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Antony B, Montagné N, Comte A, Mfarrej S, Jakše J, Capoduro R, Shelke R, Cali K, AlSaleh MA, Persaud K, Pain A, Jacquin-Joly E. Deorphanizing an odorant receptor tuned to palm tree volatile esters in the Asian palm weevil sheds light on the mechanisms of palm tree selection. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2024:104129. [PMID: 38704126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
The Asian palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, is a tremendously important agricultural pest primarily adapted to palm trees and causes severe destruction, threatening sustainable palm cultivation worldwide. The host plant selection of this weevil is mainly attributed to the functional specialization of odorant receptors (ORs) that detect palm-derived volatiles. Yet, ligands are known for only two ORs of R. ferrugineus, and we still lack information on the mechanisms of palm tree detection. This study identified a highly expressed antennal R. ferrugineus OR, RferOR2, thanks to newly generated transcriptomic data. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that RferOR2 belongs to the major coleopteran OR group 2A and is closely related to a sister clade containing an R. ferrugineus OR (RferOR41) tuned to the non-host plant volatile and antagonist, α-pinene. Functional characterization of RferOR2 via heterologous expression in Drosophila olfactory neurons revealed that this receptor is tuned to several ecologically relevant palm-emitted odors, most notably ethyl and methyl ester compounds, but not to any of the pheromone compounds tested, including the R. ferrugineus aggregation pheromone. We did not evidence any differential expression of RferOR2 in the antennae of both sexes, suggesting males and females detect these compounds equally. Next, we used the newly identified RferOR2 ligands to demonstrate that including synthetic palm ester volatiles as single compounds and in combinations in pheromone-based mass trapping has a synergistic attractiveness effect to R. ferrugineus aggregation pheromone, resulting in significantly increased weevil catches. Our study identified a key OR from a palm weevil species tuned to several ecologically relevant palm volatiles and represents a significant step forward in understanding the chemosensory mechanisms of host detection in palm weevils. Our study also defines RferOR2 as an essential model for exploring the molecular basis of host detection in other palm weevil species. Finally, our work showed that insect OR deorphanization could aid in identifying novel behaviorally active volatiles that can interfere with weevil host-searching behavior in sustainable pest management applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binu Antony
- King Saud University, Chair of Date Palm Research, Center for Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nicolas Montagné
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES-Paris, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Arthur Comte
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES-Paris, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Sara Mfarrej
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Bioscience Programme, BESE Division, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rémi Capoduro
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES-Paris, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Rajan Shelke
- Don Bosco College of Agriculture, Agricultural Entomology Department, Sulcorna, Goa 403705, India
| | - Khasim Cali
- The University of Manchester, Department of Chemical Engineering, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mohammed Ali AlSaleh
- King Saud University, Chair of Date Palm Research, Center for Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Krishna Persaud
- The University of Manchester, Department of Chemical Engineering, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Arnab Pain
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Bioscience Programme, BESE Division, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES-Paris, 78000 Versailles, France
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Mestinšek Mubi Š, Kunej U, Vogrinčič V, Jakše J, Murovec J. The effect of phytosulfokine alpha on haploid embryogenesis and gene expression of Brassica napus microspore cultures. Front Plant Sci 2024; 15:1336519. [PMID: 38425801 PMCID: PMC10902448 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1336519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Microspore embryogenesis (ME) is the most powerful tool for creating homozygous lines in plant breeding and molecular biology research. It is still based mainly on the reprogramming of microspores by temperature, osmotic and/or nutrient stress. New compounds are being sought that could increase the efficiency of microspore embryogenesis or even induce the formation of haploid embryos from recalcitrant genotypes. Among these, the mitogenic factor phytosulfokine alpha (PSK-α) is promising due to its broad spectrum of activity in vivo and in vitro. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of PSK-α on haploid embryogenesis from microspores of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L., DH4079), one of the most important oil crops and a model plant for studying the molecular mechanisms controlling embryo formation. We tested different concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 µM) of the peptide and evaluated its effect on microspore viability and embryo regeneration after four weeks of culture. Our results showed a positive correlation between addition of PSK-α and cultured microspore viability and a positive effect also on the number of developed embryos. The analysis of transcriptomes across three time points (day 0, 2 and 4) with or without PSK-α supplementation (15 RNA libraries in total) unveiled differentially expressed genes pivotal in cell division, microspore embryogenesis, and subsequent regeneration. PCA grouped transcriptomes by RNA sampling time, with the first two principal components explaining 56.8% variability. On day 2 with PSK, 45 genes (15 up- and 30 down-regulated) were differentially expressed when PSK-α was added and their number increased to 304 by day 4 (30 up- and 274 down-regulated). PSK, PSKR, and PSI gene expression analysis revealed dynamic patterns, with PSK2 displaying the highest increase and overall expression during microspore culture at days 2 and 4. Despite some variations, only PSK1 showed significant differential expression upon PSK-α addition. Of 16 ME-related molecular markers, 3 and 15 exhibited significant differential expression in PSK-supplemented cultures at days 2 and 4, respectively. Embryo-specific markers predominantly expressed after 4 days of culture, with higher expression in medium without PSK, while on day 0, numerous sporophyte-specific markers were highly expressed.
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Guček T, Jakše J, Radišek S. Optimization and Validation of Singleplex and Multiplex RT-qPCR for Detection of Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd), Hop latent viroid (HLVd), and Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) in Hops ( Humulus lupulus). Plant Dis 2023; 107:3592-3601. [PMID: 37261880 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-22-2606-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Direct crop losses due to plant diseases and the measures used to control them have significant agricultural and economic impacts. The shift from diverse small-scale to large-scale genetically uniform monoculture production, along with agricultural intensification and climate change, has led to several known epidemics in man-made agroecosystems that have been rendered more vulnerable to pathogens. One such example is hop growing, which is threatened by highly aggressive hop viroids. Since 2007, almost one-third (about 500 ha) of Slovenian hop gardens have been affected by severe hop stunt disease caused by Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd), which continues to spread despite strict prevention measures. We have developed and validated a multiplex RT-qPCR (mRT-qPCR) for the sensitive detection of CBCVd, Hop latent viroid (HLVd), and Hop stunt viroid (HSVd). Singleplex RT-qPCR assays were designed individually and subsequently combined in a one-step mRT-qPCR assay. Hop-specific mRNA170 and mRNA1192 internal controls were also developed to detect possible PCR inhibition. Analytical specificity was tested on 35 samples from different hosts, geographic regions, and combinations of viroids. Method validation showed that mRT-qPCR had lower sensitivity than singleplex RT-qPCR, while specificity, selectivity, repeatability, and reproducibility remained unchanged. The newly developed assays were found to be robust, reliable, and suitable for large-scale screening of hop viroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Guček
- Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Žalec 3310, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Sebastjan Radišek
- Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Žalec 3310, Slovenia
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Awasthi P, Mishra AK, Kocábek T, Nath VS, Mishra S, Hazzouri KM, Sudalaimuthuasari N, Stajner N, Jakše J, Krofta K, Hájek T, Amiri KM. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of the mediator complex subunits MED5a and MED5b genes impaired secondary metabolite accumulation in hop (Humulus lupulus). Plant Physiol Biochem 2023; 201:107851. [PMID: 37354728 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is an important commercial crop known for the biosynthesis of valuable specialized secondary metabolites in glandular trichomes (lupulin glands), which are used for the brewing industry. To achieve burgeoning market demands is the essentiality of comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in hop. Over the past year, several studies using structural biology and functional genomics approaches have shown that Mediator (MED) serves as an integrative hub for RNAP II-mediated transcriptional regulation of various physiological and cellular processes, including involvement of MED5a and MED5b in hyperaccumulation of phenylpropanoid in A. thaliana. In the present work, an unprecedented attempt was made to generate Hlmed5a/med5b double loci mutant lines in hop using a CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing system. The Hlmed5a/med5b double loci mutant lines showed reduced expression of structural genes of the flavonoid, humulone, and terpenoid biosynthetic pathways, which was more pronounced in the lupulin gland compared to leaf tissue and was consistent with their reduced accumulation. Phenotypic and anatomical observations revealed that Hlmed5a/med5b double loci mutant line exhibited robust growth, earlier flowering, earlier cone maturity, reduced cone size, variations in floral structure patterns, and distorted lupulin glands without any remarkable changes in leaf morphology, intensity of leaf color, and chlorophyll content. Comparative transcriptome analysis of leaf and lupulin gland tissues indicates that the expression of enzymatic genes related to secondary metabolite biosynthesis, phytohormone biosynthesis, floral organs, flowering time, and trichome development, including other genes related to starch and sucrose metabolism and defense mechanisms, were differentially modulated in the Hlmed5a/med5b lines. The combined results from functional and transcriptomic analyses illuminates the pivotal function of HlMED5a and HlMED5b in homeostasis of secondary meatbolites accumulation in hop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Awasthi
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zygmunta Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ajay Kumar Mishra
- Khalifa Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box. Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Tomáš Kocábek
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vishnu Sukumari Nath
- Khalifa Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box. Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sagarika Mishra
- Khalifa Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box. Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaled M Hazzouri
- Khalifa Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box. Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naganeeswaran Sudalaimuthuasari
- Khalifa Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box. Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Natasa Stajner
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Karel Krofta
- Hop Research Institute, Co. Ltd., Kadaňská 2525, 438 46, Žatec, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hájek
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 1716/31c, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Khaled Ma Amiri
- Khalifa Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box. Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates.
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Radosavljević I, Križanović K, Šarančić SL, Jakše J. Towards the Investigation of the Adaptive Divergence in a Species of Exceptional Ecological Plasticity: Chromosome-Scale Genome Assembly of Chouardia litardierei (Hyacinthaceae). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10755. [PMID: 37445933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the central goals of evolutionary biology is to understand the genomic basis of adaptive divergence. Different aspects of evolutionary processes should be studied through genome-wide approaches, therefore maximizing the investigated genomic space. However, in-depth genome-scale analyses often are restricted to a model or economically important species and their closely related wild congeners with available reference genomes. Here, we present the high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of Chouardia litardierei, a plant species with exceptional ecological plasticity. By combining PacBio and Hi-C sequencing technologies, we generated a 3.7 Gbp genome with a scaffold N50 size of 210 Mbp. Over 80% of the genome comprised repetitive elements, among which the LTR retrotransposons prevailed. Approximately 86% of the 27,257 predicted genes were functionally annotated using public databases. For the comparative analysis of different ecotypes' genomes, the whole-genome sequencing of two individuals, each from a distinct ecotype, was performed. The detected above-average SNP density within coding regions suggests increased adaptive divergence-related mutation rates, therefore confirming the assumed divergence processes within the group. The constructed genome presents an invaluable resource for future research activities oriented toward the investigation of the genetics underlying the adaptive divergence that is likely unfolding among the studied species' ecotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Radosavljević
- Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 9A, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Krešimir Križanović
- Department of Electronic Systems and Information Processing, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Unska 3, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sara Laura Šarančić
- Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 9A, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Jeseničnik T, Kaurin A, Grgič Z, Radišek S, Jakše J, Štajner N. Novel Identification of the Collection of Pathogenic Fungal Species Verticillium with the Development of Species-Specific SSR Markers. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040535. [PMID: 37111421 PMCID: PMC10143602 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Verticillium is a group of ascomycete fungi that includes several pathogenic plant species. In 2011, a new taxonomic classification, proposed by Inderbitzin and coworkers (2011), re-defined the genus as Verticillium sensu stricto. The objective of our study was the re-classification of the fungal species held in the culture collection in the Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing in accordance with the newly established taxonomy. With the PCR marker system proposed by Inderbitzin and coworkers in 2011, we re-classified 88 Verticillium isolates out of the 105 samples that are held in the institute's bank, which were obtained from different geographic locations in Europe, North America, and Japan, and from different host plants, including alfalfa, cotton, hop, olive, potato, and tomato. However, the PCR marker for the V. dahliae identification proved to be less specific, and it resulted in the positive amplification of Gibellulopsis nigrescens, V. isaacii, and V. longisporum. To enable the accurate distinction of the fungi, the SSR and LAMP markers were added to the analyses. The 12 newly identified SSR markers, which were used in simplex PCR reactions or in combination, enabled the accurate identification of all included Verticillium isolates and could potentially be used as biomarkers for rapid and easy species identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taja Jeseničnik
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anela Kaurin
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zarja Grgič
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sebastjan Radišek
- Plant Protection Department, Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, 3310 Žalec, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Štajner
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Turudić A, Liber Z, Grdiša M, Jakše J, Varga F, Šatović Z. Variation in Chloroplast Genome Size: Biological Phenomena and Technological Artifacts. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:254. [PMID: 36678967 PMCID: PMC9864865 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of bioinformatic solutions is guided by biological knowledge of the subject. In some cases, we use unambiguous biological models, while in others we rely on assumptions. A commonly used assumption for genomes is that related species have similar genome sequences. This is even more obvious in the case of chloroplast genomes due to their slow evolution. We investigated whether the lengths of complete chloroplast sequences are closely related to the taxonomic proximity of the species. The study was performed using all available RefSeq sequences from the asterid and rosid clades. In general, chloroplast length distributions are narrow at both the family and genus levels. In addition, clear biological explanations have already been reported for families and genera that exhibit particularly wide distributions. The main factors responsible for the length variations are parasitic life forms, IR loss, IR expansions and contractions, and polyphyly. However, the presence of outliers in the distribution at the genus level is a strong indication of possible inaccuracies in sequence assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ante Turudić
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska c. 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska c. 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Liber
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska c. 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 9a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Grdiša
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska c. 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska c. 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Filip Varga
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska c. 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska c. 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Šatović
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska c. 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska c. 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Turudić A, Liber Z, Grdiša M, Jakše J, Varga F, Šatović Z. Chloroplast Genome Annotation Tools: Prolegomena to the Identification of Inverted Repeats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810804. [PMID: 36142721 PMCID: PMC9503105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of next-generation sequencing technology and the increasing amount of sequencing data have brought the bioinformatic tools used in genome assembly into focus. The final step of the process is genome annotation, which works on assembled genome sequences to identify the location of genome features. In the case of organelle genomes, specialized annotation tools are used to identify organelle genes and structural features. Numerous annotation tools target chloroplast sequences. Most chloroplast DNA genomes have a quadripartite structure caused by two copies of a large inverted repeat. We investigated the strategies of six annotation tools (Chloë, Chloroplot, GeSeq, ORG.Annotate, PGA, Plann) for identifying inverted repeats and analyzed their success using publicly available complete chloroplast sequences of taxa belonging to the asterid and rosid clades. The annotation tools use two different approaches to identify inverted repeats, using existing general search tools or implementing stand-alone solutions. The chloroplast sequences studied show that there are different types of imperfections in the assembled data and that each tool performs better on some sequences than the others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ante Turudić
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-91-3141592
| | - Zlatko Liber
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 9a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Grdiša
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Filip Varga
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Šatović
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Otoničar J, Hostnik M, Grundner M, Kostanjšek R, Gredar T, Garvas M, Arsov Z, Podlesek Z, Gostinčar C, Jakše J, Busby SJW, Butala M. A method for targeting a specified segment of DNA to a bacterial microorganelle. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:e113. [PMID: 36029110 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Encapsulation of a selected DNA molecule in a cell has important implications for bionanotechnology. Non-viral proteins that can be used as nucleic acid containers include proteinaceous subcellular bacterial microcompartments (MCPs) that self-assemble into a selectively permeable protein shell containing an enzymatic core. Here, we adapted a propanediol utilization (Pdu) MCP into a synthetic protein cage to package a specified DNA segment in vivo, thereby enabling subsequent affinity purification. To this end, we engineered the LacI transcription repressor to be routed, together with target DNA, into the lumen of a Strep-tagged Pdu shell. Sequencing of extracted DNA from the affinity-isolated MCPs shows that our strategy results in packaging of a DNA segment carrying multiple LacI binding sites, but not the flanking regions. Furthermore, we used LacI to drive the encapsulation of a DNA segment containing operators for LacI and for a second transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Otoničar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Hostnik
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Grundner
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Kostanjšek
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tajda Gredar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Garvas
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Condensed Matter Physics Department, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zoran Arsov
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Condensed Matter Physics Department, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zdravko Podlesek
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Cene Gostinčar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stephen J W Busby
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Matej Butala
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Sečnik A, Štajner N, Radišek S, Kunej U, Križman M, Jakše J. Cytosine Methylation in Genomic DNA and Characterization of DNA Methylases and Demethylases and Their Expression Profiles in Viroid-Infected Hop Plants ( Humulus lupulus Var. 'Celeia'). Cells 2022; 11:cells11162592. [PMID: 36010668 PMCID: PMC9406385 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic and biotic stresses can lead to changes in host DNA methylation, which in plants is also mediated by an RNA-directed DNA methylation mechanism. Infections with viroids have been shown to affect DNA methylation dynamics in different plant hosts. The aim of our research was to determine the content of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) in genomic DNA at the whole genome level of hop plants (Humulus lupulus Var. 'Celeia') infected with different viroids and their combinations and to analyse the expression of the selected genes to improve our understanding of DNA methylation dynamics in plant-viroid systems. The adapted HPLC-UV method used proved to be suitable for this purpose, and thus we were able to estimate for the first time that the cytosine methylation level in viroid-free hop plants was 26.7%. Interestingly, the observed 5-mC level was the lowest in hop plants infected simultaneously with CBCVd, HLVd and HSVd (23.7%), whereas the highest level was observed in plants infected with HLVd (31.4%). In addition, we identified three DNA methylases and one DNA demethylase gene in the hop's draft genome. The RT-qPCR revealed upregulation of all newly identified genes in hop plants infected with all three viroids, while no altered expression was observed in any of the other hop plants tested, except for CBCVd-infected hop plants, in which one DNA methylase was also upregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Sečnik
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Štajner
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sebastjan Radišek
- Plant Protection Department, Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, 3310 Žalec, Slovenia
| | - Urban Kunej
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mitja Križman
- Laboratory for Food Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-3203280
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11
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Miljanić V, Jakše J, Kunej U, Rusjan D, Škvarč A, Štajner N. First Report of Grapevine Red Globe Virus, Grapevine Rupestris Vein Feathering Virus, and Grapevine Syrah Virus-1 Infecting Grapevine in Slovenia. Plant Dis 2022; 106:PDIS05211069PDN. [PMID: 35124990 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-21-1069-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V Miljanić
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - J Jakše
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - U Kunej
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - D Rusjan
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - A Škvarč
- Chamber of Agriculture and Forestry of Slovenia, Agriculture and Forestry Institute Nova Gorica, Pri hrastu 18, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - N Štajner
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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12
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Varga F, Liber Z, Jakše J, Turudić A, Šatović Z, Radosavljević I, Jeran N, Grdiša M. Development of Microsatellite Markers for Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevis.) Sch. Bip., a Plant with a Large and Highly Repetitive Genome. Plants 2022; 11:plants11131778. [PMID: 35807729 PMCID: PMC9269103 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dalmatian pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevis.) Sch. Bip.) is an outcrossing plant species (2n = 18) endemic to the eastern Adriatic coast and source of the natural insecticide pyrethrin. Due to the high repeatability and large genome (1C-value = 9.58 pg) our previous attempts to develop microsatellite markers using the traditional method were unsuccessful. Now we have used Illumina paired-end whole genome sequencing and developed a specific procedure to obtain useful microsatellite markers. A total of 796,130,142 high-quality reads (approx. 12.5× coverage) were assembled into 6,909,675 contigs using two approaches (de novo assembly and joining of overlapped pair-end reads). A total of 31,380 contigs contained one or more microsatellite sequences, of which di-(59.7%) and trinucleotide (25.9%) repeats were the most abundant. Contigs containing microsatellites were filtered according to various criteria to achieve better yield of functional markers. After two rounds of testing, 17 microsatellite markers were developed and characterized in one natural population. Twelve loci were selected for preliminary genetic diversity analysis of three natural populations. Neighbor-joining tree, based on the proportion of shared alleles distances, grouped individuals into clusters according to population affiliation. The availability of codominant SSR markers will allow analysis of genetic diversity and structure of natural Dalmatian pyrethrum populations as well as identification of breeding lines and cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Varga
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska c. 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (F.V.); (Z.Š.); (N.J.); (M.G.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska c. 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.T.); (I.R.)
| | - Zlatko Liber
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska c. 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.T.); (I.R.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 9a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1-4898-092
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Ante Turudić
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska c. 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.T.); (I.R.)
| | - Zlatko Šatović
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska c. 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (F.V.); (Z.Š.); (N.J.); (M.G.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska c. 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.T.); (I.R.)
| | - Ivan Radosavljević
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska c. 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.T.); (I.R.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 9a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nina Jeran
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska c. 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (F.V.); (Z.Š.); (N.J.); (M.G.)
| | - Martina Grdiša
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska c. 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (F.V.); (Z.Š.); (N.J.); (M.G.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska c. 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.T.); (I.R.)
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13
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Turudić A, Liber Z, Grdiša M, Jakše J, Varga F, Šatović Z. The complete chloroplast genome of dalmatian pyrethrum ( Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Sch. Bip. (Asteraceae)), the source of the natural insecticide pyrethrin. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2022; 7:775-777. [PMID: 35558178 PMCID: PMC9090375 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2022.2070439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tanacetum cinerariifolium is an endemic species of the eastern Adriatic coast that synthesizes the natural insecticide pyrethrin. We have characterized the complete chloroplast genome of the species and analyzed its phylogeny within the Asteraceae family. The complete chloroplast genome of T. cinerariifolium has a size of 150,136 bp, including a large single-copy (LSC) region of 82,717 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,411bp, and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 24,504 bp. The chloroplast genome of T. cinerariifolium encodes 108 genes, including 77 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 27 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analyses based on the complete chloroplast genomes placed T. cinerariifolium in a sister position to species of the genera Artemisia and Chrysanthemum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ante Turudić
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Liber
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Grdiša
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Filip Varga
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Šatović
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Miljanić V, Jakše J, Rusjan D, Škvarč A, Štajner N. Small RNA Sequencing and Multiplex RT-PCR for Diagnostics of Grapevine Viruses and Virus-Like Organisms. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050921. [PMID: 35632662 PMCID: PMC9145883 DOI: 10.3390/v14050921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metagenomic approaches used for virus diagnostics allow for rapid and accurate detection of all viral pathogens in the plants. In order to investigate the occurrence of viruses and virus-like organisms infecting grapevine from the Ampelographic collection Kromberk in Slovenia, we used Ion Torrent small RNA sequencing (sRNA-seq) and the VirusDetect pipeline to analyze the sRNA-seq data. The used method revealed the presence of: Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3), Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV), Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and its satellite RNA (satGFLV), Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV), Grapevine rupestris vein feathering virus (GRVFV), Grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV), Grapevine satellite virus (GV-Sat), Hop stunt viroid (HSVd), and Grapevine yellow speckle viroid 1 (GYSVd-1). Multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (mRT-PCR) was developed for validation of sRNA-seq predicted infections, including various combinations of viruses or viroids and satellite RNA. mRT-PCR could further be used for rapid and cost-effective routine molecular diagnosis, including widespread, emerging, and seemingly rare viruses, as well as viroids which testing is usually overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Miljanić
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Denis Rusjan
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Škvarč
- Chamber of Agriculture and Forestry of Slovenia, Agriculture and Forestry Institute Nova Gorica, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Štajner
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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15
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Miljanić V, Jakše J, Kunej U, Rusjan D, Škvarč A, Štajner N. Virome Status of Preclonal Candidates of Grapevine Varieties ( Vitis vinifera L.) From the Slovenian Wine-Growing Region Primorska as Determined by High-Throughput Sequencing. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:830866. [PMID: 35265062 PMCID: PMC8899541 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.830866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases caused by viruses and virus-like organisms are one of the major problems in viticulture and grapevine marketing worldwide. Therefore, rapid and accurate diagnosis and identification is crucial. In this study, we used HTS of virus- and viroid-derived small RNAs to determine the virome status of Slovenian preclonal candidates of autochthonous and local grapevine varieties (Vitis vinifera L.). The method applied to the studied vines revealed the presence of nine viruses and two viroids. All viral entities were validated and more than 160 Sanger sequences were generated and deposited in NCBI. In addition, a complete description into the co-infections in each plant studied was obtained. No vine was found to be virus- and viroid-free, and no vine was found to be infected with only one virus or viroid, while the highest number of viral entities in a plant was eight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Miljanić
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urban Kunej
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Denis Rusjan
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Škvarč
- Chamber of Agriculture and Forestry of Slovenia, Agriculture and Forestry Institute Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Štajner
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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16
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Jeseničnik T, Štajner N, Radišek S, Mishra AK, Košmelj K, Kunej U, Jakše J. Discovery of microRNA-like Small RNAs in Pathogenic Plant Fungus Verticillium nonalfalfae Using High-Throughput Sequencing and qPCR and RLM-RACE Validation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:900. [PMID: 35055083 PMCID: PMC8778906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Verticillium nonalfalfae (V. nonalfalfae) is one of the most problematic hop (Humulus lupulus L.) pathogens, as the highly virulent fungal pathotypes cause severe annual yield losses due to infections of entire hop fields. In recent years, the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism has become one of the main areas of focus in plant-fungal pathogen interaction studies and has been implicated as one of the major contributors to fungal pathogenicity. MicroRNA-like RNAs (milRNAs) have been identified in several important plant pathogenic fungi; however, to date, no milRNA has been reported in the V. nonalfalfae species. In the present study, using a high-throughput sequencing approach and extensive bioinformatics analysis, a total of 156 milRNA precursors were identified in the annotated V. nonalfalfae genome, and 27 of these milRNA precursors were selected as true milRNA candidates, with appropriate microRNA hairpin secondary structures. The stem-loop RT-qPCR assay was used for milRNA validation; a total of nine V. nonalfalfae milRNAs were detected, and their expression was confirmed. The milRNA expression patterns, determined by the absolute quantification approach, imply that milRNAs play an important role in the pathogenicity of highly virulent V. nonalfalfae pathotypes. Computational analysis predicted milRNA targets in the V. nonalfalfae genome and in the host hop transcriptome, and the activity of milRNA-mediated RNAi target cleavage was subsequently confirmed for two selected endogenous fungal target gene models using the 5' RLM-RACE approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taja Jeseničnik
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.J.); (N.Š.); (K.K.); (U.K.)
| | - Nataša Štajner
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.J.); (N.Š.); (K.K.); (U.K.)
| | - Sebastjan Radišek
- Plant Protection Department, Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, 3310 Žalec, Slovenia;
| | - Ajay Kumar Mishra
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| | - Katarina Košmelj
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.J.); (N.Š.); (K.K.); (U.K.)
| | - Urban Kunej
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.J.); (N.Š.); (K.K.); (U.K.)
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.J.); (N.Š.); (K.K.); (U.K.)
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17
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Kunej U, Jakše J, Radišek S, Štajner N. Identification and Characterization of Verticillium nonalfalfae-Responsive MicroRNAs in the Roots of Resistant and Susceptible Hop Cultivars. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:1883. [PMID: 34579416 PMCID: PMC8471970 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are 21- to 24-nucleotide-long, non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. They can modulate various biological processes, including plant response and resistance to fungal pathogens. Hops are grown for use in the brewing industry and, recently, also for the pharmaceutical industry. Severe Verticillium wilt caused by the phytopathogenic fungus Verticillium nonalfalfae, is the main factor in yield loss in many crops, including hops (Humulus lupulus L.). In our study, we identified 56 known and 43 novel miRNAs and their expression patterns in the roots of susceptible and resistant hop cultivars after inoculation with V. nonalfalfae. In response to inoculation with V. nonalfalfae, we found five known and two novel miRNAs that are differentially expressed in the susceptible cultivar and six known miRNAs in the resistant cultivar. Differentially expressed miRNAs target 49 transcripts involved in protein localization and pigment synthesis in the susceptible cultivar, whereas they are involved in transcription factor regulation and hormone signalling in the resistant cultivar. The results of our study suggest that the susceptible and resistant hop cultivars respond differently to V. nonalfalfae inoculation at the miRNA level and that miRNAs may contribute to the successful defence of the resistant cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Kunej
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (U.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (U.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Sebastjan Radišek
- Plant Protection Department, Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, 3310 Žalec, Slovenia;
| | - Nataša Štajner
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (U.K.); (J.J.)
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18
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Gonzalez F, Johny J, Walker WB, Guan Q, Mfarrej S, Jakše J, Montagné N, Jacquin-Joly E, Alqarni AS, Al-Saleh MA, Pain A, Antony B. Author Correction: Antennal transcriptome sequencing and identification of candidate chemoreceptor proteins from an invasive pest, the American palm weevil, Rhynchophorus palmarum. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17164. [PMID: 34413424 PMCID: PMC8377069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gonzalez
- Chair of Date Palm Research, Center for Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Research and Development, ChemTica Internacional S.A., Santo Domingo, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Jibin Johny
- Chair of Date Palm Research, Center for Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - William B Walker
- Department To Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Qingtian Guan
- BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Jeddah, 23955‑6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Mfarrej
- BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Jeddah, 23955‑6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nicolas Montagné
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES-Paris, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES-Paris, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Abdulaziz S Alqarni
- Chair of Date Palm Research, Center for Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ali Al-Saleh
- Chair of Date Palm Research, Center for Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arnab Pain
- BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Jeddah, 23955‑6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Binu Antony
- Chair of Date Palm Research, Center for Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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19
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Turudić A, Liber Z, Grdiša M, Jakše J, Varga F, Šatović Z. Towards the Well-Tempered Chloroplast DNA Sequences. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10071360. [PMID: 34371563 PMCID: PMC8309291 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With the development of next-generation sequencing technology and bioinformatics tools, the process of assembling DNA sequences has become cheaper and easier, especially in the case of much shorter organelle genomes. The number of available DNA sequences of complete chloroplast genomes in public genetic databases is constantly increasing and the data are widely used in plant phylogenetic and biotechnological research. In this work, we investigated possible inconsistencies in the stored form of publicly available chloroplast genome sequence data. The impact of these inconsistencies on the results of the phylogenetic analysis was investigated and the bioinformatic solution to identify and correct inconsistencies was implemented. The whole procedure was demonstrated using five plant families (Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Campanulaceae, Lamiaceae and Rosaceae) as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ante Turudić
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.G.); (F.V.); (Z.Š.)
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-91-3141592
| | - Zlatko Liber
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 9a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Grdiša
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.G.); (F.V.); (Z.Š.)
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Filip Varga
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.G.); (F.V.); (Z.Š.)
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Zlatko Šatović
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.G.); (F.V.); (Z.Š.)
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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Kunej U, Jakše J, Radišek S, Štajner N. Core RNA Interference Genes Involved in miRNA and Ta-siRNA Biogenesis in Hops and Their Expression Analysis after Challenging with Verticillium nonalfalfae. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4224. [PMID: 33921761 PMCID: PMC8073709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference is an evolutionary conserved mechanism by which organisms regulate the expression of genes in a sequence-specific manner to modulate defense responses against various abiotic or biotic stresses. Hops are grown for their use in brewing and, in recent years, for the pharmaceutical industry. Hop production is threatened by many phytopathogens, of which Verticillium, the causal agent of Verticillium wilt, is a major contributor to yield losses. In the present study, we performed identification, characterization, phylogenetic, and expression analyses of three Argonaute, two Dicer-like, and two RNA-dependent RNA polymerase genes in the susceptible hop cultivar Celeia and the resistant cultivar Wye Target after infection with Verticillium nonalfalfae. Phylogeny results showed clustering of hop RNAi proteins with their orthologues from the closely related species Cannabis sativa, Morus notabilis and Ziziphus jujuba which form a common cluster with species of the Rosaceae family. Expression analysis revealed downregulation of argonaute 2 in both cultivars on the third day post-inoculation, which may result in reduced AGO2-siRNA-mediated posttranscriptional gene silencing. Both cultivars may also repress ta-siRNA biogenesis at different dpi, as we observed downregulation of argonaute 7 in the susceptible cultivar on day 1 and downregulation of RDR6 in the resistant cultivar on day 3 after inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Kunej
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (U.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (U.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Sebastjan Radišek
- Plant Protection Department, Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, 3310 Žalec, Slovenia;
| | - Nataša Štajner
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (U.K.); (J.J.)
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21
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Gonzalez F, Johny J, Walker WB, Guan Q, Mfarrej S, Jakše J, Montagné N, Jacquin-Joly E, Alqarni AS, Al-Saleh MA, Pain A, Antony B. Antennal transcriptome sequencing and identification of candidate chemoreceptor proteins from an invasive pest, the American palm weevil, Rhynchophorus palmarum. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8334. [PMID: 33859212 PMCID: PMC8050089 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87348-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, the American palm weevil (APW), Rhynchophorus palmarum, has been a threat to coconut and oil palm production in the Americas. It has recently spread towards North America, endangering ornamental palms, and the expanding date palm production. Its behavior presents several parallelisms with a closely related species, R. ferrugineus, the red palm weevil (RPW), which is the biggest threat to palms in Asia and Europe. For both species, semiochemicals have been used for management. However, their control is far from complete. We generated an adult antennal transcriptome from APW and annotated chemosensory related gene families to obtain a better understanding of these species' olfaction mechanism. We identified unigenes encoding 37 odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), ten chemosensory proteins (CSPs), four sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs), seven gustatory receptors (GRs), 63 odorant receptors (ORs), and 28 ionotropic receptors (IRs). Noticeably, we find out the R. ferrugineus pheromone-binding protein and pheromone receptor orthologs from R. palmarum. Candidate genes identified and annotated in this study allow us to compare these palm weevils' chemosensory gene sets. Most importantly, this study provides the foundation for functional studies that could materialize as novel pest management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gonzalez
- Chair of Date Palm Research, Center for Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Research and Development, ChemTica Internacional S.A., Santo Domingo, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Jibin Johny
- Chair of Date Palm Research, Center for Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - William B Walker
- Department To Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Qingtian Guan
- BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Mfarrej
- BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nicolas Montagné
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES-Paris, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES-Paris, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Abdulaziz S Alqarni
- Chair of Date Palm Research, Center for Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ali Al-Saleh
- Chair of Date Palm Research, Center for Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arnab Pain
- BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Binu Antony
- Chair of Date Palm Research, Center for Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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22
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Nath VS, Shrestha A, Awasthi P, Mishra AK, Kocábek T, Matoušek J, Sečnik A, Jakše J, Radišek S, Hallan V. Mapping the Gene Expression Spectrum of Mediator Subunits in Response to Viroid Infection in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2498. [PMID: 32260277 PMCID: PMC7177877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mediator (MED) represents a large, conserved, multi-subunit protein complex that regulates gene expression through interactions with RNA polymerase II and enhancer-bound transcription factors. Expanding research accomplishments suggest the predominant role of plant MED subunits in the regulation of various physiological and developmental processes, including the biotic stress response against bacterial and fungal pathogens. However, the involvement of MED subunits in virus/viroid pathogenesis remains elusive. In this study, we investigated for the first time the gene expression modulation of selected MED subunits in response to five viroid species (Apple fruit crinkle viroid (AFCVd), Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd), Hop latent viroid (HLVd), Hop stunt viroid (HSVd), and Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)) in two model plant species (Nicotiana tabacum and N. benthamiana) and a commercially important hop (Humulus lupulus) cultivar. Our results showed a differential expression pattern of MED subunits in response to a viroid infection. The individual plant MED subunits displayed a differential and tailored expression pattern in response to different viroid species, suggesting that the MED expression is viroid- and plant species-dependent. The explicit evidence obtained from our results warrants further investigation into the association of the MED subunit with symptom development. Together, we provide a comprehensive portrait of MED subunit expression in response to viroid infection and a plausible involvement of MED subunits in fine-tuning transcriptional reprogramming in response to viroid infection, suggesting them as a potential candidate for rewiring the defense response network in plants against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Sukumari Nath
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (V.S.N.); (A.S.); (P.A.); (T.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Ankita Shrestha
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (V.S.N.); (A.S.); (P.A.); (T.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Praveen Awasthi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (V.S.N.); (A.S.); (P.A.); (T.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Ajay Kumar Mishra
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (V.S.N.); (A.S.); (P.A.); (T.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Tomáš Kocábek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (V.S.N.); (A.S.); (P.A.); (T.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Jaroslav Matoušek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (V.S.N.); (A.S.); (P.A.); (T.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Andrej Sečnik
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.S.); (J.J.)
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.S.); (J.J.)
| | - Sebastjan Radišek
- Plant Protection Department, Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Cesta Žalskega Tabora 2, SI-3310 Žalec, Slovenia;
| | - Vipin Hallan
- CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, India;
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23
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Ribič U, Jakše J, Toplak N, Koren S, Kovač M, Klančnik A, Jeršek B. Transporters and Efflux Pumps Are the Main Mechanisms Involved in Staphylococcus epidermidis Adaptation and Tolerance to Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E344. [PMID: 32121333 PMCID: PMC7143832 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis cleanroom strains are often exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of disinfectants, including didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC). Consequently, they can adapt or even become tolerant to them. RNA-sequencing was used to investigate adaptation and tolerance mechanisms of S. epidermidis cleanroom strains (SE11, SE18), with S. epidermidis SE11Ad adapted and S. epidermidis SE18To tolerant to DDAC. Adaptation to DDAC was identified with up-regulation of genes mainly involved in transport (thioredoxin reductase [pstS], the arsenic efflux pump [gene ID, SE0334], sugar phosphate antiporter [uhpT]), while down-regulation was seen for the Agr system (agrA, arC, agrD, psm, SE1543), for enhanced biofilm formation. Tolerance to DDAC revealed the up-regulation of genes associated with transporters (L-cysteine transport [tcyB]; uracil permease [SE0875]; multidrug transporter [lmrP]; arsenic efflux pump [arsB]); the down-regulation of genes involved in amino-acid biosynthesis (lysine [dapE]; histidine [hisA]; methionine [metC]), and an enzyme involved in peptidoglycan, and therefore cell wall modifications (alanine racemase [SE1079]). We show for the first time the differentially expressed genes in DDAC-adapted and DDAC-tolerant S. epidermidis strains, which highlight the complexity of the responses through the involvement of different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urška Ribič
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (U.R.); (A.K.)
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Nataša Toplak
- Omega d.o.o., Dolinškova 8, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.T.); (S.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Simon Koren
- Omega d.o.o., Dolinškova 8, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.T.); (S.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Minka Kovač
- Omega d.o.o., Dolinškova 8, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.T.); (S.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Anja Klančnik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (U.R.); (A.K.)
| | - Barbara Jeršek
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (U.R.); (A.K.)
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24
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Čerenak A, Kolenc Z, Sehur P, Whittock SP, Koutoulis A, Beatson R, Buck E, Javornik B, Škof S, Jakše J. New Male Specific Markers for Hop and Application in Breeding Program. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14223. [PMID: 31578340 PMCID: PMC6775077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Male specific DNA sequences were selected from a Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) mapping study to evaluate their suitability for determination of the sex phenotype among young seedlings in a hop (Humulus lupulus L.) breeding program. Ten male specific DArT markers showed complete linkage with male sex phenotype in three crossing families. Following optimization, four were successfully converted into PCR markers and a multiplex PCR approach for their use was developed. Among 197 plants (97 from the world collection; 100 from three segregating families), 94-100% positive correlation with sex phenotypic data was achieved for the single PCR amplification, whereas the multiplex approach showed 100% correlation. To develop a fast and low-cost method, crude sample multiplex PCR was evaluated in 253 progenies from 14 segregating populations without losing accuracy. The study describes, for the first time, the routine application of molecular markers linked to male sex in an intensive Slovenian hop breeding program. The methods described could be employed for screening of sex at the seedling stage in other hop programs worldwide, thereby saving resources for desirable female plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Čerenak
- Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Cesta Žalskega tabora 2, 3310, Žalec, Slovenia.
| | - Zala Kolenc
- Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Cesta Žalskega tabora 2, 3310, Žalec, Slovenia
| | - Petra Sehur
- Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Cesta Žalskega tabora 2, 3310, Žalec, Slovenia
| | - Simon P Whittock
- Hop Products Australia, 446 Elizabeth Street Hobart, Tasmania & School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Anthony Koutoulis
- University of Tasmania, School of Natural Sciences, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Ron Beatson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Palmerston North Research Centre, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Emily Buck
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Palmerston North Research Centre, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Branka Javornik
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Suzana Škof
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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25
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Štajner N, Radišek S, Mishra AK, Nath VS, Matoušek J, Jakše J. Evaluation of Disease Severity and Global Transcriptome Response Induced by Citrus bark cracking viroid, Hop latent viroid, and Their Co-Infection in Hop ( Humulus lupulus L.). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3154. [PMID: 31261625 PMCID: PMC6651264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Viroids are small non-capsidated, single-stranded, covalently-closed circular noncoding RNA replicons of 239-401 nucleotides that exploit host factors for their replication, and some cause disease in several economically important crop plants, while others appear to be benign. The proposed mechanisms of viroid pathogenesis include direct interaction of the genomic viroid RNA with host factors and post-transcriptional or transcriptional gene silencing via viroid-derived small RNAs (vd-sRNAs) generated by the host defensive machinery. Humulus lupulus (hop) plants are hosts to several viroids among which Hop latent viroid (HLVd) and Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd) are attractive model systems for the study of viroid-host interactions due to the symptomless infection of the former and severe symptoms induced by the latter in this indicator host. To better understand their interactions with hop plant, a comparative transcriptomic analysis based on RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed to reveal the transcriptional alterations induced as a result of single HLVd and CBCVd infection in hop. Additionally, the effect of HLVd on the aggressiveness of CBCVd that underlies severe stunting in hop in a mixed infection was studied by transcriptomic analysis. Our analysis revealed that CBCVd infection resulted in dynamic changes in the activity of genes as compared to single HLVd infection and their mixed infection. The differentially expressed genes that are involved in defense, phytohormone signaling, photosynthesis and chloroplasts, RNA regulation, processing and binding; protein metabolism and modification; and other mechanisms were more modulated in the CBCVd infection of hop. Nevertheless, Gene Ontology (GO) classification and pathway enrichment analysis showed that the expression of genes involved in the proteolysis mechanism is more active in a mixed infection as compared to a single one, suggesting co-infecting viroids may result in interference with host factors more prominently. Collectively, our results provide a deep transcriptome of hop and insight into complex single HLVd, CBCVd, and their coinfection in hop-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Štajner
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Agronomy, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sebastjan Radišek
- Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Plant Protection Department, Cesta Žalskega tabora 2, SI-3310 Žalec, Slovenia
| | - Ajay Kumar Mishra
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vishnu Sukumari Nath
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Matoušek
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jernej Jakše
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Agronomy, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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26
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Jeseničnik T, Štajner N, Radišek S, Jakše J. RNA interference core components identified and characterised in Verticillium nonalfalfae, a vascular wilt pathogenic plant fungi of hops. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8651. [PMID: 31209232 PMCID: PMC6572790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44494-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved RNA interference mechanism (RNAi) in the fungal kingdom has become a focus of intense scientific investigation. The three catalytic core components, Dicer-like (DCL), Argonaute (AGO), and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), and their associated small interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) have been identified and characterised in several fungal species. Recent studies have proposed that RNAi is a major contributor to the virulence of fungal pathogens as a result of so-called trans-kingdom RNA silencing. In the present study, we report on the existence of three core RNAi proteins in the pathogenic plant fungus Verticillium nonalfalfae, which is a soilborne plant pathogen that causes severe wilting disease in hops (Humulus lupulus L.). Two DCL proteins, two AGO proteins, and two RdRP proteins were identified, and their conserved RNAi domains were characterised. Our phylogeny results confirm the existing taxonomic relationships in the Ascomycete fungal phylum and show that the fungi of the Hypocreomycetidae subclass of the Sordariomycetes class have high amino acid sequence similarity. The expression analysis revealed a potential role of RNAi in the pathogenicity of the fungi, since all the RNAi genes were highly upregulated in the highly virulent isolate T2 and were also differentially expressed in the V. nonalfalfae-susceptible Celeia and V. nonalfalfae-resistant Wye Target cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taja Jeseničnik
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Štajner
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Sebastjan Radišek
- Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Žalec, 3310, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia.
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27
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Antony B, Johny J, Abdelazim MM, Jakše J, Al-Saleh MA, Pain A. Global transcriptome profiling and functional analysis reveal that tissue-specific constitutive overexpression of cytochrome P450s confers tolerance to imidacloprid in palm weevils in date palm fields. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:440. [PMID: 31151384 PMCID: PMC6545022 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5837-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases (P450s), constituting one of the largest and oldest gene superfamilies found in many organisms from bacteria to humans, play a vital role in the detoxification and inactivation of endogenous toxic compounds. The use of various insecticides has increased over the last two decades, and insects have developed resistance to most of these compounds through the detoxifying function of P450s. In this study, we focused on the red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, the most devastating pest of palm trees worldwide, and demonstrated through functional analysis that upregulation of P450 gene expression has evolved as an adaptation to insecticide stress arising from exposure to the neonicotinoid-class systematic insecticide imidacloprid. Results Based on the RPW global transcriptome analysis, we identified 101 putative P450 genes, including 77 likely encoding protein coding genes with ubiquitous expression. A phylogenetic analysis revealed extensive functional and species-specific diversification of RPW P450s, indicating that multiple CYPs actively participated in the detoxification process. We identified highly conserved paralogs of insect P450s that likely play a role in the development of resistance to imidacloprid: Drosophila Cyp6g1 (CYP6345J1) and Bemisia tabaci CYP4C64 (CYP4LE1). We performed a toxicity bioassay and evaluated the induction of P450s, followed by the identification of overexpressed P450s, including CYP9Z82, CYP6fra5, CYP6NR1, CYP6345J1 and CYP4BD4, which confer cross-resistance to imidacloprid. In addition, under imidacloprid insecticide stress in a date palm field, we observed increased expression of various P450 genes, with CYP9Z82, CYP4BD4, CYP6NR1 and CYP6345J1 being the most upregulated detoxification genes in RPWs. Expression profiling and cluster analysis revealed P450 genes with multiple patterns of induction and differential expression. Furthermore, we used RNA interference to knock down the overexpressed P450s, after which a toxicity bioassay and quantitative expression analysis revealed likely candidates involved in metabolic resistance against imidacloprid in RPW. Ingestion of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) successfully knocked down the expression of CYP9Z82, CYP6NR1 and CYP345J1 and demonstrated that silencing of CYP345J1 and CYP6NR1 significantly decreased the survival rate of adult RPWs treated with imidacloprid, indicating that overexpression of these two P450s may play an important role in developing tolerance to imidacloprid in a date palm field. Conclusion Our study provides useful background information on imidacloprid-specific induction and overexpression of P450s, which may enable the development of diagnostic tools/markers for monitoring the spread of insecticide resistant RPWs. The observed trend of increasing tolerance to imidacloprid in the date palm field therefore indicated that strategies for resistance management are urgently needed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5837-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binu Antony
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Chair of Date Palm Research, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jibin Johny
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Chair of Date Palm Research, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud M Abdelazim
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Chair of Date Palm Research, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mohammed Ali Al-Saleh
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Chair of Date Palm Research, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arnab Pain
- BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Jeddah, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Sukumari Nath V, Kumar Mishra A, Kumar A, Matoušek J, Jakše J. Revisiting the Role of Transcription Factors in Coordinating the Defense Response Against Citrus Bark Cracking Viroid Infection in Commercial Hop ( Humulus Lupulus L.). Viruses 2019; 11:v11050419. [PMID: 31060295 PMCID: PMC6563305 DOI: 10.3390/v11050419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) play a major role in controlling gene expression by intricately regulating diverse biological processes such as growth and development, the response to external stimuli and the activation of defense responses. The systematic identification and classification of TF genes are essential to gain insight into their evolutionary history, biological roles, and regulatory networks. In this study, we performed a global mining and characterization of hop TFs and their involvement in Citrus bark cracking viroid CBCVd infection by employing a digital gene expression analysis. Our systematic analysis resulted in the identification of a total of 3,818 putative hop TFs that were classified into 99 families based on their conserved domains. A phylogenetic analysis classified the hop TFs into several subgroups based on a phylogenetic comparison with reference TF proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana providing glimpses of their evolutionary history. Members of the same subfamily and subgroup shared conserved motif compositions. The putative functions of the CBCVd-responsive hop TFs were predicted using their orthologous counterparts in A. thaliana. The analysis of the expression profiling of the CBCVd-responsive hop TFs revealed a massive differential modulation, and the expression of the selected TFs was validated using qRT-PCR. Together, the comprehensive integrated analysis in this study provides better insights into the TF regulatory networks associated with CBCVd infections in the hop, and also offers candidate TF genes for improving the resistance in hop against viroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Sukumari Nath
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Ajay Kumar Mishra
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Atul Kumar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaroslav Matoušek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Hladnik M, Baruca Arbeiter A, Knap T, Jakše J, Bandelj D. The complete chloroplast genome of Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don (Asteraceae). Mitochondrial DNA Part B 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2019.1580156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matjaž Hladnik
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Alenka Baruca Arbeiter
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Tea Knap
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dunja Bandelj
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
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Latinović J, Radišek S, Bajčeta M, Jakše J, Latinović N. Viruses Associated with Fig Mosaic Disease in Different Fig Varieties in Montenegro. Plant Pathol J 2019; 35:32-40. [PMID: 30828277 PMCID: PMC6385650 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.04.2018.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Symptoms of fig mosaic disease have been noticed on leaves of fig (Ficus carica) for several decades, in Montenegro. In 2014, leaf samples were collected from trees of six fig cultivars in a plantation located in the main fig-producing area of Montenegro, to study the disease. After RNA isolation, samples were tested by RT-PCR for detection of nine fig viruses and three viroids. Four viruses were detected: fig leaf mottle-associated virus 1 (FLMaV-1), fig mosaic virus (FMV), fig mild mottle-associated-virus (FMMaV) and fig badnavirus 1 (FBV-1). Most of the viruses were present in mixed infections. The amplicons of the viruses were directly sequenced from both directions. A BLAST search of these sequences revealed sequence identities with their closest counterparts at GenBank of 92, 97, 92 and 100%, for FLMaV-1, FMV, FMMaV and FBV-1, respectively. Different responses in symptom expression due to the various virus combinations detected have been demonstrated. Variety Sušilica had the least symptom expression, with only one virus (FBV-1) found. Considering that the production of figs in Montenegro is increasing and has a substantial relevance in this geographic location, the results indicate that more attention should be given to improving the phytosanitary condition of fig trees in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Latinović
- University of Montenegro, Biotechnical Faculty, Mihaila Lalića 1, 81 000 Podgorica, Montenegro,
Slovenia
| | - Sebastjan Radišek
- Slovenian Institute for Hop Research and Brewing, Cesta Žalskega Tabora 2, 3310 Žalec,
Slovenia
| | | | - Jernej Jakše
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana,
Slovenia
| | - Nedeljko Latinović
- University of Montenegro, Biotechnical Faculty, Mihaila Lalića 1, 81 000 Podgorica, Montenegro,
Slovenia
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Rudolf-Pilih K, Petkovšek M, Jakše J, Štajner N, Murovec J, Bohanec B. Proposal of a New Hybrid Breeding Method Based on Genotyping, Inter-Pollination, Phenotyping and Paternity Testing of Selected Elite F 1 Hybrids. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1111. [PMID: 31620149 PMCID: PMC6759491 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Testing inbred lines for their combining ability is, due to high numbers of line to line testing needed for determination of hybrid performance, the most limiting factor in the F1 hybrid breeding procedure. We propose a novel method of F1 hybrid breeding that enables evaluation of large number of line to line crosses for their hybrid performance. Inbred lines (preferably doubled haploid - DH) are produced from heterozygous populations, genotyped and maintained. A group of lines is inter-pollinated randomly and their progeny examined. To identify elite F1 hybrids, these individual plants are selected by their superior phenotypic characteristics. Finally using paternity testing only of selected hybrids, the origin of paternal lines is revealed. To predict the number of F1 offspring needed in relation to the number of inbred lines being inter-pollinated, a mathematical formula was developed. For instance, using this formula for the inter-pollination of 60 distinct lines, the probability of obtaining all descendants of paternal-parent lines in a maternal-parent row represented at least once is achieved with 420 F1 plants in a row (p = 0.95). In a practical experiment with white cabbage, DH lines were produced using microspore culture; plants were grown to maturity and genotyped at eight polymorphic SSR loci. Two groups of lines (36 and 33 lines per group) were inter-pollinated by two methods, either using cage pollination with bumblebees or using open pollination in isolated field. A total of 9,858 F1 plants were planted and based on their phenotypic characteristics 213 were selected as elite phenotypes. 99 of them were genetically diverse and 5 of them were selected as super elite. Selected plants were analysed by the same SSR markers and the paternal origin of selected F1 plants was determined. Out of 213 selected elite plants 48 were reciprocals thus exhibiting power of selection based on single plant. We demonstrate that this new approach to hybrid development is efficient in white cabbage and we propose breeders to test it in various vegetable and crop species. Moreover, some other aspects of the proposed technique need to be tested and verified both for practical and economic criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marko Petkovšek
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Štajner
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jana Murovec
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Borut Bohanec
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Borut Bohanec,
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Marton K, Flajšman M, Radišek S, Košmelj K, Jakše J, Javornik B, Berne S. Comprehensive analysis of Verticillium nonalfalfae in silico secretome uncovers putative effector proteins expressed during hop invasion. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198971. [PMID: 29894496 PMCID: PMC5997321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular plant pathogen Verticillium nonalfalfae causes Verticillium wilt in several important crops. VnaSSP4.2 was recently discovered as a V. nonalfalfae virulence effector protein in the xylem sap of infected hop. Here, we expanded our search for candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs) in the V. nonalfalfae predicted secretome using a bioinformatic pipeline built on V. nonalfalfae genome data, RNA-Seq and proteomic studies of the interaction with hop. The secretome, rich in carbohydrate active enzymes, proteases, redox proteins and proteins involved in secondary metabolism, cellular processing and signaling, includes 263 CSEPs. Several homologs of known fungal effectors (LysM, NLPs, Hce2, Cerato-platanins, Cyanovirin-N lectins, hydrophobins and CFEM domain containing proteins) and avirulence determinants in the PHI database (Avr-Pita1 and MgSM1) were found. The majority of CSEPs were non-annotated and were narrowed down to 44 top priority candidates based on their likelihood of being effectors. These were examined by spatio-temporal gene expression profiling of infected hop. Among the highest in planta expressed CSEPs, five deletion mutants were tested in pathogenicity assays. A deletion mutant of VnaUn.279, a lethal pathotype specific gene with sequence similarity to SAM-dependent methyltransferase (LaeA), had lower infectivity and showed highly reduced virulence, but no changes in morphology, fungal growth or conidiation were observed. Several putative secreted effector proteins that probably contribute to V. nonalfalfae colonization of hop were identified in this study. Among them, LaeA gene homolog was found to act as a potential novel virulence effector of V. nonalfalfae. The combined results will serve for future characterization of V. nonalfalfae effectors, which will advance our understanding of Verticillium wilt disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Marton
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Flajšman
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Katarina Košmelj
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Branka Javornik
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sabina Berne
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Sivka U, Toplak N, Koren S, Jakše J. De novo transcriptome of the pallial gland of the date mussel ( Lithophaga lithophaga ). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D: Genomics and Proteomics 2018; 26:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Čerenak A, Jakše J, Javornik B. Identification and Differentiation of Hop Varieties Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-62-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Čerenak
- Institute of Hop Research and Brewing Žalec, Žalskega tabora 2, SI-3310 Žalec, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Breeding, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Branka Javornik
- Institute of Hop Research and Brewing Žalec, Žalskega tabora 2, SI-3310 Žalec, Slovenia
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Breeding, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Progar V, Jakše J, Štajner N, Radišek S, Javornik B, Berne S. Comparative transcriptional analysis of hop responses to infection with Verticillium nonalfalfae. Plant Cell Rep 2017; 36:1599-1613. [PMID: 28698905 PMCID: PMC5602066 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Dynamic transcriptome profiling revealed excessive, yet ineffective, immune response to V. nonalfalfae infection in susceptible hop, global gene downregulation in shoots of resistant hop and only a few infection-associated genes in roots. Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) production is hampered by Verticillium wilt, a disease predominantly caused by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium nonalfalfae. Only a few hop cultivars exhibit resistance towards it and mechanisms of this resistance have not been discovered. In this study, we compared global transcriptional responses in roots and shoots of resistant and susceptible hop plants infected by a lethal strain of V. nonalfalfae. Time-series differential gene expression profiles between infected and mock inoculated plants were determined and subjected to network-based analysis of functional enrichment. In the resistant hop cultivar, a remarkably low number of genes were differentially expressed in roots in response to V. nonalfalfae infection, while the majority of differentially expressed genes were down-regulated in shoots. The most significantly affected genes were related to cutin biosynthesis, cell wall biogenesis, lateral root development and terpenoid biosynthesis. On the other hand, susceptible hop exhibited a strong defence response in shoots and roots, including increased expression of genes associated with plant responses, such as innate immunity, wounding, jasmonic acid pathway and chitinase activity. Strong induction of defence-associated genes in susceptible hop and a low number of infection-responsive genes in the roots of resistant hop are consistent with previous findings, confirming the pattern of excessive response of the susceptible cultivar, which ultimately fails to protect the plant from V. nonalfalfae. This research offers a multifaceted overview of transcriptional responses of susceptible and resistant hop cultivars to V. nonalfalfae infection and represents a valuable resource in the study of this plant-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasja Progar
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Štajner
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sebastjan Radišek
- Plant Protection Department, Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Žalec, Slovenia
| | - Branka Javornik
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sabina Berne
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Pokorn T, Radišek S, Javornik B, Štajner N, Jakše J. Development of hop transcriptome to support research into host-viroid interactions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184528. [PMID: 28886174 PMCID: PMC5590963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Viroids, the smallest known pathogens, unable to encode any proteins, can cause severe diseases in their host plants. One of the proposed mechanisms of their pathogenicity includes silencing the host's genes via viroid-derived small RNAs, which are products of the host's immune response to the viroid's double stranded RNA. Humulus lupulus (hop) plants are hosts to several viroids; two of them, HLVd and CBCVd, are interesting models for studying host-viroid interactions, due to the symptomless infection of the former and severe stunting disease caused by the latter. To study these interactions, we constructed a deep hop NGS transcriptome based on 35 Gb paired-end sequencing data assembled into over 74 Mb of contigs. These transcripts were used for in-silico prediction of target transcripts of vd-sRNA of the two aforementioned viroids, using two different software tools. Prediction models revealed that 1062 and 1387 hop transcripts share nucleotide similarities with HLVd- and CBCVd-derived small RNAs, respectively, so they could be silenced in an RNA interference process. Furthermore, we selected 17 transcripts from 4 groups of targets involved in the metabolism of plant hormones, small RNA biogenesis, transcripts with high complementarity with viroid-derived small RNAs and transcripts targeted by CBCVd-derived small RNAs with high cellular concentrations. Their expression was monitored by reverse transcription quantitative PCR performed using leaf, flower and cone samples. Additionally, the expression of 5 pathogenesis related genes was monitored. Expression analysis confirmed high expression levels of four pathogenesis related genes in leaves of HLVd and CBCVd infected hop plants. Expression fluctuations were observed for the majority of targets, with possible evidence of downregulation of GATA transcription factor by CBCVd- and of linoleate 13S-lipoxygenase by HLVd-derived small RNAs. These results provide a deep transcriptome of hop and the first insights into complex viroid-hop plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Pokorn
- Agronomy Department, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sebastjan Radišek
- Department of Plant Protection, Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Žalec, Slovenia
| | - Branka Javornik
- Agronomy Department, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Štajner
- Agronomy Department, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Agronomy Department, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Matoušek J, Siglová K, Jakše J, Radišek S, Brass JRJ, Tsushima T, Guček T, Duraisamy GS, Sano T, Steger G. Propagation and some physiological effects of Citrus bark cracking viroid and Apple fruit crinkle viroid in multiple infected hop (Humulus lupulus L.). J Plant Physiol 2017; 213:166-177. [PMID: 28395198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The hop metabolome important for the brewing industry and for medical purposes is endangered worldwide due to multiple viroid infections affecting hop physiology. Combinatorial biolistic hop inoculation with Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd), Apple fruit crinkle viroid (AFCVd), Hop latent viroid, and Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) showed a low CBCVd compatibility with HSVd, while all other viroid combinations were highly compatible. Unlike to other viroids, single CBCVd propagation showed a significant excess of (-) over (+) strands in hop, tomato, and Nicotiana benthamiana, but not in citruses. Inoculation of hop with all viroids led to multiple infections with unstable viroid levels in individual plants in the pre- and post-dormancy periods, and to high plant mortality and morphological disorders. Hop isolates of CBCVd and AFCVd were highly stable, only minor quasispecies were detected. CBCVd caused a strong suppression of some crucial mRNAs related to the hop prenylflavonoid biosynthesis pathway, while AFCVd-caused effects were moderate. According to mRNA degradome analysis, this suppression was not caused by a direct viroid-specific small RNA-mediated degradation. CBCVd infection led to a strong induction of two hop transcription factors from WRKY family and to a disbalance of WRKY/WDR1 complexes important for activation of lupulin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matoušek
- Biology Centre ASCR v.v.i, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - K Siglová
- Biology Centre ASCR v.v.i, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic; University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - J Jakše
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Agronomy, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - S Radišek
- Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Cesta Žalskega tabora 2, SI-3310 Žalec, Slovenia
| | - Joseph R J Brass
- Institute of Physical Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - T Tsushima
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Bubkyo-cho, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
| | - T Guček
- Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Cesta Žalskega tabora 2, SI-3310 Žalec, Slovenia
| | - G S Duraisamy
- Biology Centre ASCR v.v.i, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - T Sano
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Bubkyo-cho, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
| | - G Steger
- Institute of Physical Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40204 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Jelen V, de Jonge R, Van de Peer Y, Javornik B, Jakše J. Complete mitochondrial genome of the Verticillium-wilt causing plant pathogen Verticillium nonalfalfae. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148525. [PMID: 26839950 PMCID: PMC4739603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Verticillium nonalfalfae is a fungal plant pathogen that causes wilt disease by colonizing the vascular tissues of host plants. The disease induced by hop isolates of V. nonalfalfae manifests in two different forms, ranging from mild symptoms to complete plant dieback, caused by mild and lethal pathotypes, respectively. Pathogenicity variations between the causal strains have been attributed to differences in genomic sequences and perhaps also to differences in their mitochondrial genomes. We used data from our recent Illumina NGS-based project of genome sequencing V. nonalfalfae to study the mitochondrial genomes of its different strains. The aim of the research was to prepare a V. nonalfalfae reference mitochondrial genome and to determine its phylogenetic placement in the fungal kingdom. The resulting 26,139 bp circular DNA molecule contains a full complement of the 14 "standard" fungal mitochondrial protein-coding genes of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase subunits, together with a small rRNA subunit, a large rRNA subunit, which contains ribosomal protein S3 encoded within a type IA-intron and 26 tRNAs. Phylogenetic analysis of this mitochondrial genome placed it in the Verticillium spp. lineage in the Glomerellales group, which is also supported by previous phylogenetic studies based on nuclear markers. The clustering with the closely related Verticillium dahliae mitochondrial genome showed a very conserved synteny and a high sequence similarity. Two distinguishing mitochondrial genome features were also found-a potential long non-coding RNA (orf414) contained only in the Verticillium spp. of the fungal kingdom, and a specific fragment length polymorphism observed only in V. dahliae and V. nubilum of all the Verticillium spp., thus showing potential as a species specific biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vid Jelen
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ronnie de Jonge
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Gent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Gent University, Gent, Belgium
- Bioinformatics Institute Ghent, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Branka Javornik
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Antony B, Soffan A, Jakše J, Abdelazim MM, Aldosari SA, Aldawood AS, Pain A. Identification of the genes involved in odorant reception and detection in the palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, an important quarantine pest, by antennal transcriptome analysis. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:69. [PMID: 26800671 PMCID: PMC4722740 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2362-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Red Palm Weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliver) is one of the most damaging invasive insect species in the world. This weevil is highly specialized to thrive in adverse desert climates, and it causes major economic losses due to its effects on palm trees around the world. RPWs locate palm trees by means of plant volatile cues and use an aggregation pheromone to coordinate a mass-attack. Here we report on the high throughput sequencing of the RPW antennal transcriptome and present a description of the highly expressed chemosensory gene families. Results Deep sequencing and assembly of the RPW antennal transcriptome yielded 35,667 transcripts with an average length of 857 bp and identified a large number of highly expressed transcripts of odorant binding proteins (OBPs), chemosensory proteins (CSPs), odorant receptors/co-receptors (ORs/Orcos), sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs), gustatory receptors (GRs) and ionotropic receptors (IRs). In total, 38 OBPs, 12 CSPs, 76 ORs, 1 Orco, 6 SNMPs, 15 GRs and 10 IRs were annotated in the R. ferrugineus antennal transcriptome. A comparative transcriptome analysis with the bark beetle showed that 25 % of the blast hits were unique to R. ferrugineus, indicating a higher, more complete transcript coverage for R. ferrugineus. We categorized the RPW ORs into seven subfamilies of coleopteran ORs and predicted two new subfamilies of ORs. The OR protein sequences were compared with those of the flour beetle, the cerambycid beetle and the bark beetle, and we identified coleopteran-specific, highly conserved ORs as well as unique ORs that are putatively involved in RPW aggregation pheromone detection. We identified 26 Minus-C OBPs and 8 Plus-C OBPs and grouped R. ferrugineus OBPs into different OBP-subfamilies according to phylogeny, which indicated significant species-specific expansion and divergence in R. ferrugineus. We also identified a diverse family of CSP proteins, as well as a coleopteran-specific CSP lineage that diverged from Diptera and Lepidoptera. We identified several extremely diverged IR orthologues as well as highly conserved insect IR co-receptor orthologous transcripts in R. ferrugineus. Notably, GR orthologous transcripts for CO2-sensing and sweet tastants were identified in R. ferrugineus, and we found a great diversity of GRs within the coleopteran family. With respect to SNMP-1 and SNMP-2 orthologous transcripts, one SNMP-1 orthologue was found to be strikingly highly expressed in the R. ferrugineus antennal transcriptome. Conclusion Our study presents the first comprehensive catalogue of olfactory gene families involved in pheromone and general odorant detection in R. ferrugineus, which are potential novel targets for pest control strategies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2362-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binu Antony
- Department of Plant Protection, Chair of Date Palm Research, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Alan Soffan
- Department of Plant Protection, Chair of Date Palm Research, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Mahmoud M Abdelazim
- Department of Plant Protection, Chair of Date Palm Research, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Saleh A Aldosari
- Department of Plant Protection, Chair of Date Palm Research, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Arnab Pain
- BASE Division, KAUST, Thuwal, Jeddah, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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Antony B, Soffan A, Jakše J, Alfaifi S, Sutanto KD, Aldosari SA, Aldawood AS, Pain A. Genes involved in sex pheromone biosynthesis of Ephestia cautella, an important food storage pest, are determined by transcriptome sequencing. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:532. [PMID: 26187652 PMCID: PMC4506583 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1710-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insects use pheromones, chemical signals that underlie all animal behaviors, for communication and for attracting mates. Synthetic pheromones are widely used in pest control strategies because they are environmentally safe. The production of insect pheromones in transgenic plants, which could be more economical and effective in producing isomerically pure compounds, has recently been successfully demonstrated. This research requires information regarding the pheromone biosynthetic pathways and the characterization of pheromone biosynthetic enzymes (PBEs). We used Illumina sequencing to characterize the pheromone gland (PG) transcriptome of the Pyralid moth, Ephestia cautella, a destructive storage pest, to reveal putative candidate genes involved in pheromone biosynthesis, release, transport and degradation. RESULTS We isolated the E. cautella pheromone compound as (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate, and the major pheromone precursors 16:acyl, 14:acyl, E14-16:acyl, E12-14:acyl and Z9,E12-14:acyl. Based on the abundance of precursors, two possible pheromone biosynthetic pathways are proposed. Both pathways initiate from C16:acyl-CoA, with one involving ∆14 and ∆9 desaturation to generate Z9,E12-14:acyl, and the other involving the chain shortening of C16:acyl-CoA to C14:acyl-CoA, followed by ∆12 and ∆9 desaturation to generate Z9,E12-14:acyl-CoA. Then, a final reduction and acetylation generates Z9,E12-14:OAc. Illumina sequencing yielded 83,792 transcripts, and we obtained a PG transcriptome of ~49.5 Mb. A total of 191 PBE transcripts, which included pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptides, fatty acid transport proteins, acetyl-CoA carboxylases, fatty acid synthases, desaturases, β-oxidation enzymes, fatty acyl-CoA reductases (FARs) and fatty acetyltransferases (FATs), were selected from the dataset. A comparison of the E. cautella transcriptome data with three other Lepidoptera PG datasets revealed that 45% of the sequences were shared. Phylogenetic trees were constructed for desaturases, FARs and FATs, and transcripts that clustered with the ∆14, ∆12 and ∆9 desaturases, PG-specific FARs and potential candidate FATs, respectively, were identified. Transcripts encoding putative pheromone degrading enzymes, and candidate pheromone carrier and receptor proteins expressed in the E. cautella PG, were also identified. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides important background information on the enzymes involved in pheromone biosynthesis. This information will be useful for the in vitro production of E. cautella sex pheromones and may provide potential targets for disrupting the pheromone-based communication system of E. cautella to prevent infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binu Antony
- Department of Plant Protection, King Saud University, Chair of Date Palm Research, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Alan Soffan
- Department of Plant Protection, King Saud University, Chair of Date Palm Research, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Plant Protection, King Saud University, EERU, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Agronomy Department, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Sulieman Alfaifi
- Department of Plant Protection, King Saud University, Chair of Date Palm Research, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Koko D Sutanto
- Department of Plant Protection, King Saud University, Chair of Date Palm Research, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Saleh A Aldosari
- Department of Plant Protection, King Saud University, Chair of Date Palm Research, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Arnab Pain
- BASE Division, KAUST, Thuwal, Jeddah, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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Tomanović Ž, Kos K, Petrović A, Starý P, Kavallieratos N, Žikić V, Jakše J, Trdan S, Ivanović A. The relationship between molecular variation and variation in the wing shape of three aphid parasitoid species: Aphidius uzbekistanicus Luzhetzki, Aphidius rhopalosiphi De Stefani Perez and Aphidius avenaphis (Fitch) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae). ZOOL ANZ 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Howard EL, Whittock SP, Jakše J, Carling J, Matthews PD, Probasco G, Henning JA, Darby P, Cerenak A, Javornik B, Kilian A, Koutoulis A. High-throughput genotyping of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) utilising diversity arrays technology (DArT). Theor Appl Genet 2011; 122:1265-1280. [PMID: 21243330 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-011-1529-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Implementation of molecular methods in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) breeding is dependent on the availability of sizeable numbers of polymorphic markers and a comprehensive understanding of genetic variation. However, use of molecular marker technology is limited due to expense, time inefficiency, laborious methodology and dependence on DNA sequence information. Diversity arrays technology (DArT) is a high-throughput cost-effective method for the discovery of large numbers of quality polymorphic markers without reliance on DNA sequence information. This study is the first to utilise DArT for hop genotyping, identifying 730 polymorphic markers from 92 hop accessions. The marker quality was high and similar to the quality of DArT markers previously generated for other species; although percentage polymorphism and polymorphism information content (PIC) were lower than in previous studies deploying other marker systems in hop. Genetic relationships in hop illustrated by DArT in this study coincide with knowledge generated using alternate methods. Several statistical analyses separated the hop accessions into genetically differentiated North American and European groupings, with hybrids between the two groups clearly distinguishable. Levels of genetic diversity were similar in the North American and European groups, but higher in the hybrid group. The markers produced from this time and cost-efficient genotyping tool will be a valuable resource for numerous applications in hop breeding and genetics studies, such as mapping, marker-assisted selection, genetic identity testing, guidance in the maintenance of genetic diversity and the directed breeding of superior cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Howard
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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Jakše J, Meyer JDF, Suzuki G, McCallum J, Cheung F, Town CD, Havey MJ. Pilot sequencing of onion genomic DNA reveals fragments of transposable elements, low gene densities, and significant gene enrichment after methyl filtration. Mol Genet Genomics 2008; 280:287-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-008-0364-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Radišek S, Jakše J, Javornik B. Development of Pathotype-Specific SCAR Markers for Detection of Verticillium albo-atrum Isolates from Hop. Plant Dis 2004; 88:1115-1122. [PMID: 30795253 DOI: 10.1094/pdis.2004.88.10.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were developed for the identification and detection of Verticillium albo-atrum hop pathotypes PG1 and PG2 from Slovenia. Of 17 pathotype-linked amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, 11 were cloned successfully and sequenced. To convert polymorphic AFLP markers into pathotype-specific sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers, 22 PG2- and 10 PG1-specific primer pairs were designed from 16 sequences. When primer specificity was tested on a wide range of Verticillium isolates, 10 PG2- and 6 PG1-specific primer pairs retained amplification specificity for V. albo-atrum Slovene hop isolates, but also amplified sequences in V. albo-atrum and V. dahliae hop isolates from different hop production areas in Europe, as well as in some isolates from other hosts. Primer combinations obtained from the AFLP-9-1 marker were specific only for V. albo-atrum PG2 isolates. The highly specific primers were used in multiplex PCR and a nested PCR to detect the V. albo-atrum PG2 pathotype in xylem tissue of hop plants. These new SCAR markers provide a valuable tool for rapid identification of V. albo-atrum PG1 and PG2 hop pathotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastjan Radišek
- Plant Protection Department, Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Cesta Žalskega tabora 2, SI-3310 Žalec, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Breeding, Agronomy Department, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Branka Javornik
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Breeding, Agronomy Department, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
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Radišek S, Jakše J, Simončič A, Javornik B. Characterization of Verticillium albo-atrum Field Isolates Using Pathogenicity Data and AFLP Analysis. Plant Dis 2003; 87:633-638. [PMID: 30812852 DOI: 10.1094/pdis.2003.87.6.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Since 1997, hop wilt induced by a virulent pathotype of Verticillium albo-atrum has caused considerable economic losses in hop fields in Slovenia. In all, 20 isolates of V. albo-atrum, including 12 from plants affected with the lethal form (PG2) of hop wilt, 6 from plants with the mild form (PG1), 1 from cucumber, and 1 from petunia, as well as 1 isolate of V. dahliae each from hop and green pepper, were analyzed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Differences in the virulence of hop isolates were confirmed by pathogenicity tests on hop cultivars. The AFLP method was optimized for analysis of these fungi and 7 of 39 primer combinations tested were used for the analysis of polymorphism among isolates. Cluster analysis of AFLP data divided the isolates into two, well-separated V. albo-atrum and V. dahliae clusters, confirming that the two species are genetically distinct. Within the V. albo-atrum cluster, isolates were further separated into two distinct groups: the A1 group contained PG1 hop pathotype and cucumber and petunia isolates, and the A2 group all hop isolates of the PG2 pathotype. Minor genetic variation was detected within pathotype-associated AFLP groups, but the clear separation of V. albo-atrum hop isolates according to their level of virulence shows genetic differentiation among hop V. albo-atrum pathotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastjan Radišek
- Plant Protection Department, Institute of Hop Research and Brewing Žalec, Cesta Žalskega tabora 2, 3310 Žalec, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Breeding, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Simončič
- Plant Protection Department, Institute of Hop Research and Brewing Žalec
| | - Branka Javornik
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Breeding, Biotechnical Faculty
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