1
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Kovačič M, Podbevšek P, Tateishi-Karimata H, Takahashi S, Sugimoto N, Plavec J. Thrombin binding aptamer G-quadruplex stabilized by pyrene-modified nucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:3975-3986. [PMID: 32095808 PMCID: PMC7144916 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanine-rich regions of the human genome can adopt non-canonical secondary structures. Their role in regulating gene expression has turned them into promising targets for therapeutic intervention. Ligands based on polyaromatic moieties are especially suitable for targeting G-quadruplexes utilizing their size complementarity to interact with the large exposed surface area of four guanine bases. A predictable way of (de)stabilizing specific G-quadruplex structures through efficient base stacking of polyaromatic functional groups could become a valuable tool in our therapeutic arsenal. We have investigated the effect of pyrene-modified uridine nucleotides incorporated at several positions of the thrombin binding aptamer (TBA) as a model system. Characterization using spectroscopic and biophysical methods provided important insights into modes of interaction between pyrene groups and the G-quadruplex core as well as (de)stabilization by enthalpic and entropic contributions. NMR data demonstrated that incorporation of pyrene group into G-rich oligonucleotide such as TBA may result in significant changes in 3D structure such as formation of novel dimeric topology. Site specific structural changes induced by stacking of the pyrene moiety on nearby nucleobases corelate with distinct thrombin binding affinities and increased resistance against nuclease degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matic Kovačič
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Podbevšek
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Trg OF 13, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Hisae Tateishi-Karimata
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research (FIBER), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Takahashi
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research (FIBER), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Naoki Sugimoto
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research (FIBER), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Janez Plavec
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Trg OF 13, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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2
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Guenther DC, Emehiser RG, Inskeep A, Karmakar S, Hrdlicka PJ. Impact of non-nucleotidic bulges on recognition of mixed-sequence dsDNA by pyrene-functionalized Invader probes. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:4645-4655. [PMID: 32520054 PMCID: PMC7340116 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01052a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Invader probes, i.e., DNA duplexes modified with +1 interstrand zippers of intercalator-functionalized nucleotides like 2'-O-(pyren-1-yl)methyl-RNA monomers, are energetically activated for sequence-unrestricted recognition of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) as they are engineered to violate the neighbor exclusion principle, while displaying high affinity towards complementary DNA sequences. The impact on Invader-mediated dsDNA-recognition upon additional modification with different non-nucleotidic bulges is studied herein, based on the hypothesis that bulge-containing Invader probes will display additionally disrupted base-stacking, more extensive denaturation, and improved dsDNA-recognition efficiency. Indeed, Invader probes featuring a single central large bulge - e.g., a nonyl (C9) monomer - display improved recognition of model DNA hairpin targets vis-à-vis conventional Invader probes (C50 values ∼1.5 μM vs. ∼3.9 μM). In contrast, probes with two opposing central bulges display less favorable binding characteristics. Remarkably, C9-modified Invader probes display perfect discrimination between fully complementary dsDNA and dsDNA differing in only one of eighteen base-pairs, underscoring the high binding specificity of double-stranded probes. Cy3-labeled bulge-containing Invader probes are demonstrated to signal the presence of gender-specific DNA sequences in fluorescent in situ hybridization assays (FISH) performed under non-denaturing conditions, highlighting one potential application of dsDNA-targeting Invader probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale C Guenther
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID-83844, USA.
| | | | - Allison Inskeep
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID-83844, USA.
| | - Saswata Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID-83844, USA.
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3
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Nozeret K, Loll F, Cardoso GM, Escudé C, Boutorine AS. Interaction of fluorescently labeled pyrrole-imidazole polyamide probes with fixed and living murine and human cells. Biochimie 2018; 149:122-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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4
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Krasheninina OA, Novopashina DS, Apartsin EK, Venyaminova AG. Recent Advances in Nucleic Acid Targeting Probes and Supramolecular Constructs Based on Pyrene-Modified Oligonucleotides. Molecules 2017; 22:E2108. [PMID: 29189716 PMCID: PMC6150046 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the use of pyrene-modified oligonucleotides as a platform for functional nucleic acid-based constructs. Pyrene is of special interest for the development of nucleic acid-based tools due to its unique fluorescent properties (sensitivity of fluorescence to the microenvironment, ability to form excimers and exciplexes, long fluorescence lifetime, high quantum yield), ability to intercalate into the nucleic acid duplex, to act as a π-π-stacking (including anchoring) moiety, and others. These properties of pyrene have been used to construct novel sensitive fluorescent probes for the sequence-specific detection of nucleic acids and the discrimination of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), aptamer-based biosensors, agents for binding of double-stranded DNAs, and building blocks for supramolecular complexes. Special attention is paid to the influence of the design of pyrene-modified oligonucleotides on their properties, i.e., the structure-function relationships. The perspectives for the applications of pyrene-modified oligonucleotides in biomolecular studies, diagnostics, and nanotechnology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Krasheninina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave. 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Darya S Novopashina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave. 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Evgeny K Apartsin
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave. 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Alya G Venyaminova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave. 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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5
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Astakhova K, Golovin AV, Prokhorenko IA, Ustinov AV, Stepanova IA, Zatsepin TS, Korshun VA. Design of 2′-phenylethynylpyrene excimer forming DNA/RNA probes for homogeneous SNP detection: The attachment manner matters. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Anderson BA, Hrdlicka PJ. Merging Two Strategies for Mixed-Sequence Recognition of Double-Stranded DNA: Pseudocomplementary Invader Probes. J Org Chem 2016; 81:3335-46. [PMID: 26998918 PMCID: PMC4836393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
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The development of molecular strategies
that enable recognition
of specific double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) regions has been a longstanding
goal as evidenced by the emergence of triplex-forming oligonucleotides,
peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), minor groove binding polyamides, and—more
recently—engineered proteins such as CRISPR/Cas9. Despite this
progress, an unmet need remains for simple hybridization-based probes
that recognize specific mixed-sequence dsDNA regions under physiological
conditions. Herein, we introduce pseudocomplementary Invader probes as a step in this direction. These double-stranded probes
are chimeras between pseudocomplementary DNA (pcDNA) and Invader probes,
which are activated for mixed-sequence dsDNA-recognition through the
introduction of pseudocomplementary base pairs comprised of 2-thiothymine
and 2,6-diaminopurine, and +1 interstrand zipper arrangements of intercalator-functionalized
nucleotides, respectively. We demonstrate that certain pseudocomplementary
Invader probe designs result in very efficient and specific recognition
of model dsDNA targets in buffers of high ionic strength. These chimeric
probes, therefore, present themselves as a promising strategy for
mixed-sequence recognition of dsDNA targets for applications in molecular
biology and nucleic acid diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho , Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Patrick J Hrdlicka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho , Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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7
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Geny S, Moreno PMD, Krzywkowski T, Gissberg O, Andersen NK, Isse AJ, El-Madani AM, Lou C, Pabon YV, Anderson BA, Zaghloul EM, Zain R, Hrdlicka PJ, Jørgensen PT, Nilsson M, Lundin KE, Pedersen EB, Wengel J, Smith CIE. Next-generation bis-locked nucleic acids with stacking linker and 2'-glycylamino-LNA show enhanced DNA invasion into supercoiled duplexes. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:2007-19. [PMID: 26857548 PMCID: PMC4797291 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting and invading double-stranded DNA with synthetic oligonucleotides under physiological conditions remain a challenge. Bis-locked nucleic acids (bisLNAs) are clamp-forming oligonucleotides able to invade into supercoiled DNA via combined Hoogsteen and Watson–Crick binding. To improve the bisLNA design, we investigated its mechanism of binding. Our results suggest that bisLNAs bind via Hoogsteen-arm first, followed by Watson–Crick arm invasion, initiated at the tail. Based on this proposed hybridization mechanism, we designed next-generation bisLNAs with a novel linker able to stack to adjacent nucleobases, a new strategy previously not applied for any type of clamp-constructs. Although the Hoogsteen-arm limits the invasion, upon incorporation of the stacking linker, bisLNA invasion is significantly more efficient than for non-clamp, or nucleotide-linker containing LNA-constructs. Further improvements were obtained by substituting LNA with 2′-glycylamino-LNA, contributing a positive charge. For regular bisLNAs a 14-nt tail significantly enhances invasion. However, when two stacking linkers were incorporated, tail-less bisLNAs were able to efficiently invade. Finally, successful targeting of plasmids inside bacteria clearly demonstrates that strand invasion can take place in a biologically relevant context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Geny
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Clinical Research Center, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pedro M D Moreno
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Clinical Research Center, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomedica, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tomasz Krzywkowski
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-171 21, Sweden
| | - Olof Gissberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Clinical Research Center, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicolai K Andersen
- Nucleic Acid Center, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nucleic Acid Centre, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Abdirisaq J Isse
- Nucleic Acid Center, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nucleic Acid Centre, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Amro M El-Madani
- Nucleic Acid Center, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nucleic Acid Centre, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Chenguang Lou
- Nucleic Acid Center, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nucleic Acid Centre, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Y Vladimir Pabon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Clinical Research Center, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Eman M Zaghloul
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Clinical Research Center, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rula Zain
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Clinical Research Center, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden Centre for Rare Diseases, Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Per T Jørgensen
- Nucleic Acid Center, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nucleic Acid Centre, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Mats Nilsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-171 21, Sweden
| | - Karin E Lundin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Clinical Research Center, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik B Pedersen
- Nucleic Acid Center, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nucleic Acid Centre, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper Wengel
- Nucleic Acid Center, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nucleic Acid Centre, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - C I Edvard Smith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Clinical Research Center, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Guenther DC, Anderson GH, Karmakar S, Anderson BA, Didion BA, Guo W, Verstegen JP, Hrdlicka PJ. Invader probes: Harnessing the energy of intercalation to facilitate recognition of chromosomal DNA for diagnostic applications. Chem Sci 2015; 6:5006-5015. [PMID: 26240741 PMCID: PMC4521421 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01238d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of probes capable of recognizing specific regions of chromosomal DNA has been a long-standing goal for chemical biologists. Current strategies such as PNA, triplex-forming oligonucleotides, and polyamides are subject to target choice limitations and/or necessitate non-physiological conditions, leaving a need for alternative approaches. Toward this end, we have recently introduced double-stranded oligonucleotide probes that are energetically activated for DNA recognition through modification with +1 interstrand zippers of intercalator-functionalized nucleotide monomers. Here, probes with different chemistries and architectures - varying in the position, number, and distance between the intercalator zippers - are studied with respect to hybridization energetics and DNA-targeting properties. Experiments with model DNA targets demonstrate that optimized probes enable efficient (C50 < 1 μM), fast (t50 < 3h), kinetically stable (> 24h), and single nucleotide specific recognition of DNA targets at physiologically relevant ionic strengths. Optimized probes were used in non-denaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization experiments for detection of gender-specific mixed-sequence chromosomal DNA target regions. These probes present themselves as a promising strategy for recognition of chromosomal DNA, which will enable development of new tools for applications in molecular biology, genomic engineering and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale C. Guenther
- Department of Chemistry , University of Idaho , 875 Perimeter Dr , Moscow , ID 83844-2343 , USA .
| | - Grace H. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Idaho , 875 Perimeter Dr , Moscow , ID 83844-2343 , USA .
- Department of Biological Sciences , Montana Tech of the University of Montana , 1300 W Park St , Butte , MT 59701-8997 , USA
| | - Saswata Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry , University of Idaho , 875 Perimeter Dr , Moscow , ID 83844-2343 , USA .
| | - Brooke A. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Idaho , 875 Perimeter Dr , Moscow , ID 83844-2343 , USA .
| | | | - Wei Guo
- MoFA , PO Box 930187, 419 Venture Ct. , Verona , WI 53593 , USA
| | | | - Patrick J. Hrdlicka
- Department of Chemistry , University of Idaho , 875 Perimeter Dr , Moscow , ID 83844-2343 , USA .
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9
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Anderson BA, Karmakar S, Hrdlicka PJ. Mixed-Sequence Recognition of Double-Stranded DNA Using Enzymatically Stable Phosphorothioate Invader Probes. Molecules 2015; 20:13780-93. [PMID: 26230684 PMCID: PMC6332310 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200813780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of probes that allow for sequence-unrestricted recognition of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) continues to attract much attention due to the prospect for molecular tools that enable detection, regulation, and manipulation of genes. We have recently introduced so-called Invader probes as alternatives to more established approaches such as triplex-forming oligonucleotides, peptide nucleic acids and polyamides. These short DNA duplexes are activated for dsDNA recognition by installment of +1 interstrand zippers of intercalator-functionalized nucleotides such as 2'-N-(pyren-1-yl)methyl-2'-N-methyl-2'-aminouridine and 2'-O-(pyren-1-yl)methyluridine, which results in violation of the nearest neighbor exclusion principle and duplex destabilization. The individual probes strands have high affinity toward complementary DNA strands, which generates the driving force for recognition of mixed-sequence dsDNA regions. In the present article, we characterize Invader probes that are based on phosphorothioate backbones (PS-DNA Invaders). The change from the regular phosphodiester backbone furnishes Invader probes that are much more stable to nucleolytic degradation, while displaying acceptable dsDNA-recognition efficiency. PS-DNA Invader probes therefore present themselves as interesting probes for dsDNA-targeting applications in cellular environments and living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2343, USA.
| | - Saswata Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2343, USA.
| | - Patrick J Hrdlicka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2343, USA.
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10
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Anderson BA, Onley JJ, Hrdlicka PJ. Recognition of Double-Stranded DNA Using Energetically Activated Duplexes Modified with N2'-Pyrene-, Perylene-, or Coronene-Functionalized 2'-N-Methyl-2'-amino-DNA Monomers. J Org Chem 2015; 80:5395-406. [PMID: 25984765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Invader probes have been proposed as alternatives to polyamides, triplex-forming oligonucleotides, and peptide nucleic acids for recognition of chromosomal DNA targets. These double-stranded probes are activated for DNA recognition by +1 interstrand zippers of pyrene-functionalized nucleotides. This particular motif forces the intercalating pyrene moieties into the same region, resulting in perturbation and destabilization of the probe duplex. In contrast, the two probe strands display very high affinity toward complementary DNA. The energy difference between the probe duplexes and recognition complexes provides the driving force for DNA recognition. In the present study, we explore the properties of Invader probes based on larger intercalators, i.e., perylene and coronene, expecting that the larger π-surface area will result in additional destabilization of the probe duplex and further stabilization of probe-target duplexes, in effect increasing the thermodynamic driving force for DNA recognition. Toward this end, we developed protocols for 2'-N-methyl-2'-amino-2'-deoxyuridine phosphoramidites that are functionalized at the N2'-position with pyrene, perylene, or coronene moieties and incorporated these monomers into oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ONs). The resulting ONs and Invader probes are characterized by thermal denaturation experiments, analysis of thermodynamic parameters, absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, and DNA recognition experiments. Invader probes based on large intercalators efficiently recognize model targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A Anderson
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, United States
| | - Jared J Onley
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, United States.,‡Department of Chemistry, Whitworth University, Spokane, Washington 99251, United States
| | - Patrick J Hrdlicka
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, United States
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11
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Nozeret K, Loll F, Escudé C, Boutorine AS. Polyamide fluorescent probes for visualization of repeated DNA sequences in living cells. Chembiochem 2015; 16:549-54. [PMID: 25639955 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
DNA imaging in living cells usually requires transgenic approaches that modify the genome. Synthetic pyrrole-imidazole polyamides that bind specifically to the minor groove of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) represent an attractive approach for in-cell imaging that does not necessitate changes to the genome. Nine hairpin polyamides that target mouse major satellite DNA were synthesized. Their interactions with synthetic target dsDNA fragments were studied by thermal denaturation, gel-shift electrophoresis, circular dichroism, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The polyamides had different affinities for the target DNA, and fluorescent labeling of the polyamides affected their affinity for their targets. We validated the specificity of the probes in fixed cells and provide evidence that two of the probes detect target sequences in mouse living cell lines. This study demonstrates for the first time that synthetic compounds can be used for the visualization of the nuclear substructures formed by repeated DNA sequences in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Nozeret
- Structure and Instability of Genomes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, INSERM U 1154, CNRS UMR 7196, 57 rue Cuvier, C.P. 26, 75231 Paris Cedex 05 (France)
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12
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Karmakar S, Madsen AS, Guenther DC, Gibbons BC, Hrdlicka PJ. Recognition of double-stranded DNA using energetically activated duplexes with interstrand zippers of 1-, 2- or 4-pyrenyl-functionalized O2'-alkylated RNA monomers. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:7758-73. [PMID: 25144705 PMCID: PMC4167914 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01183j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances with triplex-forming oligonucleotides, peptide nucleic acids, polyamides and--more recently--engineered proteins, there remains an urgent need for synthetic ligands that enable specific recognition of double-stranded (ds) DNA to accelerate studies aiming at detecting, regulating and modifying genes. Invaders, i.e., energetically activated DNA duplexes with interstrand zipper arrangements of intercalator-functionalized nucleotides, are emerging as an attractive approach toward this goal. Here, we characterize and compare Invaders based on 1-, 2- and 4-pyrenyl-functionalized O2'-alkylated uridine monomers X-Z by means of thermal denaturation experiments, optical spectroscopy, force-field simulations and recognition experiments using DNA hairpins as model targets. We demonstrate that Invaders with +1 interstrand zippers of X or Y monomers efficiently recognize mixed-sequence DNA hairpins with single nucleotide fidelity. Intercalator-mediated unwinding and activation of the double-stranded probe, coupled with extraordinary stabilization of probe-target duplexes (ΔT(m)/modification up to +14.0 °C), provides the driving force for dsDNA recognition. In contrast, Z-modified Invaders show much lower dsDNA recognition efficiency. Thus, even very conservative changes in the chemical makeup of the intercalator-functionalized nucleotides used to activate Invader duplexes, affects dsDNA-recognition efficiency of the probes, which highlights the importance of systematic structure-property studies. The insight from this study will guide future design of Invaders for applications in molecular biology and nucleic acid diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswata Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA.
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13
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Denn B, Karmakar S, Guenther DC, Hrdlicka PJ. Sandwich assay for mixed-sequence recognition of double-stranded DNA: invader-based detection of targets specific to foodborne pathogens. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 49:9851-3. [PMID: 24036937 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc45705b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A 96-well plate sandwich assay based on Invader capture/signalling probes is used to recognize 28-mer mixed-sequence dsDNA targets specific to Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli. Targets are detected down to 20-55 pM concentration with excellent binding specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Denn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2343, Moscow, ID 83844-2343, USA.
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14
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Andersen NK, Anderson BA, Wengel J, Hrdlicka PJ. Synthesis and characterization of oligodeoxyribonucleotides modified with 2'-amino-α-L-LNA adenine monomers: high-affinity targeting of single-stranded DNA. J Org Chem 2013; 78:12690-702. [PMID: 24304240 DOI: 10.1021/jo4022937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The development of conformationally restricted nucleotide building blocks continues to attract considerable interest because of their successful use within antisense, antigene, and other gene-targeting strategies. Locked nucleic acid (LNA) and its diastereomer α-L-LNA are two interesting examples thereof. Oligonucleotides modified with these units display greatly increased affinity toward nucleic acid targets, improved binding specificity, and enhanced enzymatic stability relative to unmodified strands. Here we present the synthesis and biophysical characterization of oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ONs) modified with 2'-amino-α-L-LNA adenine monomers W-Z. The synthesis of the target phosphoramidites 1-4 is initiated from pentafuranose 5, which upon Vorbrüggen glycosylation, O2'-deacylation, O2'-activation and C2'-azide introduction yields nucleoside 8. A one-pot tandem Staudinger/intramolecular nucleophilic substitution converts 8 into 2'-amino-α-L-LNA adenine intermediate 9, which after a series of nontrivial protecting-group manipulations affords key intermediate 15. Subsequent chemoselective N2'-functionalization and O3'-phosphitylation give targets 1-4 in ~1-3% overall yield over 11 steps from 5. ONs modified with pyrene-functionalized 2'-amino-α-L-LNA adenine monomers X-Z display greatly increased affinity toward DNA targets (ΔTm/modification up to +14 °C). Results from absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy suggest that the duplex stabilization is a result of pyrene intercalation. These characteristics render N2'-pyrene-functionalized 2'-amino-α-L-LNAs of considerable interest for DNA-targeting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai K Andersen
- Nucleic Acid Center, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark , 5230 Odense, Denmark
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Karmakar S, Guenther DC, Hrdlicka PJ. Recognition of mixed-sequence DNA duplexes: design guidelines for invaders based on 2'-O-(pyren-1-yl)methyl-RNA monomers. J Org Chem 2013; 78:12040-8. [PMID: 24195730 PMCID: PMC3903098 DOI: 10.1021/jo402085v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of agents that recognize mixed-sequence double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) is desirable because of their potential as tools for detection, regulation, and modification of genes. Despite progress with triplex-forming oligonucleotides, peptide nucleic acids, polyamides, and other approaches, recognition of mixed-sequence dsDNA targets remains challenging. Our laboratory studies Invaders as an alternative approach toward this end. These double-stranded oligonucleotide probes are activated for recognition of mixed-sequence dsDNA through modification with +1 interstrand zippers of intercalator-functionalized nucleotides such as 2'-O-(pyren-1-yl)methyl-RNA monomers and have recently been shown to recognize linear dsDNA, DNA hairpins, and chromosomal DNA. In the present work, we systematically studied the influence that the nucleobase moieties of the 2'-O-(pyren-1-yl)methyl-RNA monomers have on the recognition efficiency of Invader duplexes. Results from thermal denaturation, binding energy, and recognition experiments using Invader duplexes with different +1 interstrand zippers of the four canonical 2'-O-(pyren-1-yl)methyl-RNA A/C/G/U monomers show that incorporation of these motifs is a general strategy for activation of probes for recognition of dsDNA. Probe duplexes with interstrand zippers comprising C and/or U monomers result in the most efficient recognition of dsDNA. The insight gained from this study will drive the design of efficient Invaders for applications in molecular biology, nucleic acid diagnostics, and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswata Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho , 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 2343, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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