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Dangerfield EM, Ishizuka S, Kodar K, Yamasaki S, Timmer MSM, Stocker BL. Chimeric NOD2 Mincle Agonists as Vaccine Adjuvants. J Med Chem 2024; 67:5373-5390. [PMID: 38507580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
There is a need for improved vaccine adjuvants to augment vaccine efficacy. One way to address this is by targeting multiple immune cell pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) using chimeric pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Conjugation of the PAMPs will ensure codelivery of the immunostimulatory molecules to the same cell, enhancing adjuvant activity. The macrophage inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) is a promising PRR for adjuvant development; however, no effective chimeric Mincle adjuvants have been prepared. We addressed this by synthesizing Mincle adjuvant conjugates, MDP-C18Brar and MDP-C18Brar-dilipid, which contain PAMPs recognized by Mincle and the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2). The two PAMPs are joined by a pH-sensitive oxyamine linker which, upon acidification at lysosomal pH, hydrolyzed to release the NOD2 ligands. The conjugates elicited the production of Th1 and Th17 promoting cytokines in vitro, and when using OVA as a model antigen, exhibited enhanced T-cell-mediated immune responses and reduced toxicity in vivo, compared to the coadministration of the adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Dangerfield
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Shigenari Ishizuka
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kristel Kodar
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Mattie S M Timmer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Bridget L Stocker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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2
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Matsumaru T, Sakuratani K, Yanaka S, Kato K, Yamasaki S, Fujimoto Y. Fungal β‐mannosyloxymannitol glycolipids and their analogues: synthesis and Mincle‐mediated signaling activity. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Matsumaru
- Keio University: Keio Gijuku Daigaku Faculty of Science and Technology JAPAN
| | - Kasumi Sakuratani
- Keio University Faculty of Science and Technology Graduate School of Science and Technology: Keio Gijuku Daigaku Rikogakubu Daigakuin Rikogaku Kenkyuka Faculty of Science and Technology JAPAN
| | - Saeko Yanaka
- National institutes of Natural Sciences Exploratory Research Center On Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and Institute for Molecular Science (IMS) JAPAN
| | - Koichi Kato
- National Institutes of Natural Sciences Exploratory Research Center On Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and Institute for Molecular Science (IMS) JAPAN
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Osaka University: Osaka Daigaku Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases/Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC) JAPAN
| | - Yukari Fujimoto
- Keio University Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku 223-8522 Yokohama JAPAN
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Trehalose diamide glycolipids augment antigen-specific antibody responses in a Mincle-dependent manner. Bioorg Chem 2021; 110:104747. [PMID: 33799177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have investigated how trehalose glycolipid structures can be modified to improve their Macrophage inducible C-type lectin (Mincle)-mediated adjuvanticity. However, in all instances, the ester-linkage of α,ά-trehalose to the lipid of choice remained. We investigated how changing this ester-linkage to an amide influences Mincle signalling and agonist activity and demonstrated that Mincle tolerates this functional group change. In in vivo vaccination studies in murine and ovine model systems, using OVA or Mannheimia haemolytica and Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae as vaccine antigens, respectively, it was demonstrated that a representative trehalose diamide glycolipid was able to enhance antibody-specific immune responses. Notably, IgG titres against M. ovipneumoniae were significantly greater when using trehalose dibehenamide (A-TDB) compared to trehalose dibehenate (TDB). This is particularly important as infection with M. ovipneumoniae predisposes sheep to pneumonia.
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Miyake Y, Yamasaki S. Immune Recognition of Pathogen-Derived Glycolipids Through Mincle. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1204:31-56. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1580-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Chemical synthesis of trehalose glycolipids such as DAT, TDM, SL-1, SL-3, and Ac2SGL from MTb, emmyguyacins from fungi, succinoyl trehalose from rhodococcus, and maradolipids from worms, as well as mycobacterial oligosaccharides is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Jana
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai
- India
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6
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Foster AJ, Kodar K, Timmer MSM, Stocker BL. ortho-Substituted lipidated Brartemicin derivative shows promising Mincle-mediated adjuvant activity. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1095-1103. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02397f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Structure activity relationship studies of lipidated Brartemicin analogues have revealed the potent adjuvant activity of ortho-substituted Brartemicin analogue 5a, which was better than that of p-OC18 (5c) and C18dMeBrar (4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J. Foster
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington
- New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery
| | - Kristel Kodar
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington
- New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery
| | - Mattie S. M. Timmer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington
- New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery
| | - Bridget L. Stocker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington
- New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery
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7
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Stocker BL, Kodar K, Wahi K, Foster AJ, Harper JL, Mori D, Yamasaki S, Timmer MSM. The effects of trehalose glycolipid presentation on cytokine production by GM-CSF macrophages. Glycoconj J 2019; 36:69-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-018-09857-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Bird JH, Khan AA, Nishimura N, Yamasaki S, Timmer MSM, Stocker BL. Synthesis of Branched Trehalose Glycolipids and Their Mincle Agonist Activity. J Org Chem 2018; 83:7593-7605. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessie H. Bird
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ashna A. Khan
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Naoya Nishimura
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mattie S. M. Timmer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bridget L. Stocker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
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Khan A, Kodar K, Timmer MS, Stocker BL. Lipid length and iso-branching of trehalose diesters influences Mincle agonist activity. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Foster AJ, Nagata M, Lu X, Lynch AT, Omahdi Z, Ishikawa E, Yamasaki S, Timmer MSM, Stocker BL. Lipidated Brartemicin Analogues Are Potent Th1-Stimulating Vaccine Adjuvants. J Med Chem 2018; 61:1045-1060. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy J. Foster
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Masahiro Nagata
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research
Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Xiuyuan Lu
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research
Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Molecular
Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Laboratory
of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Amy T. Lynch
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Zakaria Omahdi
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research
Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Molecular
Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Laboratory
of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eri Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research
Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory
of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research
Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Molecular
Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Laboratory
of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Mattie S. M. Timmer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Bridget L. Stocker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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Braganza CD, Teunissen T, Timmer MSM, Stocker BL. Identification and Biological Activity of Synthetic Macrophage Inducible C-Type Lectin Ligands. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1940. [PMID: 29387054 PMCID: PMC5776103 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The macrophage inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) is a pattern recognition receptor able to recognize both damage-associated and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and in this respect, there has been much interest in determining the scope of ligands that bind Mincle and how structural modifications to these ligands influence ensuing immune responses. In this review, we will present Mincle ligands of known chemical structure, with a focus on ligands that have been synthetically prepared, such as trehalose glycolipids, glycerol-based ligands, and 6-acylated glucose and mannose derivatives. The ability of the different classes of ligands to influence the innate, and consequently, the adaptive, immune response will be described, and where appropriate, structure-activity relationships within each class of Mincle ligands will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chriselle D. Braganza
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Teunissen
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Mattie S. M. Timmer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bridget L. Stocker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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12
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Liu X, Ma Z, Zhang J, Yang L. Antifungal Compounds against Candida Infections from Traditional Chinese Medicine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4614183. [PMID: 29445739 PMCID: PMC5763084 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4614183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by Candida albicans, often refractory and with high morbidity and mortality, cause a heavy burden on the public health while the current antifungal drugs are limited and are associated with toxicity and resistance. Many plant-derived molecules including compounds isolated from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are reported to have antifungal activity through different targets such as cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, and virulence factors. Here, we review the recent progress in the anti-Candida compounds from TCM, as well as their antifungal mechanisms. Considering the diverse targets and structures, compounds from TCM might be a potential library for antifungal drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Zhiming Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Hernia Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Jingxiao Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Longfei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
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Ostrop J, Lang R. Contact, Collaboration, and Conflict: Signal Integration of Syk-Coupled C-Type Lectin Receptors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1403-1414. [PMID: 28167651 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several spleen tyrosine kinase-coupled C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) have emerged as important pattern recognition receptors for infectious danger. Because encounter with microbial pathogens leads to the simultaneous ligation of several CLRs and TLRs, the signals emanating from different pattern recognition receptors have to be integrated to achieve appropriate biological responses. In this review, we briefly summarize current knowledge about ligand recognition and core signaling by Syk-coupled CLRs. We then address mechanisms of synergistic and antagonistic crosstalk between different CLRs and with TLRs. Emerging evidence suggests that signal integration occurs through 1) direct interaction between receptors, 2) regulation of expression levels and localization, and 3) collaborative or conflicting signaling interference. Accordingly, we aim to provide a conceptual framework for the complex and sometimes unexpected outcome of CLR ligation in bacterial and fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Ostrop
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; .,Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; and
| | - Roland Lang
- Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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14
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Patin EC, Orr SJ, Schaible UE. Macrophage Inducible C-Type Lectin As a Multifunctional Player in Immunity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:861. [PMID: 28791019 PMCID: PMC5525440 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) is an innate immune receptor on myeloid cells sensing diverse entities including pathogens and damaged cells. Mincle was first described as a receptor for the mycobacterial cell wall glycolipid, trehalose-6,6′-dimycolate, or cord factor, and the mammalian necrotic cell-derived alarmin histone deacetylase complex unit Sin3-associated protein 130. Upon engagement by its ligands, Mincle induces secretion of innate cytokines and other immune mediators modulating inflammation and immunity. Since its discovery more than 25 years ago, the understanding of Mincle’s immune function has made significant advances in recent years. In addition to mediating immune responses to infectious agents, Mincle has been linked to promote tumor progression, autoimmunity, and sterile inflammation; however, further studies are required to completely unravel the complex role of Mincle in these distinct host responses. In this review, we discuss recent findings on Mincle’s biology with an emphasis on its diverse functions in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel C Patin
- Priority Area Infections, Department Cellular Microbiology, Forschungszentrum Borstel, and German Center for Infection Research, TTU-TB, Borstel, Germany.,Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Selinda Jane Orr
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich E Schaible
- Priority Area Infections, Department Cellular Microbiology, Forschungszentrum Borstel, and German Center for Infection Research, TTU-TB, Borstel, Germany
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15
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Kodar K, Harper JL, McConnell MJ, Timmer MSM, Stocker BL. The Mincle ligand trehalose dibehenate differentially modulates M1-like and M2-like macrophage phenotype and function via Syk signaling. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2017; 5:503-514. [PMID: 28722316 PMCID: PMC5691301 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Macrophages play a significant role in the progression of diseases, such as cancer, making them a target for immune‐modulating agents. Trehalose dibehenate (TDB) is known to activate M1‐like macrophages via Mincle, however, the effect of TDB on M2‐like macrophages, which are found in the tumor microenvironment, has not been studied. Methods qRT‐PCR, flow cytometry, cytokine ELISA, and Western Blotting were used to study the effect of TDB on GM‐CSF and M‐CSF/IL‐4 derived bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) from C57BL/6 and Mincle−/− mice. Results TDB treatment up‐regulated M1 markers over M2 markers by GM‐CSF BMMs, whereas M‐CSF/IL‐4 BMMs down‐regulated marker gene expression overall. TDB treatment resulted in Mincle‐independent down‐regulation of CD11b, CD115, and CD206 expression by GM‐CSF macrophages and CD115 in M‐CSF/IL‐4 macrophages. GM‐CSF BMMs produced of significant levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α), which was Mincle‐dependent and further enhanced by LPS priming. M‐CSF BMMs produced little or no cytokines in response to TDB regardless of LPS priming. Western blot analysis confirmed that the absence of cytokine production was associated with a lack of activation of the Syk kinase pathway. Conclusion This study illustrates that TDB has the potential to differentially regulate M1‐ and M2‐like macrophages in the tumor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Kodar
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.,Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jacquie L Harper
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Melanie J McConnell
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Mattie S M Timmer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bridget L Stocker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.,Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington, New Zealand
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Abstract
In this chapter, a comprehensive overview of the known ligands for the C-type lectins (CTLs) is provided. Emphasis has been placed on the chemical structure of the glycans that bind to the different CTLs and the amount of structural variation (or overlap) that each CTL can tolerate. In this way, both the synthetic carbohydrate chemist and the immunologist can more readily gain insight into the existing structure-activity space for the CTL ligands and, ideally, see areas of synergy that will help identify and refine the ligands for these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Yamasaki
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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