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Ryza I, Granata C, Ribeiro N, Nalewajko-Sieliwoniuk E, Kießling A, Hryniewicka M, Plass W, Godlewska-Żyłkiewicz B, Cabo Verde S, Milea D, Gama S. Ga complexes of 8-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid: Chemical speciation and biological activity. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 260:112670. [PMID: 39068684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The binding ability of 8-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid (8-HQA) towards Ga3+ has been investigated by ISEH+ (Ion Selective Electrode, glass electrode) potentiometric and UV/Vis spectrophotometric titrations in KCl(aq) at I = 0.2 mol dm-3 and at T = 298.15 K. Further experiments were also performed adopting both the metal (with Fe3+ as competing cation) and ligand-competition approaches (with EDTA as competing ligand). Results gave evidence of the formation of the [Ga(8-HQA)]+, [Ga(8-HQA)(OH)], [Ga(8-HQA)(OH)2]- and [Ga(8-HQA)2]- species, the latter being so far the most stable, as also confirmed by ESI-MS analysis. Experiments were also designed to determine the stability constants of the [Ga(EDTA)]- and [Ga(EDTA)(OH)]2- in the above conditions. Due to the relevance of Ga3+ hydrolysis in aqueous systems, literature data on this topic were collected and critically analyzed, providing equations for the calculation of mononuclear Ga3+ hydrolysis constants at T = 298.15 K, in different ionic media, in the ionic strength range 0 < I / mol dm-3 ≤ 1.0. The synthesis and characterization (by ElectroSpray Ionization - Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS), Attenuated Total Reflectance - Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and ThermoGravimetric Analysis (TGA)) of Ga3+/8-HQA complexes were also performed, identifying [Ga(8-HQA)2]- as the main isolated species, even in the solid state. Finally, the potential effects of 8-HQA and Ga3+/8-HQA complex towards human microbiota exposed to ionizing radiation were evaluated (namely Actinomyces viscosus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Escherichia coli), as well as their anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory properties. A radioprotective effect of Ga3+/8-HQA complex was observed on Actinomyces viscosus, while showing a potential radiosensitizing effect against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. No cytotoxicity on RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells was observed, neither for the free ligand or Ga3+/8-HQA complex. Nevertheless, Ga3+/8-HQA complex highlighted potential anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Ryza
- Department of Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, K. Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Claudia Granata
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, CHIBIOFARAM, Università degli Studi di Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Nadia Ribeiro
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, C2TN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Edyta Nalewajko-Sieliwoniuk
- Department of Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, K. Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Andreas Kießling
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, IAAC, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Marta Hryniewicka
- Department of Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, K. Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Winfried Plass
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, IAAC, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Beata Godlewska-Żyłkiewicz
- Department of Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, K. Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Sandra Cabo Verde
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, C2TN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal; Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, DECN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Demetrio Milea
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, CHIBIOFARAM, Università degli Studi di Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Sofia Gama
- Department of Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, K. Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland; Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, C2TN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal.
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Huang YH, Jiang Z, Du Q, Yap K, Bigot A, Kaas Q, Wang CK, Craik DJ. Scanning mutagenesis identifies residues that improve the long-term stability and insecticidal activity of cyclotide kalata B1. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105682. [PMID: 38272233 PMCID: PMC10877628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclotides are plant-derived disulfide-rich cyclic peptides that have a natural function in plant defense and potential for use as agricultural pesticides. Because of their highly constrained topology, they are highly resistant to thermal, chemical, or enzymatic degradation. However, the stability of cyclotides at alkaline pH for incubation times of longer than a few days is poorly studied but important since these conditions could be encountered in the environment, during storage or field application as insecticides. In this study, kalata B1 (kB1), the prototypical cyclotide, was engineered to improve its long-term stability and retain its insecticidal activity via point mutations. We found that substituting either Asn29 or Gly1 to lysine or leucine increased the stability of kB1 by twofold when incubated in an alkaline buffer (pH = 9.0) for 7 days, while retaining its insecticidal activity. In addition, when Gly1 was replaced with lysine or leucine, the mutants could be cyclized using an asparaginyl endopeptidase, in vitro with a yield of ∼90% within 5 min. These results demonstrate the potential to manufacture kB1 mutants with increased stability and insecticidal activity recombinantly or in planta. Overall, the discovery of mutants of kB1 that have enhanced stability could be useful in leading to longer term activity in the field as bioinsecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hua Huang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zhihao Jiang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Qingdan Du
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kuok Yap
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Quentin Kaas
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Conan K Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Gogoi P, Boruah JLH, Yadav A, Debnath R, Saikia R. Comparative seasonal analysis of Eri silkworm (Samia ricini Donovan) gut composition: implications for lignocellulose degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:109198-109213. [PMID: 37768488 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29893-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of biomass such as lignocelluloses to an alternative energy source can contribute to sustainable development. Recently, biomass-degrading enzymes are reported to be common resources in insect-microbe interacting systems. Northeast India harbors ample sericigenous insect resources which are exploited for their silk products. Samia ricini Donovan is an economically important poly-phytophagous silkmoth capable of digesting foliage from different plant species, suggesting the versatility of a robust gut system. Here, a gut bacterial profile was determined by 16S rRNA gene characterization across the holometabolous life cycle during the summer and winter seasons, revealing 3 phyla, 13 families, and 22 genera. Comparative analysis among the seasonal gut isolates revealed a high diversity in summer, predominated by the genus Bacillus due to its high occurrence in all developmental stages. Shannon's diversity index demonstrated the second and fourth instars of summer as well as the fifth instar of winter to be relatively better developmental stages for gut bacteria assembly. Bacterial community shifts in concert to host developmental changes were found to be apparent between early instars and late instars in summer, which differed from those of winter. Forty-three and twenty-nine gut bacterial isolates were found to be cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzyme producers, respectively. The present results illustrate the gut microbiota of S. ricini over the seasons and support the holometabolous life cycle effect as the most likely factor shaping the gut bacterial microbiota. These findings may provide leads for the development of new cleaner and environmentally friendly lignocellulose-degrading enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parishmita Gogoi
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Uttar Pradesh, Kamala Nehru Nagar, Sector 19, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Jyoti Lakshmi Hati Boruah
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India
| | - Archana Yadav
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India
| | - Rajal Debnath
- Seri-Biotech Research Laboratory, Central Silk Board, Bangalore, 560035, India
| | - Ratul Saikia
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Uttar Pradesh, Kamala Nehru Nagar, Sector 19, Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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ElKraly OA, Awad M, El-Saadany HM, Hassanein SE, Elrahman TA, Elnagdy SM. Impact of gut microbiota composition on black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (hufnagel) metabolic indices and pesticide degradation. Anim Microbiome 2023; 5:44. [PMID: 37715236 PMCID: PMC10504801 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-023-00264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Endosymbionts are known to have significant effects on their insect hosts, including nutrition, reproduction, and immunity. Insects gut microbiota is a critical component that affects their physiological and behavioral characteristics. The black cutworm (BCW), Agrotis ipsilon, is an economically important lepidopteran pest that has a diverse gut microbiome composed of nine species belonging to three phyla: Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes. This study was conducted to investigate the diversity of gut bacteria isolated from BCW larvae and moths and their effects on metabolism and pesticide degradation. The bacterial isolates were identified using the 16 S rRNA gene. The study showed that the gut microbiome composition significantly affected the metabolism of BCW larvae. Based on the screening results of synthesis of digestive enzymes and pesticide degradation, Brachybacterium conglomeratum and Glutamicibacter sp were selected to perform the remaining experiments as single isolates and consortium. The consortium-fed larvae showed high metabolic indices compared to antibiotic-fed larvae and the control. The gut bacteria were also shown to degrade three pesticide groups. Concerns regarding the health risk of chlorpyrifos have been raised due to its extensive use in agriculture. The isolated B. conglomeratum was more effective in chlorpyrifos degradation than the consortium. Furthermore, the study also examined the presence of sex related endosymbionts (Wolbachia, Spiroplasma, and Rickettsia) in the reproductive tissues of adults. The outcomes demonstrated that none of the examined endosymbionts existed. In conclusion, the study highlights the importance of the gut microbiome in insect physiology and behavior and its potential applications in biotechnology. It provides insights into developing eco-friendly pest control and bioremediation strategies using gut bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omnia Abdullah ElKraly
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamma St, Giza, 12613, Giza, Egypt
- Bio-insecticides Production Unit, Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Ministry of Agriculture, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona Awad
- Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Hassan Mohamed El-Saadany
- Bio-insecticides Production Unit, Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Ministry of Agriculture, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sameh E Hassanein
- College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), Giza, Egypt
| | - Tahany Abd Elrahman
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamma St, Giza, 12613, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sherif M Elnagdy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamma St, Giza, 12613, Giza, Egypt.
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Jeon J, Rahman MM, Han C, Shin J, Sa KJ, Kim J. Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Life Table Comparisons and Gut Microbiome Analysis Reared on Corn Varieties. INSECTS 2023; 14:358. [PMID: 37103173 PMCID: PMC10146201 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda, FAW) is an invasive migratory pest that has recently spread to Korea, damaging several corn cultivars with significant economic value. Comparisons of the growth stages of FAW were conducted based on the preferred feed. Therefore, we selected six maize cultivars, including three categories: (i) commercial waxy corn (mibaek 2-ho, heukjeom 2-ho, dreamoak); (ii) popcorn (oryun popcorn, oryun 2-ho); and (iii) processing corn (miheukchal). A significant effect was observed during the larvae period, pupal period, egg hatching ratio, and larvae weight, whereas the total survival period and adult period did not show significant variation among the tested corn cultivars. We identified variations in the FAW gut bacterial community that were dependent on the genotype of the corn maize feed. The identified phyla included Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Among these genera, the most abundant bacterial genus was Enterococcus, followed by Ureibacillus. Enterococcus mundtii was the most abundant among the top 40 bacterial species. The intergenic PCR-based amplification and gene sequence of the colony isolates were also matched to the GenBank owing to the prevalence of E. mundtii. These results showed that the bacterial diversity and abundance of particular bacteria in the guts of FAWs were influenced by the six major maize corn cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungwon Jeon
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Md-Mafizur Rahman
- Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Science, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh
| | - Changhee Han
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeong Shin
- Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Jin Sa
- Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Juil Kim
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plant Medicine, Division of Bio-Resource Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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Mazumdar T, Hänniger S, Shukla SP, Murali A, Bartram S, Heckel DG, Boland W. 8-HQA adjusts the number and diversity of bacteria in the gut microbiome of Spodoptera littoralis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1075557. [PMID: 36744087 PMCID: PMC9891463 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1075557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinolinic carboxylic acids are known for their metal ion chelating properties in insects, plants and bacteria. The larval stages of the lepidopteran pest, Spodoptera littoralis, produce 8-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid (8-HQA) in high concentrations from tryptophan in the diet. At the same time, the larval midgut is known to harbor a bacterial population. The motivation behind the work was to investigate whether 8-HQA is controlling the bacterial community in the gut by regulating the concentration of metal ions. Knocking out the gene for kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) in the insect using CRISPR/Cas9 eliminated production of 8-HQA and significantly increased bacterial numbers and diversity in the larval midgut. Adding 8-HQA to the diet of knockout larvae caused a dose-dependent reduction of bacterial numbers with minimal effects on diversity. Enterococcus mundtii dominates the community in all treatments, probably due to its highly efficient iron uptake system and production of the colicin, mundticin. Thus host factors and bacterial properties interact to determine patterns of diversity and abundance in the insect midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilottama Mazumdar
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Zoology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Hänniger
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Shantanu P. Shukla
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Aishwarya Murali
- Department of Experimental Toxicology & Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Stefan Bartram
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - David G. Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany,*Correspondence: David G. Heckel, ✉
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Different Gut Microbiomes of Developmental Stages of Field-Collected Native and Invasive Western Bean Cutworm, Striacosta albicosta, in Western Nebraska. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091828. [PMID: 36144430 PMCID: PMC9505167 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While insects harbor gut microbial associates that perform various functions for the host, lepidopterans have not been considered as prime examples of having such relationships. The western bean cutworm, Striacosta albicosta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is native to North America and has historically been a significant corn pest in its western distribution. It is currently expanding eastwards and is invasive in these new regions. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing data, this study focused on characterizing the microbiota associated with field-collected eggs, larvae, adults, and host plant materials of S. albicosta in its native range. The diversity of microbiomes varied significantly among S. albicosta eggs, larvae, adults, and the host plant materials. Microbial diversity was highest in adult stages relative to other insect stages. Furthermore, S. albicosta eggs, larvae, and adults harbored very distinct microbial communities, indicative of stage-specific microbiomes possibly performing different functions. Bacterial taxa underscoring these differences in composition identified four phyla and thirty families across samples. Members of the Firmicutes (Unassigned Lactobacillales), Proteobacteria (Pseudomonadaceae and Moraxellaceae), Bacteroidota (Weeksellaceae), and Chloroflexi dominated across all developmental stages. In addition, cellulose-degrading Lactobacillales (phylum: Firmicutes) dominated larval microbiomes, indicative of larval plant diet. This taxon was comparatively negligible in eggs and adults. Members of Proteobacteria dominated egg and host leaf microbiomes, while members of Bacteroidota dominated nectar-feeding adult gut microbiomes. Our results suggest a possible diet-dependent stage-specific microbiome composition and the potential for using stage-specific microbes as potential biological control tools against this important pest moving forward.
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Yang L, Yuan TJ, Wan Y, Li WW, Liu C, Jiang S, Duan JA. Quorum sensing: a new perspective to reveal the interaction between gut microbiota and host. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:293-309. [PMID: 35164528 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS), a chemical communication process between bacteria, depends on the synthesis, secretion and detection of signal molecules. It can synchronize the gene expression of bacteria to promote cooperation within the population and improve competitiveness among populations. The preliminary exploration of bacterial QS has been completed under ideal and highly controllable conditions. There is an urgent need to investigate the QS of bacteria under natural conditions, especially the QS of intestinal flora, which is closely related to health. Excitingly, growing evidence has shown that QS also exists in the intestinal flora. The crosstalk of QS between gut microbiota and the host is systematically clarified in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Tian-Jie Yuan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Yue Wan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Wen-Wen Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Chen Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Shu Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
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Vivero-Gomez RJ, Mesa GB, Higuita-Castro J, Robledo SM, Moreno-Herrera CX, Cadavid-Restrepo G. Detection of Quorum Sensing Signal Molecules, Particularly N-Acyl Homoserine Lactones, 2-Alky-4-Quinolones, and Diketopiperazines, in Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated From Insect Vector of Leishmaniasis. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2021.760228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria are known to use a quorum sensing system to facilitate and stimulate cell to cell communication, mediated via regulation of specific genes. This system is further involved in the modulation of cell density and metabolic and physiological processes that putatively either affect the survival of insect vectors or the establishment of pathogens transmitted by them. The process of quorum sensing generally involves N-acyl homoserine lactones and 2-alkyl-4-quinolones signaling molecules. The present study aimed to detect and identify quorum sensing signaling molecules of AHLs and AHQs type that are secreted by intestinal bacteria, and link their production to their extracellular milieu and intracellular content. Isolates for assessment were obtained from the intestinal tract of Pintomyia evansi (Leishmania insect vector). AHLs and AHQs molecules were detected using chromatography (TLC) assays, with the aid of specific and sensitive biosensors. For identity confirmation, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used. TLC assays detected quorum sensing molecules (QSM) in the supernatant of the bacterial isolates and intracellular content. Interestingly, Pseudomonas otitidis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, and Pantoea ananatis isolates showed a migration pattern similar to the synthetic molecule 3-oxo-C6-HSL (OHHL), which was used as a control. Enterobacter cancerogenus secreted C6-HSL, a related molecules to N-hexanoyl homoserine lactone (HHL), while Acinetobacter gyllenbergii exhibited a migration pattern similar to 2-heptyl-4-quinolone (HHQ) molecules. In comparison to this, 3-oxo-C12-HSL (OdDHL) type molecules were produced by Lysobacter soli, Pseudomonas putida, A. gyllenbergii, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while Enterobacter cloacae produced molecules similar to 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone (PQS). For Pseudomonas putida, Enterobacter aerogenes, P. ananatis, and Pseudomonas otitidis extracts, peak chromatograms with distinct retention times and areas, consistent with the molecules described in case of TLC, were obtained using HPLC. Importantly, P. ananatis produced a greater variety of high QSM concentration, and thus served as a reference for confirmation and identification by UHPLC-MRM-MS/MS. The molecules that were identified included N-hexanoyl-L-homoserine lactone [HHL, C10H18NO3, (M + H)], N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone [OHHL, C10H16NO4, (M + H)], N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone [OdDHL, C16H28NO4, (M + H)], and 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-quinolone [PQS, C16H22NO2, (M + H)]. Besides this, the detection of diketopiperazines, namely L-Pro-L-Tyr and ΔAla-L-Val cyclopeptides was reported for P. ananatis. These molecules might be potentially associated with the regulation of QSM system, and might represent another small molecule-mediated bacterial sensing system. This study presents the first report regarding the detection and identification of QSM and diketopiperazines in the gut sand fly bacteria. The possible effect of QSM on the establishment of Leishmania must be explored to determine its role in the modulation of intestinal microbiome and the life cycle of Pi. evansi.
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Yamasaki Y, Sumioka H, Takiguchi M, Uemura T, Kihara Y, Shinya T, Galis I, Arimura GI. Phytohormone-dependent plant defense signaling orchestrated by oral bacteria of the herbivore Spodoptera litura. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:2029-2038. [PMID: 33932298 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A vast array of herbivorous arthropods live with symbiotic microorganisms. However, little is known about the nature and functional mechanism of bacterial effects on plant defense responses towards herbivores. We explored the role of microbes present in extracts of oral secretion (OS) isolated from larvae of Spodoptera litura, a generalist herbivore, in phytohormone signaling-dependent defense responses in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). In response to mechanical damage (MD) with application of bacteria-free OS (OS- ) prepared by sterilization or filtration of OS, Arabidopsis leaves exhibited enhanced de novo synthesis of oxylipins, and induction of transcript abundance of the responsible genes, in comparison to those in leaves with MD + nonsterilized OS (OS+ ), indicating that OS bacteria serve as suppressors of these genes. By contrast, de novo synthesis/signaling of salicylic acid and signaling of abscisic acid were enhanced by OS bacteria. These signaling networks were cross-regulated by each other. Meta-analysis of OS bacteria identified 70 bacterial strains. Among them was Staphylococcus epidermidis, an anaerobic staphylococcus that was shown to contribute to the suppression/manipulation of phytohormone-dependent plant defense signaling. The presence of OS bacteria was consequently beneficial for S. litura larvae hosted by Brassicaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiyo Yamasaki
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroka Sumioka
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
| | - Mayu Takiguchi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
| | - Takuya Uemura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
| | - Yuka Kihara
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
| | - Tomonori Shinya
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Ivan Galis
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Gen-Ichiro Arimura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
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11
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Xue J, Chi L, Tu P, Lai Y, Liu CW, Ru H, Lu K. Detection of gut microbiota and pathogen produced N-acyl homoserine in host circulation and tissues. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2021; 7:53. [PMID: 34183673 PMCID: PMC8239043 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-021-00224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that quorum-sensing molecules may play a role in gut microbiota-host crosstalk. However, whether microbiota produces quorum-sensing molecules and whether those molecules can trans-kingdom transport to the host are still unknown. Here, we develop a UPLC-MS/MS-based assay to screen the 27 N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) in the gut microbiota and host. Various AHL molecules are exclusively detected in the cecal contents, sera and livers from conventionally-raised mice but cannot be detected in germ-free mice. Pathogen-produced C4-HSL is detected in the cecal contents and sera of Citrobacter rodentium (C. rodentium)-infected mice, but not found in uninfected controls. Moreover, C. rodentium infection significantly increases the level of multiple AHL molecules in sera. Our findings demonstrate that both commensal and pathogenic bacteria, can produce AHLs that can be detected in host bodies, suggesting that quorum-sensing molecules could be a group of signaling molecules in trans-kingdom microbiota-host crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchuan Xue
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Liang Chi
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Pengcheng Tu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yunjia Lai
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chih-Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hongyu Ru
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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12
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Gao X, Li W, Luo J, Zhang L, Ji J, Zhu X, Wang L, Zhang K, Zhang S, Cui J. DNA sequencing reveals bacterial communities in midgut and other parts of the larvae of Spodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 367:5697957. [PMID: 31909810 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota has been suggested as an important component of host defense. However, microbiota in other parts of the body have rarely been characterized. In our present work, we give a detailed view of the body of Spodoptera exigua larvae, the midgut with intestinal contents (MG), midgut excluding intestinal contents (PM), intestinal contents (IC) and remaining parts excluding the MG (RM), with the objective of revealing the complexity of microorganisms and comparing the biodiversity of the S. exigua larvae-associated microbiota. Our results provide the first evidence that third and fifth larvae samples of S. exigua were dominated by members of the phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. In addition, there were no obvious differences in relative abundances of microbiota among MG, PM and RM at the phylum level. MG3 and MG5 (nearly RM5) harbored the richest microbial community, with much higher abundance of Halomonas, Pseudomonas and Methylobacterium, respectively. Intestinal contents contained the lowest diversity and highest abundance of Enterococcus. Knowledge of the bacteria in a major herbivorous insect, such as S. exigua, can facilitate the acquisition of special biological resources for agricultural pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueke Gao
- Zhengzhou Reseach Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, 4550001, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Wendan Li
- Zhengzhou Reseach Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, 4550001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junyu Luo
- Zhengzhou Reseach Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, 4550001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Zhengzhou Reseach Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, 4550001, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Jichao Ji
- Zhengzhou Reseach Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, 4550001, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Xiangzhen Zhu
- Zhengzhou Reseach Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, 4550001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- Zhengzhou Reseach Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, 4550001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- Zhengzhou Reseach Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, 4550001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Zhengzhou Reseach Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, 4550001, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Jinjie Cui
- Zhengzhou Reseach Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, 4550001, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
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13
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Transcriptomics Reveal the Survival Strategies of Enterococcus mundtii in the Gut of Spodoptera littoralis. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:227-241. [PMID: 33459999 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The complex interaction between a higher organism and its resident gut flora is a subject of immense interest in the field of symbiosis. Many insects harbor a complex community of microorganisms in their gut. Larvae of Spodoptera littoralis, a lepidopteran pest, house a bacterial community that varies both spatially (along the length of the gut) and temporally (during the insect's life cycle). To monitor the rapid adaptation of microbes to conditions in the gut, a GFP-tagged reporter strain of E. mundtii, a major player in the gut community, was constructed. After early-instar S. littoralis larvae were fed with the tagged microbes, these were recovered from the larval fore- and hindgut by flow cytometry. The fluorescent reporter confirmed the persistence of E. mundtii in the gut. RNA-sequencing of the sorted bacteria highlighted various strategies of the symbiont's survival, including upregulated pathways for tolerating alkaline stress, forming biofilms and two-component signaling systems for quorum sensing, and resisting oxidative stress. Although these symbionts depend on the host for amino acid and fatty acids, differential regulation among various metabolic pathways points to an enriched lysine synthesis pathway of E. mundtii in the hindgut of the larvae.
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14
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MsangoSoko K, Gandotra S, Chandel RK, Sharma K, Ramakrishinan B, Subramanian S. Composition and Diversity of Gut Bacteria Associated with the Eri Silk Moth, Samia ricini, (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) as Revealed by Culture-Dependent and Metagenomics Analysis. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:1367-1378. [PMID: 32522967 PMCID: PMC9728191 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2002.02055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The polyphagous eri silk moth, Samia ricini, is associated with various symbiotic gut bacteria believed to provide several benefits to the host. The larvae of S. ricini were subjected to isolation of gut bacteria using culture-dependent 16S rRNA generic characterization, metagenomics analysis and qualitative enzymatic assays. Sixty culturable aerobic gut bacterial isolates comprising Firmicutes (54%) and Proteobacteria (46%); and twelve culturable facultative anaerobic bacteria comprising Proteobacteria (92%) and Firmicutes (8%) were identified inhabiting the gut of S. ricini. The results of metagenomics analysis revealed the presence of a diverse community of both culturable and un-culturable gut bacteria belonging to Proteobacteria (60%) and Firmicutes (20%) associated with seven orders. An analysis of the results of culturable isolation indicates that these bacterial isolates inhabited all the three compartments of the gut. Investigation on persistence of bacteria coupled with metagenomics analysis of the fifth instar suggested that bacteria persist in the gut across the different instar stages. In addition, enzymatic assays indicated that 48 and 75% of culturable aerobic, and 75% of anaerobic gut bacterial isolates had cellulolytic, lipolytic and nitrate reductase activities, thus suggesting that they may be involved in food digestion and nutritional provision to the host. These bacterial isolates may be good sources for profiling novel genes and biomolecules for biotechnological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kondwani MsangoSoko
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Sakshi Gandotra
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Rahul Kumar Chandel
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Kirti Sharma
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India
| | | | - Sabtharishi Subramanian
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India,Corresponding author Phone: +91-01125842482 +91-8076595366 E-mail:
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15
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Chen B, Du K, Sun C, Vimalanathan A, Liang X, Li Y, Wang B, Lu X, Li L, Shao Y. Gut bacterial and fungal communities of the domesticated silkworm (Bombyx mori) and wild mulberry-feeding relatives. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:2252-2262. [PMID: 29895989 PMCID: PMC6092317 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bombyx mori, the domesticated silkworm, is of great importance as a silk producer and as a powerful experimental model for the basic and applied research. Similar to other animals, abundant microorganisms live inside the silkworm gut; however, surprisingly, the microbiota of this model insect has not been well characterized to date. Here, we comprehensively characterized the gut microbiota of the domesticated silkworm and its wild relatives. Comparative analyses with the mulberry-feeding moths Acronicta major and Diaphania pyloalis revealed a highly diverse but distinctive silkworm gut microbiota despite thousands of years of domestication, and stage-specific signatures in both total (DNA-based) and active (RNA-based) bacterial populations, dominated by the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Most fungal sequences were assigned to the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Environmental factors, including diet and human manipulation (egg production), likely influence the silkworm gut composition. Despite a lack of spatial variation along the gut, microbial community shifts were apparent between early instars and late instars, in concert with host developmental changes. Our results demonstrate that the gut microbiota of silkworms assembles into increasingly identical community throughout development, which differs greatly from those of other mulberry-feeding lepidopterans from the same niche, highlighting host-specific effects on microbial associations and the potential roles these communities play in host biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bosheng Chen
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaiqian Du
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Arunprasanna Vimalanathan
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xili Liang
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Li
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baohong Wang
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingmeng Lu
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongqi Shao
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
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16
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Gama S, Frontauria M, Ueberschaar N, Brancato G, Milea D, Sammartano S, Plass W. Thermodynamic study on 8-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid as a chelating agent for iron found in the gut of Noctuid larvae. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj04889k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
8-HQA is a good sequestering agent towards Fe2+ and Fe3+ over a wide pH range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Gama
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Mariachiara Frontauria
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Nico Ueberschaar
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Giuseppe Brancato
- Scuola Normale Superiore
- Palazzo della Carovana
- Classe di Scienze Matematiche e Naturali
- Pisa
- Italy
| | - Demetrio Milea
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Biologiche
- Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali
- Università di Messina
- 98166 Messina
| | - Silvio Sammartano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Biologiche
- Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali
- Università di Messina
- 98166 Messina
| | - Winfried Plass
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
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17
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Shao Y, Chen B, Sun C, Ishida K, Hertweck C, Boland W. Symbiont-Derived Antimicrobials Contribute to the Control of the Lepidopteran Gut Microbiota. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:66-75. [PMID: 28107652 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Insects develop efficient antimicrobial strategies to flourish in a bacterial world. It has long been proposed that native gut microbiota is an important component of host defense; however, the responsible species have rarely been isolated to elucidate the mechanism of action. Here we show that the dominant symbiotic bacterium Enterococcus mundtii associated with the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis actively secretes a stable class IIa bacteriocin (mundticin KS) against invading bacteria, but not against other gut residents, facilitating the normal development of host gut microbiota. A mundticin-defective strain lost inhibitory activity. Furthermore, purified mundticin cures infected larvae. Thus, the constitutively produced antimicrobials by native extracellular symbionts create a significant chemical barrier inside limiting invader expansion. This unique property also benefits E. mundtii itself by providing a competitive advantage, contributing to its dominance within complex microbial settings and its prevalence across Lepidoptera, and probably promotes the long-term cooperative symbiosis between both parties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Shao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Bosheng Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Keishi Ishida
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany; Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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18
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Zhou S, Zhang A, Yin H, Chu W. Bacillus sp. QSI-1 Modulate Quorum Sensing Signals Reduce Aeromonas hydrophila Level and Alter Gut Microbial Community Structure in Fish. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:184. [PMID: 28018866 PMCID: PMC5149555 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell density dependent process that enables bacteria to communicate with each other based on the production, secretion and sensing of the auto-inducer molecules and then subsequently regulate virulence associated gene expression. Interrupting quorum sensing may represent a novel alternative approach to combat bacterial pathogen. Several bacteria can produce quorum quenching (QQ) enzymes. However, the role of QQ bacteria in shaping the microbiota and the level of N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs, a prevalent type of QS molecules) producing bacteria remains largely unknown. The objective of this study was to examine the presence of AHLs in the fish intestine and investigate the modulation of gut microbiota and its effect on Aeromonas hydrophila level by a QQ enzyme producing probiotic Bacillus sp. QSI-1. AHLs were found in fish gut content and were confirmed in Aeromonas species using Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 and Agrobacterium tumefaciens AT 136 (pZLR4) as reporter strains. We demonstrated that the composition of fish gut microbiota was affected by quenching bacteria QSI-1, and the percentage of A. hydrophila was decreased significantly. Taken together, these results provide valuable insights into QQ enzyme producing probiotics can modulate the microbiota structure and decrease the percentage of AHL-producing pathogenic bacteria in the gut. These data strongly suggest that QQ probiotics may serve as non-antibiotic feed additive in aquaculture to control bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing, China
| | - An Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing, China
| | - Hongping Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing, China
| | - Weihua Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing, China
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19
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Biodiversity and Activity of the Gut Microbiota across the Life History of the Insect Herbivore Spodoptera littoralis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29505. [PMID: 27389097 PMCID: PMC4937375 DOI: 10.1038/srep29505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes that live inside insects play critical roles in host nutrition, physiology, and behavior. Although Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) are one of the most diverse insect taxa, their microbial symbionts are little-studied, particularly during metamorphosis. Here, using ribosomal tag pyrosequencing of DNA and RNA, we investigated biodiversity and activity of gut microbiotas across the holometabolous life cycle of Spodoptera littoralis, a notorious agricultural pest worldwide. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes dominate but undergo a structural “metamorphosis” in tandem with its host. Enterococcus, Pantoea and Citrobacter were abundant and active in early-instar, while Clostridia increased in late-instar. Interestingly, only enterococci persisted through metamorphosis. Female adults harbored high proportions of Enterococcus, Klebsiella and Pantoea, whereas males largely shifted to Klebsiella. Comparative functional analysis with PICRUSt indicated that early-instar larval microbiome was more enriched for genes involved in cell motility and carbohydrate metabolism, whereas in late-instar amino acid, cofactor and vitamin metabolism increased. Genes involved in energy and nucleotide metabolism were abundant in pupae. Female adult microbiome was enriched for genes relevant to energy metabolism, while an increase in the replication and repair pathway was observed in male. Understanding the metabolic activity of these herbivore-associated microbial symbionts may assist the development of novel pest-management strategies.
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20
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Yoshinaga N. Physiological function and ecological aspects of fatty acid-amino acid conjugates in insects†. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:1274-82. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1153956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In tritrophic interactions, plants recognize herbivore-produced elicitors and release a blend of volatile compounds (VOCs), which work as chemical cues for parasitoids or predators to locate their hosts. From detection of elicitors to VOC emissions, plants utilize sophisticated systems that resemble the plant–microbe interaction system. Fatty acid–amino acid conjugates (FACs), a class of insect elicitors, resemble compounds synthesized by microbes in nature. Recent evidence suggests that the recognition of insect elicitors by an ancestral microbe-associated defense system may be the origin of tritrophic interactions mediated by FACs. Here we discuss our findings in light of how plants have customized this defense to be effective against insect herbivores, and how some insects have successfully adapted to these defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Yoshinaga
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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21
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Teh BS, Apel J, Shao Y, Boland W. Colonization of the Intestinal Tract of the Polyphagous Pest Spodoptera littoralis with the GFP-Tagged Indigenous Gut Bacterium Enterococcus mundtii. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:928. [PMID: 27379058 PMCID: PMC4906056 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The alkaline gut of Lepidopterans plays a crucial role in shaping communities of bacteria. Enterococcus mundtii has emerged as one of the predominant gut microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract of the major agricultural pest, Spodoptera littoralis. Therefore, it was selected as a model bacterium to study its adaptation to harsh alkaline gut conditions in its host insect throughout different stages of development (larvae, pupae, adults, and eggs). To date, the mechanism of bacterial survival in insects' intestinal tract has been unknown. Therefore, we have engineered a GFP-tagged species of bacteria, E. mundtii, to track how it colonizes the intestine of S. littoralis. Three promoters of different strengths were used to control the expression of GFP in E. mundtii. The promoter ermB was the most effective, exhibiting the highest GFP fluorescence intensity, and hence was chosen as our main construct. Our data show that the engineered fluorescent bacteria survived and proliferated in the intestinal tract of the insect at all life stages for up to the second generation following ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beng-Soon Teh
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena, Germany
| | - Johanna Apel
- Clinic for Internal Medicine II, Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology University Hospital Jena, Germany
| | - Yongqi Shao
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena, Germany
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22
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Badgaa A, Büchler R, Wielsch N, Walde M, Heintzmann R, Pauchet Y, Svatos A, Ploss K, Boland W. The Green Gut: Chlorophyll Degradation in the Gut of Spodoptera littoralis. J Chem Ecol 2015; 41:965-74. [PMID: 26467450 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophylls, the most prominent natural pigments, are part of the daily diet of herbivorous insects. The spectrum of ingested and digested chlorophyll metabolites compares well to the pattern of early chlorophyll-degradation products in senescent plants. Intact chlorophyll is rapidly degraded by proteins in the front- and midgut. Unlike plants, insects convert both chlorophyll a and b into the corresponding catabolites. MALDI-TOF/MS imaging allowed monitoring the distribution of the chlorophyll catabolites along the gut of Spodoptera littoralis larvae. The chlorophyll degradation in the fore- and mid-gut is strongly pH dependent, and requires alkaline conditions. Using LC-MS/MS analysis we identified a lipocalin-type protein in the intestinal fluid of S. littoralis homolog to the chlorophyllide a binding protein from Bombyx mori. Widefield and high-resolution autofluorescence microscopy revealed that the brush border membranes are covered with the chlorophyllide binding protein tightly bound via its GPI-anchor to the gut membrane. A function in defense against gut microbes is discussed.
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Pesek J, Svoboda J, Sattler M, Bartram S, Boland W. Biosynthesis of 8-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid, an iron chelator from the gut of the lepidopteran Spodoptera littoralis. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:178-84. [PMID: 25356857 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01857e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the regurgitate (foregut content) of Spodoptera larvae we found high concentrations (0.5-5 mM) of 8-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid (8-HQA). In a survey of different lepidopteran species, this compound was only detected in species belonging to the family of Noctuidae. 8-HQA was shown to derive from tryptophan metabolism. The amount of 8-HQA in the regurgitate was strongly dependent on the tryptophan content of the diet. In the insect 8-HQA is generated from tryptophan via kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine. 8-HQA is produced by the larvae and not by their commensal gut bacteria. Analysis of different life stages of Spodoptera larvae revealed that 8-HQA is formed during the larval stage, probably acting as an iron chelator to control the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Pesek
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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Badgaa A, Jia A, Ploss K, Boland W. Chlorophyll degradation in the gut of generalist and specialist Lepidopteran caterpillars. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:1232-40. [PMID: 25416033 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0523-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plant feeding herbivores excrete most of the ingested chlorophyll (Chl) as partly degraded derivatives lacking the phytol side chain and the central magnesium ion. An ecological role of digested and degraded Chls in the interactions between insects, their food plant and other insects has been described recently. To gain more information on common degradation patterns in plant-feeding insects, the orals secretions and frass of five Lepidopteran caterpillars covering generalists and specialists, namely Spodoptera littoralis, Spodoptera eridania, Heliothis virescens, Helicoverpa armigera, Manduca sexta, and, for comparison, of the leaf beetle larva Chrysomela lapponica were analyzed for chlorophyll catabolites. The major degradation products were determined as pheohorbide a/b and pyropheophorbide a/b by using LC-MS, LC-NMR, UV, and fluorescence spectrometry. The compounds were not present in fresh leaves of the food plants (Phaseolus lunatus, Nicotiana tabacum). The catabolite spectrum in generalists and specialists was qualitatively similar and could be attributed to the action of gut proteins and the strongly alkaline milieu in the digestive tract. Due to the anaerobic environment of the larval gut, the tetrapyrrole core of the Chl catabolites was not cleaved. Substantial amounts of Chl a/b metabolites were strongly complexed by a protein in the mid-gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarsanaa Badgaa
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D 07745, Jena, Germany
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In vivo Pyro-SIP assessing active gut microbiota of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85948. [PMID: 24475063 PMCID: PMC3903505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is of crucial importance for the host with considerable metabolic activity. Although great efforts have been made toward characterizing microbial diversity, measuring components' metabolic activity surprisingly hasn't kept pace. Here we combined pyrosequencing of amplified 16S rRNA genes with in vivo stable isotope probing (Pyro-SIP) to unmask metabolically active bacteria in the gut of cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis), a polyphagous insect herbivore that consumes large amounts of plant material in a short time, liberating abundant glucose in the alimentary canal as a most important carbon and energy source for both host and active gut bacteria. With (13)C glucose as the trophic link, Pyro-SIP revealed that a relatively simple but distinctive gut microbiota co-developed with the host, both metabolic activity and composition shifting throughout larval stages. Pantoea, Citrobacter and Clostridium were particularly active in early-instar, likely the core functional populations linked to nutritional upgrading. Enterococcus was the single predominant genus in the community, and it was essentially stable and metabolically active in the larval lifespan. Based on that Enterococci formed biofilm-like layers on the gut epithelium and that the isolated strains showed antimicrobial properties, Enterococcus may be able to establish a colonization resistance effect in the gut against potentially harmful microbes from outside. Not only does this establish the first in-depth inventory of the gut microbiota of a model organism from the mostly phytophagous Lepidoptera, but this pilot study shows that Pyro-SIP can rapidly gain insight into the gut microbiota's metabolic activity with high resolution and high precision.
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Tang X, Freitak D, Vogel H, Ping L, Shao Y, Cordero EA, Andersen G, Westermann M, Heckel DG, Boland W. Complexity and variability of gut commensal microbiota in polyphagous lepidopteran larvae. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36978. [PMID: 22815679 PMCID: PMC3398904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The gut of most insects harbours nonpathogenic microorganisms. Recent work suggests that gut microbiota not only provide nutrients, but also involve in the development and maintenance of the host immune system. However, the complexity, dynamics and types of interactions between the insect hosts and their gut microbiota are far from being well understood. Methods/Principal Findings To determine the composition of the gut microbiota of two lepidopteran pests, Spodoptera littoralis and Helicoverpa armigera, we applied cultivation-independent techniques based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and microarray. The two insect species were very similar regarding high abundant bacterial families. Different bacteria colonize different niches within the gut. A core community, consisting of Enterococci, Lactobacilli, Clostridia, etc. was revealed in the insect larvae. These bacteria are constantly present in the digestion tract at relatively high frequency despite that developmental stage and diet had a great impact on shaping the bacterial communities. Some low-abundant species might become dominant upon loading external disturbances; the core community, however, did not change significantly. Clearly the insect gut selects for particular bacterial phylotypes. Conclusions Because of their importance as agricultural pests, phytophagous Lepidopterans are widely used as experimental models in ecological and physiological studies. Our results demonstrated that a core microbial community exists in the insect gut, which may contribute to the host physiology. Host physiology and food, nevertheless, significantly influence some fringe bacterial species in the gut. The gut microbiota might also serve as a reservoir of microorganisms for ever-changing environments. Understanding these interactions might pave the way for developing novel pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshu Tang
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Dalial Freitak
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail: (HV); (LP); (WB)
| | - Liyan Ping
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail: (HV); (LP); (WB)
| | - Yongqi Shao
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Erika Arias Cordero
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Gary Andersen
- Center for Environmental Biology and Molecular Microbial Ecology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Martin Westermann
- Centre of Electron Microscopy, The University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - David G. Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail: (HV); (LP); (WB)
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Kim J, Quaghebeur H, Felton GW. Reiterative and interruptive signaling in induced plant resistance to chewing insects. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1624-1634. [PMID: 21549401 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of induced resistance against herbivores has grown immeasurably during the last several decades. Based upon the emerging literature, we argue that induced resistance represents a continuum of phenotypes that is determined by the plant's ability to integrate multiple suites of signals of plant and herbivore origin. We present a model that illustrates the range of signals arising from early detection through herbivore feeding, and then through subsequent plant generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwon Kim
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Natrah FMI, Defoirdt T, Sorgeloos P, Bossier P. Disruption of bacterial cell-to-cell communication by marine organisms and its relevance to aquaculture. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 13:109-126. [PMID: 21246235 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-010-9346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial disease is one of the most critical problems in commercial aquaculture. Although various methods and treatments have been developed to curb the problem, yet they still have significant drawbacks. A novel and environmental-friendly approach in solving this problem is through the disruption of bacterial communication or quorum sensing (QS). In this communication scheme, bacteria regulate their own gene expression by producing, releasing, and sensing chemical signals from the environment. There seems to be a link between QS and diseases through the regulation of certain phenotypes and the induction of virulence factors responsible for pathogen-host association. Several findings have reported that numerous aquatic organisms such as micro-algae, macro-algae, invertebrates, or even other bacteria have the potential to disrupt QS. The mechanism of action varies from degradation of signals through enzymatic or chemical inactivation to antagonistic as well as agonistic activities. This review focuses on the existing marine organisms that are able to interfere with QS with potential application for aquaculture as bacterial control.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M I Natrah
- Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Rozier 44, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Guo L, Zeng XY, Wang DY, Li GQ. Methanol metabolism in the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 56:260-265. [PMID: 19883652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce and release large quantities of methanol, especially when attacked by herbivores. It seems that the herbivores may suffer from methanol intoxication. Here we reported the tolerance to and the metabolism of methanol by Ostrinia furnacalis third-instar larvae. When larvae were exposed to dietary methanol, formaldehyde and formic acid for 72h, the estimated LC(50) value was 28, 40 and 29 mg/g diet, respectively. Toxicity of methanol was enhanced by 4-methylpyrazole, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole and piperonyl butoxide, and toxicity of formaldehyde was increased by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole and piperonyl butoxide. However, triphenyl phosphate had little synergistic effects on both methanol and formaldehyde. These data indicate that alcohol dehydrogenase, and probably catalase and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase oxidize methanol to formaldehyde, catalase and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase catalyze formaldehyde to formic acid, water and carbon dioxide, and carboxylesterase may have a minor effect. Several fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were identified from extracts of the frass of larvae which had been exposed to a methanol-contained diet, in contrast to those on a methanol-free artificial diet. In vitro tests revealed that a crude enzyme solution from the larvae could synthesize FAMEs from corresponding fatty acids and methanol. In addition, dietary methanol induced higher esterase activities in the first-, second- and third-instar larvae. These findings demonstrate that both oxidative metabolism and non-oxidative metabolism are partially responsible for methanol elimination in O. furnacalis larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China
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Abstract
This review describes the chemistry of the bacterial biofilms including the chemistry of their constituents and signalling compounds that mediate or inhibit the formation of biofilms. Systems are described with special emphasis, in which quorum sensing molecules (autoinducers) trigger the formation of biofilms. In the first instance, N-acyl-L-homoserine lactones (AHLs) are the focus of this review, whereas the inter-species signal known as furanosyl borate diester and peptide autoinducers used by Gram-positive bacteria are not discussed in detail. Since the first discovery of an AHL autoinducer from Vibrio fischeri a large and further increasing number of different AHL structures from Gram-negative bacteria have been identified. This review gives a summary of all known AHL autoinducers and producing bacterial species. A few systems are discussed, where biofilm formation is suppressed by enzymatic degradation of AHL molecules or interference of secondary metabolites from other species with the quorum sensing systems of communicating bacteria. Finally, the multi-channel quorum sensing system, the intracellular downstream processing of the signal, and the resulting response of whole populations including biofilm formation are discussed for the Vibrio genus that has been extensively investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen S Dickschat
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Erban T, Hubert J. Determination of pH in regions of the midguts of acaridid mites. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2010; 10:42. [PMID: 20572792 PMCID: PMC3014745 DOI: 10.1673/031.010.4201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The pH of the guts of mites strongly affects their digestive processes. This study was carried out to determine the pH in the guts of 12 species of stored product and house dust mites. Eighteen pH indicators were chosen and offered to the mites in the feeding biotest. Based on the color changes of the indicators, the gut contents of acaridid mites were determined to be within a pH range of 4 to neutral. The gut contents showed a gradient in pH from the anterior to the posterior part. The anterior midgut (ventriculus and caeca) of most species had a pH ranging from 4.5 to 5, or slightly more alkaline for most of the species, while the middle midgut (intercolon/colon) had a pH of 5 to 6. Finally, the pH of the posterior midgut (postcolon) was between 5.5 and 7. Except for Dermatophagoides spp., no remarkable differences in the pH of the gut were observed among the tested species. Dermatophagoides spp. had a more acidic anterior midgut (a pH of 4 to 5) and colon (a pH of 5) with postcolon (a pH of below 6). The results characterizing in vivo conditions in the mite gut offer useful information to study the activity of mite digestive enzymes including their inhibitors and gut microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Erban
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, Praha 6, Ruzyne, CZ-16106, Czechia
| | - Jan Hubert
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, Praha 6, Ruzyne, CZ-16106, Czechia
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The phytohormone precursor OPDA is isomerized in the insect gut by a single, specific glutathione transferase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:16304-9. [PMID: 19805297 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0906942106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxylipins play important roles in stress signaling in plants. The compound 12-oxophytodienoic acid (cis-OPDA) is an early biosynthetic precursor of jasmonic acid (JA), the key phytohormone orchestrating the plant anti-herbivore defense. When consumed by feeding Lepidopteran larvae, plant-derived cis-OPDA suffers rapid isomerization to iso-OPDA in the midgut and is excreted in the frass. Unlike OPDA epimerization (yielding trans-OPDA), the formation of iso-OPDA is enzyme-dependent, and is catalyzed by an inducible glutathione transferase (GSTs) from the larval gut. Purified GST fractions from the gut of Egyptian cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis) and cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) both exhibited strong OPDA isomerization activity, most likely via transient formation of a glutathione-OPDA conjugate. Out of 16 cytosolic GST proteins cloned from the gut of cotton bollworm larvae and expressed in E. coli, only one catalyzed the OPDA isomerization. The biological function of the double bond shift might be seen in an inactivation of cis-OPDA, similar to the inactivation of prostaglandin A1 to prostaglandin B1 in mammalian tissue. The enzymatic isomerization is particularly widespread among generalist herbivores that have to cope with various amounts of cis-OPDA in their spectrum of host plants.
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The chlorophyll catabolite, pheophorbide a, confers predation resistance in a larval tortoise beetle shield defense. J Chem Ecol 2009; 35:281-8. [PMID: 19127385 PMCID: PMC2758384 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-008-9577-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Larval insect herbivores feeding externally on leaves are vulnerable to numerous and varied enemies. Larvae of the Neotropical herbivore, Chelymorpha alternans (Chrysomelidae:Cassidinae), possess shields made of cast skins and feces, which can be aimed and waved at attacking enemies. Prior work with C. alternans feeding on Merremia umbellata (Convolvulaceae) showed that shields offered protection from generalist predators, and polar compounds were implicated. This study used a ubiquitous ant predator, Azteca lacrymosa, in field bioassays to determine the chemical constitution of the defense. We confirmed that intact shields do protect larvae and that methanol-water leaching significantly reduced shield effectiveness. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) of the methanolic shield extract revealed two peaks at 20.18 min and 21.97 min, both with a molecular ion at m/z 593.4, and a strong UV absorption around 409 nm, suggesting a porphyrin-type compound. LC-MS analysis of a commercial standard confirmed pheophorbide a (Pha) identity. C. alternans shields contained more than 100 μg Pha per shield. Shields leached with methanol-water did not deter ants. Methanol-water-leached shields enhanced with 3 μg of Pha were more deterrent than larvae with solvent-leached shields, while those with 5 μg additional Pha provided slightly less deterrence than larvae with intact shields. Solvent-leached shields with 10 μg added Pha were comparable to intact shields, even though the Pha concentration was less than 10% of its natural concentration. Our findings are the first to assign an ecological role for a chlorophyll catabolite as a deterrent in an insect defense.
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