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Pseudo-irreversible butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors: Structure-activity relationships, computational and crystallographic study of the N-dialkyl O-arylcarbamate warhead. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 247:115048. [PMID: 36586299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alongside reversible butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors, a plethora of covalent butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors have been reported in the literature, typically pseudo-irreversible carbamates. For these latter, however, most cases lack full confirmation of their covalent mode of action. Additionally, the available reports regarding the structure-activity relationships of the O-arylcarbamate warhead are incomplete. Therefore, a follow-up on a series of pseudo-irreversible covalent carbamate human butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors and the structure-activity relationships of the N-dialkyl O-arylcarbamate warhead are presented in this study. The covalent mechanism of binding was tested by IC50 time-dependency profiles, and sequentially and increasingly confirmed by kinetic analysis, whole protein LC-MS, and crystallographic analysis. Computational studies provided valuable insights into steric constraints and identified problematic, bulky carbamate warheads that cannot reach and carbamoylate the catalytic Ser198. Quantum mechanical calculations provided further evidence that steric effects appear to be a key factor in determining the covalent binding behaviour of these carbamate cholinesterase inhibitors and their duration of action. Additionally, the introduction of a clickable terminal alkyne moiety into one of the carbamate N-substituents and in situ derivatisation with azide-containing fluorophore enabled fluorescent labelling of plasma human butyrylcholinesterase. This proof-of-concept study highlights the potential of this novel approach and for these compounds to be further developed as clickable molecular probes for investigating tissue localisation and activity of cholinesterases.
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Otoničar J, Hostnik M, Grundner M, Kostanjšek R, Gredar T, Garvas M, Arsov Z, Podlesek Z, Gostinčar C, Jakše J, Busby SJW, Butala M. A method for targeting a specified segment of DNA to a bacterial microorganelle. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:e113. [PMID: 36029110 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Encapsulation of a selected DNA molecule in a cell has important implications for bionanotechnology. Non-viral proteins that can be used as nucleic acid containers include proteinaceous subcellular bacterial microcompartments (MCPs) that self-assemble into a selectively permeable protein shell containing an enzymatic core. Here, we adapted a propanediol utilization (Pdu) MCP into a synthetic protein cage to package a specified DNA segment in vivo, thereby enabling subsequent affinity purification. To this end, we engineered the LacI transcription repressor to be routed, together with target DNA, into the lumen of a Strep-tagged Pdu shell. Sequencing of extracted DNA from the affinity-isolated MCPs shows that our strategy results in packaging of a DNA segment carrying multiple LacI binding sites, but not the flanking regions. Furthermore, we used LacI to drive the encapsulation of a DNA segment containing operators for LacI and for a second transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Otoničar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Hostnik
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Grundner
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Kostanjšek
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tajda Gredar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Garvas
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Condensed Matter Physics Department, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zoran Arsov
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Condensed Matter Physics Department, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zdravko Podlesek
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Cene Gostinčar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stephen J W Busby
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Matej Butala
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Biagiotti G, Purić E, Urbančič I, Krišelj A, Weiss M, Mravljak J, Gellini C, Lay L, Chiodo F, Anderluh M, Cicchi S, Richichi B. Combining cross-coupling reaction and Knoevenagel condensation in the synthesis of glyco-BODIPY probes for DC-SIGN super-resolution bioimaging. Bioorg Chem 2021; 109:104730. [PMID: 33621778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lectins are involved in a wide range of carbohydrate mediated recognition processes. Therefore, the availability of highly performant fluorescent tools tailored for lectin targeting and able to efficiently track events related to such key targets is in high demand. We report here on the synthesis of the glyco-BODIPYs 1 and 2, based on the efficient combination of a Heck-like cross coupling and a Knoevenagel condensation, which revealed efficient in addressing lectins. In particular, glyco-BODIPY 1 has two glycosidase stable C-mannose residues, which act as DC-SIGN (dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin) targeting modules. By using live-cell fluorescence microscopy, we proved that BODIPY-mannose 1 was efficiently taken up by immune cells expressing DC-SIGN receptors. Super-resolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy further revealed that the internalized 1 localized in membranes of endosomes, proving that 1 is a reliable tool also in STED applications. Of note, glyco-BODIPY 1 contains an aryl-azido group, which allows further functionalization of the glycoprobe with bioactive molecules, thus paving the way for the use of 1 for tracking lectin-mediated cell internalization in diverse biological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Biagiotti
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3/13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino FI, Italy
| | - Edvin Purić
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iztok Urbančič
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Condensed Matter Physics, Department Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Krišelj
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Condensed Matter Physics, Department Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Weiss
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Mravljak
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Cristina Gellini
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3/13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino FI, Italy
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo), University of Milan, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Marko Anderluh
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Stefano Cicchi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3/13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino FI, Italy.
| | - Barbara Richichi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3/13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino FI, Italy.
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Senapati S, Darling RJ, Loh D, Schneider IC, Wannemuehler MJ, Narasimhan B, Mallapragada SK. Pentablock Copolymer Micelle Nanoadjuvants Enhance Cytosolic Delivery of Antigen and Improve Vaccine Efficacy while Inducing Low Inflammation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:1332-1342. [PMID: 33405651 PMCID: PMC8627116 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As the focus has shifted from traditional killed or live, attenuated vaccines toward subunit vaccines, improvements in vaccine safety have been confronted with low immunogenicity of protein antigens. This issue has been addressed by synthesizing and designing a wide variety of antigen carriers and adjuvants, such as Toll-like receptor agonists (e.g., MPLA, CpG). Studies have focused on optimizing adjuvants for improved cellular trafficking, cytosolic availability, and improved antigen presentation. In this work, we describe the design of novel amphiphilic pentablock copolymer (PBC) adjuvants that exhibit high biocompatibility and reversible pH- and temperature-sensitive micelle formation. We demonstrate improved humoral immunity in mice in response to single-dose immunization with PBC micelle adjuvants compared with soluble antigen alone. With the motive of exploring the mechanism of action of these PBC micelles, we studied intracellular trafficking of these PBC micelles with a model antigen and demonstrated that the PBC micelles associate with the antigen and enhance its cytosolic delivery to antigen-presenting cells. We posit that these PBC micelles operate via immune-enhancing mechanisms that are different from that of traditional Toll-like receptor activating adjuvants. The metabolic profile of antigen-presenting cells stimulated with traditional adjuvants and the PBC micelles also suggests distinct mechanisms of action. A key finding from this study is the low production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species by antigen-presenting cells when stimulated by PBC micelle adjuvants in sharp contrast to TLR adjuvants. Together, these studies provide a basis for rationally developing novel vaccine adjuvants that are safe, that induce low inflammation, and that can efficiently deliver antigen to the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Senapati
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Ross J. Darling
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Darren Loh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Ian C. Schneider
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Michael J. Wannemuehler
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Surya K. Mallapragada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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Arsov Z, Urbančič I, Štrancar J. Aggregation-induced emission spectral shift as a measure of local concentration of a pH-activatable rhodamine-based smart probe. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 190:486-493. [PMID: 28965064 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Generating activatable probes that report about molecular vicinity through contact-based mechanisms such as aggregation can be very convenient. Specifically, such probes change a particular spectral property only at the intended biologically relevant target. Xanthene derivatives, for example rhodamines, are able to form aggregates. It is typical to examine aggregation by absorption spectroscopy but for microscopy applications utilizing fluorescent probes it is very important to perform characterization by measuring fluorescence spectra. First we show that excitation spectra of aqueous solutions of rhodamine 6G can be very informative about the aggregation features. Next we establish the dependence of the fluorescence emission spectral maximum shift on the dimer concentration. The obtained information helped us confirm the possibility of aggregation of a recently designed and synthesized rhodamine 6G-based pH-activatable fluorescent probe and to study its pH and concentration dependence. The size of the aggregation-induced emission spectral shift at specific position on the sample can be measured by fluorescence microspectroscopy, which at particular pH allows estimation of the local concentration of the observed probe at microscopic level. Therefore, we show that besides aggregation-caused quenching and aggregation-induced emission also aggregation-induced emission spectral shift can be a useful photophysical phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Arsov
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Center of Excellence NAMASTE, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Iztok Urbančič
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Štrancar
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Center of Excellence NAMASTE, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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6
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Luby BM, Charron DM, MacLaughlin CM, Zheng G. Activatable fluorescence: From small molecule to nanoparticle. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 113:97-121. [PMID: 27593264 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging has emerged as an indispensable technology in the development and application of drug delivery systems. Targeted imaging agents report the presence of biomolecules, including therapeutic targets and disease biomarkers, while the biological behaviour of labelled delivery systems can be non-invasively assessed in real time. As an imaging modality, fluorescence offers additional signal specificity and dynamic information due to the inherent responsivity of fluorescence agents to interactions with other optical species and with their environment. Harnessing this responsivity is the basis of activatable fluorescence imaging, where interactions between an engineered fluorescence agent and its biological target induce a fluorogenic response. Small molecule activatable agents are frequently derivatives of common fluorophores designed to chemically react with their target. Macromolecular scale agents are useful for imaging proteins and nucleic acids, although their biological delivery can be difficult. Nanoscale activatable agents combine the responsivity of fluorophores with the unique optical and physical properties of nanomaterials. The molecular imaging application and overall complexity of biological target dictate the most advantageous fluorescence agent size scale and activation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Luby
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Danielle M Charron
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christina M MacLaughlin
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gang Zheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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7
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Kotar A, Tomašič T, Lenarčič Živković M, Jug G, Plavec J, Anderluh M. STD NMR and molecular modelling insights into interaction of novel mannose-based ligands with DC-SIGN. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:862-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01916h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
STD-NMR and molecular modelling study of four α-d-mannosides show new contacts in DC-SIGN binding site to help develop potent DC-SIGN antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kotar
- Slovenian NMR center
- National Institute of Chemistry
- 1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
| | - Tihomir Tomašič
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Ljubljana
- 1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
| | | | - Gregor Jug
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Ljubljana
- 1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
| | - Janez Plavec
- Slovenian NMR center
- National Institute of Chemistry
- 1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence
| | - Marko Anderluh
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Ljubljana
- 1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
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