesis of alpha-(1-->4)-linked polysaccharides composed of 3-O-methyl-D-mannose. Org Lett 2007; 9:3323-6. [PMID: 17658839 DOI: 10.1021/ol0713335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A second-generation synthesis of synthetic 3-O-methyl-D-mannose-containing polysaccharides (sMMPs) is reported. The glycosidation of donor B and acceptor C, prepared from a common precursor A in two and one steps, respectively, is effected by t-butyldimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate to furnish only the desired alpha-anomer D in high yields. Unlike the first-generation synthesis, this synthesis gives the desired product free from contamination of scrambling products. A three-step protocol is used to deprotect D to furnish sMMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan-Sung Cheon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Cheon HS, Lian Y, Kishi Y. Practical and scalable synthesis of alpha-(1-->4)-linked polysaccharides composed of 6-O-methyl-D-glucose. Org Lett 2007; 9:3327-9. [PMID: 17658840 DOI: 10.1021/ol071334x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A second-generation synthesis of synthetic 6-O-methyl-D-glucose-containing polysaccharides (sMGPs) is reported. Glycosidation acceptor A and donor B are prepared from alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrins in high yields. The glycosidation of A and B, followed by deprotection, furnishes sMGP 12-, 14-, and 16-mers. This synthesis has appealing features such as scalability, operational simplicity, and high overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan-Sung Cheon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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