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Medina-Puche L. Editorial: Advances in molecular plant pathology, plant abiotic and biotic stress. Front Plant Sci 2024; 15:1398469. [PMID: 38584947 PMCID: PMC10995379 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1398469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Medina-Puche
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
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Ramamoorthy S, Pena M, Ghosh P, Liao YY, Paret M, Jones JB, Potnis N. Transcriptome profiling of type VI secretion system core gene tssM mutant of Xanthomonas perforans highlights regulators controlling diverse functions ranging from virulence to metabolism. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0285223. [PMID: 38018859 PMCID: PMC10782981 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02852-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE T6SS has received attention due to its significance in mediating interorganismal competition through contact-dependent release of effector molecules into prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Reverse-genetic studies have indicated the role of T6SS in virulence in a variety of plant pathogenic bacteria, including the one studied here, Xanthomonas. However, it is not clear whether such effect on virulence is merely due to a shift in the microbiome-mediated protection or if T6SS is involved in a complex virulence regulatory network. In this study, we conducted in vitro transcriptome profiling in minimal medium to decipher the signaling pathways regulated by tssM-i3* in X. perforans AL65. We show that TssM-i3* regulates the expression of a suite of genes associated with virulence and metabolism either directly or indirectly by altering the transcription of several regulators. These findings further expand our knowledge on the intricate molecular circuits regulated by T6SS in phytopathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar Ramamoorthy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Michelle Pena
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Palash Ghosh
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Ying-Yu Liao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mathews Paret
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Neha Potnis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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Tendiuk N, Diakonova A, Petrova O, Mukhametzyanov T, Makshakova O, Gorshkov V. Svx Peptidases of Phytopathogenic Pectolytic Bacteria: Structural, Catalytic and Phytoimmune Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:756. [PMID: 38255830 PMCID: PMC10815107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Svx proteins are virulence factors secreted by phytopathogenic bacteria of the Pectobacterium genus into the host plant cell wall. Svx-encoding genes are present in almost all species of the soft rot Pectobacteriaceae (Pectobacterium and Dickeya genera). The Svx of P. atrosepticum (Pba) has been shown to be a gluzincin metallopeptidase that presumably targets plant extensins, proteins that contribute to plant cell wall rigidity and participate in cell signaling. However, the particular "output" of the Pba Svx action in terms of plant-pathogen interactions and plant immune responses remained unknown. The Svx proteins are largely unexplored in Dickeya species, even though some of them have genes encoding two Svx homologs. Therefore, our study aims to compare the structural and catalytic properties of the Svx proteins of Pba and D. solani (Dso) and to test the phytoimmune properties of these proteins. Two assayed Dso Svx proteins, similar to Pba Svx, were gluzincin metallopeptidases with conservative tertiary structures. The two domains of the Svx proteins form electronegative clefts where the active centers of the peptidase domains are located. All three assayed Svx proteins possessed phytoimmunosuppressory properties and induced ethylene-mediated plant susceptible responses that play a decisive role in Pba-caused disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tendiuk
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (N.T.); (A.D.); (O.P.); (O.M.)
| | - Anastasiya Diakonova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (N.T.); (A.D.); (O.P.); (O.M.)
| | - Olga Petrova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (N.T.); (A.D.); (O.P.); (O.M.)
| | - Timur Mukhametzyanov
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Olga Makshakova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (N.T.); (A.D.); (O.P.); (O.M.)
| | - Vladimir Gorshkov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (N.T.); (A.D.); (O.P.); (O.M.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
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Lahari Z, van Boerdonk S, Omoboye OO, Reichelt M, Höfte M, Gershenzon J, Gheysen G, Ullah C. Strigolactone deficiency induces jasmonate, sugar and flavonoid phytoalexin accumulation enhancing rice defense against the blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae. New Phytol 2024; 241:827-844. [PMID: 37974472 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid-derived phytohormones that regulate plant growth and development. While root-secreted SLs are well-known to facilitate plant symbiosis with beneficial microbes, the role of SLs in plant interactions with pathogenic microbes remains largely unexplored. Using genetic and biochemical approaches, we demonstrate a negative role of SLs in rice (Oryza sativa) defense against the blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae (syn. Magnaporthe oryzae). We found that SL biosynthesis and perception mutants, and wild-type (WT) plants after chemical inhibition of SLs, were less susceptible to P. oryzae. Strigolactone deficiency also resulted in a higher accumulation of jasmonates, soluble sugars and flavonoid phytoalexins in rice leaves. Likewise, in response to P. oryzae infection, SL signaling was downregulated, while jasmonate and sugar content increased markedly. The jar1 mutant unable to synthesize jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine, and the coi1-18 RNAi line perturbed in jasmonate signaling, both accumulated lower levels of sugars. However, when WT seedlings were sprayed with glucose or sucrose, jasmonate accumulation increased, suggesting a reciprocal positive interplay between jasmonates and sugars. Finally, we showed that functional jasmonate signaling is necessary for SL deficiency to induce rice defense against P. oryzae. We conclude that a reduction in rice SL content reduces P. oryzae susceptibility by activating jasmonate and sugar signaling pathways, and flavonoid phytoalexin accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zobaida Lahari
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Sarah van Boerdonk
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Olumide Owolabi Omoboye
- Department of Plants and Crops, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 220005, Nigeria
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Monica Höfte
- Department of Plants and Crops, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | | | - Chhana Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
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von Dahlen JK, Schulz K, Nicolai J, Rose LE. Global expression patterns of R-genes in tomato and potato. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1216795. [PMID: 37965025 PMCID: PMC10641715 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1216795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Introduction As key-players of plant immunity, the proteins encoded by resistance genes (R-genes) recognize pathogens and initiate pathogen-specific defense responses. The expression of some R-genes carry fitness costs and therefore inducible immune responses are likely advantageous. To what degree inducible resistance driven by R-genes is triggered by pathogen infection is currently an open question. Methods In this study we analyzed the expression of 940 R-genes of tomato and potato across 315 transcriptome libraries to investigate how interspecific interactions with microbes influence R-gene expression in plants. Results We found that most R-genes are expressed at a low level. A small subset of R-genes had moderate to high levels of expression and were expressed across many independent libraries, irrespective of infection status. These R-genes include members of the class of genes called NRCs (NLR required for cell death). Approximately 10% of all R-genes were differentially expressed during infection and this included both up- and down-regulation. One factor associated with the large differences in R-gene expression was host tissue, reflecting a considerable degree of tissue-specific transcriptional regulation of this class of genes. Discussion These results call into question the widespread view that R-gene expression is induced upon pathogen attack. Instead, a small core set of R-genes is constitutively expressed, imparting upon the plant a ready-to-detect and defend status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina K. von Dahlen
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
- iGRAD-Plant Graduate School, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schulz
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
- Ceplas, Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jessica Nicolai
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura E. Rose
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
- Ceplas, Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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6
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Qiao SA, Gao Z, Roth R. A perspective on cross-kingdom RNA interference in mutualistic symbioses. New Phytol 2023; 240:68-79. [PMID: 37452489 PMCID: PMC10952549 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is arguably one of the more versatile mechanisms in cell biology, facilitating the fine regulation of gene expression and protection against mobile genomic elements, whilst also constituting a key aspect of induced plant immunity. More recently, the use of this mechanism to regulate gene expression in heterospecific partners - cross-kingdom RNAi (ckRNAi) - has been shown to form a critical part of bidirectional interactions between hosts and endosymbionts, regulating the interplay between microbial infection mechanisms and host immunity. Here, we review the current understanding of ckRNAi as it relates to interactions between plants and their pathogenic and mutualistic endosymbionts, with particular emphasis on evidence in support of ckRNAi in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena A Qiao
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Zongyu Gao
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Ronelle Roth
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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Mulaudzi PE, Koorsen G, Mwaba I, Mahomed NB, Allie F. The identification of the methylation patterns of tomato curly stunt virus in resistant and susceptible tomato lines. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1135442. [PMID: 37346143 PMCID: PMC10281181 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1135442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Tomato curly stunt virus (ToCSV) is a monopartite begomovirus infecting tomatoes in South Africa, with sequence similarity to tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). While there are numerous reports on the mechanism of TYLCV resistance in tomato, the underlying mechanisms in the tomato-ToCSV pathosystem is still relatively unknown. The main aim of this study was to investigate and compare the global methylation profile of ToCSV in two near-isogenic tomato lines, one with a tolerant phenotype (T, NIL396) and one with a susceptible phenotype (S, NIL395). Bisulfite conversion and PCR amplification, coupled with a next-generation sequencing approach, were used to elucidate the global pattern of methylation of ToCSV cytosine residues in T and S leave tissue at 35 days post-infection (dpi). The extent of methylation was more pronounced in tolerant plants compared to susceptible plants in all sequence (CG, CHG and CHH) contexts, however, the overall methylation levels were relatively low (<3%). Notably, a significant interaction (p < 0.05) was observed between the viral genomic region and susceptible vs. tolerant status for CG methylated regions where it was observed that the 3'IR CG methylation was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than CG methylation of other genomic regions in tolerant and susceptible plants. Additionally, statistically significant (EdgeR p < 0.05) differentially methylated cytosines were located primarily in the genomic regions V2/V1 and C4/C1 of ToCSV. The relative expression, using RT-qPCR, was also employed in order to quantify the expression of various key methylation-related genes, MET1, CMT2, KYP4/SUVH4, DML2, RDM1, AGO4 and AGO6 in T vs. S plants at 35dpi. The differential expression between T and S was significant for MET1, KYP4/SUVH4 and RDM1 at p<0.05 which further supports more pronounced methylation observed in ToCSV from T plants vs. S plants. While this study provides new insights into the differences in methylation profiles of ToCSV in S vs. T tomato plants, further research is required to link tolerance and susceptibility to ToCSV.
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Banfield MJ. Manipulation of plant immunity via an mRNA decapping pathogen effector. New Phytol 2023. [PMID: 37096655 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Banfield
- Department of Biochemistry & Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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Puttilli MR, Danzi D, Correia C, Brandi J, Cecconi D, Manfredi M, Marengo E, Santos C, Spinelli F, Polverari A, Vandelle E. Plant Signals Anticipate the Induction of the Type III Secretion System in Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, Facilitating Efficient Temperature-Dependent Effector Translocation. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0207322. [PMID: 36287008 PMCID: PMC9770001 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02073-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease resistance in plants depends on a molecular dialogue with microbes that involves many known chemical effectors, but the time course of the interaction and the influence of the environment are largely unknown. The outcome of host-pathogen interactions is thought to reflect the offensive and defensive capabilities of both players. When plants interact with Pseudomonas syringae, several well-characterized virulence factors contribute to early bacterial pathogenicity, including the type III secretion system (T3SS), which must be activated by signals from the plant and environment to allow the secretion of virulence effectors. The manner in which these signals regulate T3SS activity is still unclear. Here, we strengthen the paradigm of the plant-pathogen molecular dialogue by addressing overlooked details concerning the timing of interactions, specifically the role of plant signals and temperature on the regulation of bacterial virulence during the first few hours of the interaction. Whole-genome expression profiling after 1 h revealed that the perception of plant signals from kiwifruit or tomato extracts anticipated T3SS expression in P. syringae pv. actinidiae compared to apoplast-like conditions, facilitating more efficient effector transport in planta, as revealed by the induction of a temperature-dependent hypersensitive response in the nonhost plant Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia-0 (Col-0). Our results show that in the arms race between plants and bacteria, the temperature-dependent timing of bacterial virulence versus the induction of plant defenses is probably one of the fundamental parameters governing the outcome of the interaction. IMPORTANCE Plant diseases-their occurrence and severity-result from the impact of three factors: the host, the pathogen, and the environmental conditions, interconnected in the disease triangle. Time was further included as a fourth factor accounting for plant disease, leading to a more realistic three-dimensional disease pyramid to represent the evolution of disease over time. However, this representation still considers time only as a parameter determining when and to what extent a disease will occur, at a scale from days to months. Here, we show that time is a factor regulating the arms race between plants and pathogens, at a scale from minutes to hours, and strictly depends on environmental factors. Thus, besides the arms possessed by pathogens and plants per se, the opportunity and the timing of arms mobilization make the difference in determining the outcome of an interaction and thus the occurrence of plant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davide Danzi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cristiana Correia
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Department of Biology, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jessica Brandi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Daniela Cecconi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marcello Manfredi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune & Allergic Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Emilio Marengo
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Conceição Santos
- Department of Biology, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francesco Spinelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Elodie Vandelle
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Reveglia P, Billones-Baaijens R, Savocchia S. Phytotoxic Metabolites Produced by Fungi Involved in Grapevine Trunk Diseases: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:3382. [PMID: 36501420 PMCID: PMC9736528 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs), caused by fungal pathogens, are a serious threat to vineyards worldwide, causing significant yield and economic loss. To date, curative methods are not available for GTDs, and the relationship between the pathogen and symptom expression is poorly understood. Several plant pathologists, molecular biologists, and chemists have been investigating different aspects of the pathogenicity, biochemistry, and chemical ecology of the fungal species involved in GTDs. Many studies have been conducted to investigate virulence factors, including the chemical characterization of phytotoxic metabolites (PMs) that assist fungi in invading and colonizing crops such as grapevines. Moreover, multidisciplinary studies on their role in pathogenicity, symptom development, and plant-pathogen interactions have also been carried out. The aim of the present review is to provide an illustrative overview of the biological and chemical characterization of PMs produced by fungi involved in Eutypa dieback, Esca complex, and Botryosphaeria dieback. Moreover, multidisciplinary investigations on host-pathogen interactions, including those using cutting-edge Omics techniques, will also be reviewed and discussed. Finally, challenges and opportunities in the role of PMs for reliable field diagnosis and control of GTDs in vineyards will also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandra Savocchia
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
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Ullah C, Schmidt A, Reichelt M, Tsai CJ, Gershenzon J. Lack of antagonism between salicylic acid and jasmonate signalling pathways in poplar. New Phytol 2022; 235:701-717. [PMID: 35489087 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) often play distinct roles in plant defence against pathogens. Research from Arabidopsis thaliana has established that SA- and JA-mediated defences are more effective against biotrophs and necrotrophs, respectively. These two hormones often interact antagonistically in response to particular attackers, with the induction of one leading to suppression of the other. Here, we report a contrasting pattern in the woody perennial Populus: positive SA-JA interplay. Using genetically engineered high SA lines of black poplar and wild-type lines after exogenous hormone application, we quantified SA and JA metabolites, signalling gene transcripts, antifungal flavonoids and resistance to rust (Melampsora larici-populina). Salicylic acid and JA metabolites were induced concurrently upon rust infection in poplar genotypes with varying resistance levels. Analysis of SA-hyperaccumulating transgenic poplar lines showed increased jasmonate levels, elevated flavonoid content and enhanced rust resistance, but no discernible reduction in growth. Exogenous application of either SA or JA triggered the accumulation of the other hormone. Expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, frequently used as markers for SA signalling, was not correlated with SA content, but rather activated in proportion to pathogen infection. We conclude that SA and JA pathways interact positively in poplar resulting in the accumulation of flavonoid phytoalexins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhana Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Chung-Jui Tsai
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
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Burch-Smith T, Heinlein M, Lee JY. Editorial: Plasmodesmata: Recent Progress and New Insights. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:840821. [PMID: 35401632 PMCID: PMC8987972 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.840821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jung-Youn Lee
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
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Jeseničnik T, Štajner N, Radišek S, Mishra AK, Košmelj K, Kunej U, Jakše J. Discovery of microRNA-like Small RNAs in Pathogenic Plant Fungus Verticillium nonalfalfae Using High-Throughput Sequencing and qPCR and RLM-RACE Validation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:900. [PMID: 35055083 PMCID: PMC8778906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Verticillium nonalfalfae (V. nonalfalfae) is one of the most problematic hop (Humulus lupulus L.) pathogens, as the highly virulent fungal pathotypes cause severe annual yield losses due to infections of entire hop fields. In recent years, the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism has become one of the main areas of focus in plant-fungal pathogen interaction studies and has been implicated as one of the major contributors to fungal pathogenicity. MicroRNA-like RNAs (milRNAs) have been identified in several important plant pathogenic fungi; however, to date, no milRNA has been reported in the V. nonalfalfae species. In the present study, using a high-throughput sequencing approach and extensive bioinformatics analysis, a total of 156 milRNA precursors were identified in the annotated V. nonalfalfae genome, and 27 of these milRNA precursors were selected as true milRNA candidates, with appropriate microRNA hairpin secondary structures. The stem-loop RT-qPCR assay was used for milRNA validation; a total of nine V. nonalfalfae milRNAs were detected, and their expression was confirmed. The milRNA expression patterns, determined by the absolute quantification approach, imply that milRNAs play an important role in the pathogenicity of highly virulent V. nonalfalfae pathotypes. Computational analysis predicted milRNA targets in the V. nonalfalfae genome and in the host hop transcriptome, and the activity of milRNA-mediated RNAi target cleavage was subsequently confirmed for two selected endogenous fungal target gene models using the 5' RLM-RACE approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taja Jeseničnik
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.J.); (N.Š.); (K.K.); (U.K.)
| | - Nataša Štajner
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.J.); (N.Š.); (K.K.); (U.K.)
| | - Sebastjan Radišek
- Plant Protection Department, Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, 3310 Žalec, Slovenia;
| | - Ajay Kumar Mishra
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| | - Katarina Košmelj
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.J.); (N.Š.); (K.K.); (U.K.)
| | - Urban Kunej
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.J.); (N.Š.); (K.K.); (U.K.)
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.J.); (N.Š.); (K.K.); (U.K.)
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14
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Delplace F, Huard-Chauveau C, Berthomé R, Roby D. Network organization of the plant immune system: from pathogen perception to robust defense induction. Plant J 2022; 109:447-470. [PMID: 34399442 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The plant immune system has been explored essentially through the study of qualitative resistance, a simple form of immunity, and from a reductionist point of view. The recent identification of genes conferring quantitative disease resistance revealed a large array of functions, suggesting more complex mechanisms. In addition, thanks to the advent of high-throughput analyses and system approaches, our view of the immune system has become more integrative, revealing that plant immunity should rather be seen as a distributed and highly connected molecular network including diverse functions to optimize expression of plant defenses to pathogens. Here, we review the recent progress made to understand the network complexity of regulatory pathways leading to plant immunity, from pathogen perception, through signaling pathways and finally to immune responses. We also analyze the topological organization of these networks and their emergent properties, crucial to predict novel immune functions and test them experimentally. Finally, we report how these networks might be regulated by environmental clues. Although system approaches remain extremely scarce in this area of research, a growing body of evidence indicates that the plant response to combined biotic and abiotic stresses cannot be inferred from responses to individual stresses. A view of possible research avenues in this nascent biology domain is finally proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Delplace
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Carine Huard-Chauveau
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Richard Berthomé
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Dominique Roby
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
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15
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Persoons A, Maupetit A, Louet C, Andrieux A, Lipzen A, Barry KW, Na H, Adam C, Grigoriev IV, Segura V, Duplessis S, Frey P, Halkett F, De Mita S. Genomic signatures of a major adaptive event in the pathogenic fungus Melampsora larici-populina. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 14:6468622. [PMID: 34919678 PMCID: PMC8755504 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent availability of genome-wide sequencing techniques has allowed systematic screening for molecular signatures of adaptation, including in nonmodel organisms. Host–pathogen interactions constitute good models due to the strong selective pressures that they entail. We focused on an adaptive event which affected the poplar rust fungus Melampsora larici-populina when it overcame a resistance gene borne by its host, cultivated poplar. Based on 76 virulent and avirulent isolates framing narrowly the estimated date of the adaptive event, we examined the molecular signatures of selection. Using an array of genome scan methods based on different features of nucleotide diversity, we detected a single locus exhibiting a consistent pattern suggestive of a selective sweep in virulent individuals (excess of differentiation between virulent and avirulent samples, linkage disequilibrium, genotype–phenotype statistical association, and long-range haplotypes). Our study pinpoints a single gene and further a single amino acid replacement which may have allowed the adaptive event. Although our samples are nearly contemporary to the selective sweep, it does not seem to have affected genome diversity further than the immediate vicinity of the causal locus, which can be explained by a soft selective sweep (where selection acts on standing variation) and by the impact of recombination in mitigating the impact of selection. Therefore, it seems that properties of the life cycle of M. larici-populina, which entails both high genetic diversity and outbreeding, has facilitated its adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agathe Maupetit
- Université de Lorraine,INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France.,Physiology and Biotechnology of Algae Laboratory,IFREMER, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Anna Lipzen
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Kerrie W Barry
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Hyunsoo Na
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Catherine Adam
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Vincent Segura
- BioForA,INRAE, ONF, Orléans, France.,UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Pascal Frey
- Université de Lorraine,INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France
| | | | - Stéphane De Mita
- Université de Lorraine,INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France.,PHIM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
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16
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Wang J, Haapalainen M, Nissinen AI, Pirhonen M. Dual Transcriptional Profiling of Carrot and ' Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' at Different Stages of Infection Suggests Complex Host-Pathogen Interaction. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2021; 34:1281-1297. [PMID: 34319773 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-20-0274-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between the phloem-limited pathogen 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' haplotype C and carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) were studied at 4, 5, and 9 weeks postinoculation (wpi), by combining dual RNA-Seq results with data on bacterial colonization and observations of the plant phenotype. In the infected plants, genes involved in jasmonate biosynthesis, salicylate signaling, pathogen-associated molecular pattern- and effector-triggered immunity, and production of pathogenesis-related proteins were up-regulated. At 4 wpi, terpenoid synthesis-related genes were up-regulated, presumably as a response to the psyllid feeding, whereas at 5 and 9 wpi, genes involved in both the terpenoid and flavonoid production were down-regulated and phenylpropanoid genes were up-regulated. Chloroplast-related gene expression was down-regulated, in concordance with the observed yellowing of the infected plant leaves. Both the RNA-Seq data and electron microscopy suggested callose accumulation in the infected phloem vessels, likely to impair the transport of photosynthates, while phloem regeneration was suggested by the formation of new sieve cells and the upregulation of cell wall-related gene expression. The 'Ca. L. solanacearum' genes involved in replication, transcription, and translation were expressed at high levels at 4 and 5 wpi, whereas, at 9 wpi, the Flp pilus genes were highly expressed, suggesting adherence and reduced mobility of the bacteria. The 'Ca. L. solanacearum' genes encoding ATP and C4-dicarboxylate uptake were differentially expressed between the early and late infection stages, suggesting a change in the dependence on different host-derived energy sources. HPE1 effector and salicylate hydroxylase were expressed, presumably to suppress host cell death and salicylic acid-dependent defenses during the infection.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Wang
- University of Helsinki, Department of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Haapalainen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne I Nissinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Natural Resources, Tietotie 2C, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Minna Pirhonen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Thieron H, Singh M, Panstruga R. One microRNA-like small RNA - two silencing pathways? New Phytol 2021; 232:464-467. [PMID: 34453746 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Thieron
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52056, Germany
| | - Mansi Singh
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52056, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52056, Germany
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18
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Ji H, Mao H, Li S, Feng T, Zhang Z, Cheng L, Luo S, Borkovich K, Ouyang S. Fol-milR1, a pathogenicity factor of Fusarium oxysporum, confers tomato wilt disease resistance by impairing host immune responses. New Phytol 2021; 232:705-718. [PMID: 33960431 PMCID: PMC8518127 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Although it is well known that miRNAs play crucial roles in multiple biological processes, there is currently no evidence indicating that milRNAs from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) interfere with tomato resistance during infection. Here, using sRNA-seq, we demonstrate that Fol-milR1, a trans-kingdom small RNA, is exported into tomato cells after infection. The knockout strain ∆Fol-milR1 displays attenuated pathogenicity to the susceptible tomato cultivar 'Moneymaker'. On the other hand, Fol-milR1 overexpression strains exhibit enhanced virulence against the resistant cultivar 'Motelle'. Several tomato mRNAs are predicted targets of Fol-milR1. Among these genes, Solyc06g007430 (encoding the CBL-interacting protein kinase, SlyFRG4) is regulated at the posttranscriptional level by Fol-milR1. Furthermore, SlyFRG4 loss-of-function alleles created using CRISPR/Cas9 in tomato ('Motelle') exhibit enhanced disease susceptibility to Fol, further supporting the idea that SlyFRG4 is essential for tomato wilt disease resistance. Notably, our results using immunoprecipitation with specific antiserum suggest that Fol-milR1 interferes with the host immunity machinery by binding to tomato ARGONAUTE 4a (SlyAGO4a). Furthermore, virus-induced gene silenced (VIGS) knock-down SlyAGO4a plants exhibit reduced susceptibility to Fol. Together, our findings support a model in which Fol-milR1 is an sRNA fungal effector that suppresses host immunity by silencing a disease resistance gene, thus providing a novel virulence strategy to achieve infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui‐Min Ji
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJS225009China
| | - Hui‐Ying Mao
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJS225009China
| | - Si‐Jian Li
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJS225009China
| | - Tao Feng
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJS225009China
| | - Zhao‐Yang Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJS225009China
| | - Lu Cheng
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJS225009China
| | - Shu‐Jie Luo
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJS225009China
| | - Katherine A. Borkovich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant PathologyInstitute for Integrative Genome BiologyUniversity of California900 University AvenueRiversideCA92521USA
| | - Shou‐Qiang Ouyang
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJS225009China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety of Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJS225009China
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19
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McIntyre KE, Bush DR, Argueso CT. Cytokinin Regulation of Source-Sink Relationships in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:677585. [PMID: 34504504 PMCID: PMC8421792 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.677585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins are plant hormones known for their role in mediating plant growth. First discovered for their ability to promote cell division, this class of hormones is now associated with many other cellular and physiological functions. One of these functions is the regulation of source-sink relationships, a tightly controlled process that is essential for proper plant growth and development. As discovered more recently, cytokinins are also important for the interaction of plants with pathogens, beneficial microbes and insects. Here, we review the importance of cytokinins in source-sink relationships in plants, with relation to both carbohydrates and amino acids, and highlight a possible function for this regulation in the context of plant biotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. McIntyre
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Daniel R. Bush
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Cristiana T. Argueso
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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20
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Arya GC, Sarkar S, Manasherova E, Aharoni A, Cohen H. The Plant Cuticle: An Ancient Guardian Barrier Set Against Long-Standing Rivals. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:663165. [PMID: 34249035 PMCID: PMC8267416 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.663165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The aerial surfaces of plants are covered by a protective barrier formed by the cutin polyester and waxes, collectively referred to as the cuticle. Plant cuticles prevent the loss of water, regulate transpiration, and facilitate the transport of gases and solutes. As the cuticle covers the outermost epidermal cell layer, it also acts as the first line of defense against environmental cues and biotic stresses triggered by a large array of pathogens and pests, such as fungi, bacteria, and insects. Numerous studies highlight the cuticle interface as the site of complex molecular interactions between plants and pathogens. Here, we outline the multidimensional roles of cuticle-derived components, namely, epicuticular waxes and cutin monomers, during plant interactions with pathogenic fungi. We describe how certain wax components affect various pre-penetration and infection processes of fungi with different lifestyles, and then shift our focus to the roles played by the cutin monomers that are released from the cuticle owing to the activity of fungal cutinases during the early stages of infection. We discuss how cutin monomers can activate fungal cutinases and initiate the formation of infection organs, the significant impacts of cuticle defects on the nature of plant-fungal interactions, along with the possible mechanisms raised thus far in the debate on how host plants perceive cutin monomers and/or cuticle defects to elicit defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulab Chand Arya
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Sutanni Sarkar
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Plant Pathology and Microbiology Department, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ekaterina Manasherova
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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21
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Penczykowski RM, Sieg RD. Plantago spp. as Models for Studying the Ecology and Evolution of Species Interactions across Environmental Gradients. Am Nat 2021; 198:158-176. [PMID: 34143715 DOI: 10.1086/714589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA central challenge in ecology and evolutionary biology is to understand how variation in abiotic and biotic factors combine to shape the distribution, abundance, and diversity of focal species. Environmental gradients, whether natural (e.g., latitude, elevation, ocean proximity) or anthropogenic (e.g., land-use intensity, urbanization), provide compelling settings for addressing this challenge. However, not all organisms are amenable to the observational and experimental approaches required for untangling the factors that structure species along gradients. Here we highlight herbaceous plants in the genus Plantago as models for studying the ecology and evolution of species interactions along abiotic gradients. Plantago lanceolata and P. major are native to Europe and Asia but distributed globally, and they are established models for studying population ecology and interactions with herbivores, pathogens, and soil microbes. Studying restricted range congeners in comparison with those cosmopolitan species can provide insight into abiotic and biotic determinants of range size and population structure. We highlight one such species, P. rugelii, which is endemic to eastern North America. We give an overview of the literature on these focal Plantago species and explain why they are logical candidates for studies of species interactions across environmental gradients. Finally, we emphasize collaborative and community science approaches that can facilitate such research and note the amenability of Plantago for authentic research projects in science education.
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22
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Berg JA, Hermans FWK, Beenders F, Abedinpour H, Vriezen WH, Visser RGF, Bai Y, Schouten HJ. The amino acid permease (AAP) genes CsAAP2A and SlAAP5A/B are required for oomycete susceptibility in cucumber and tomato. Mol Plant Pathol 2021; 22:658-672. [PMID: 33934492 PMCID: PMC8126186 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cucurbit downy mildew (DM), caused by the obligate biotroph Pseudoperonospora cubensis, is a destructive disease in cucumber. A valuable source of DM resistance is the Indian cucumber accession PI 197088, which harbours several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) contributing to quantitatively inherited DM resistance. With a combination of fine-mapping and transcriptomics, we identified Amino Acid Permease 2A (CsAAP2A) as a candidate gene for QTL DM4.1.3. Whole-genome and Sanger sequencing revealed the insertion of a Cucumis Mu-like element (CUMULE) transposon in the allele of the resistant near-isogenic line DM4.1.3. To confirm whether loss of CsAAP2A contributes to partial DM resistance, we performed targeting induced local lesions in genomes on a DM-susceptible cucumber genotype to identify an additional csaap2a mutant, which indeed was partially DM resistant. In view of the loss of the putative function as amino acid transporter, we measured amino acids in leaves. We found that DM-inoculated leaves of line DM4.1.3 (with the csaap2a mutation) contained significantly fewer amino acids than wild-type cucumber. The decreased flow of amino acids towards infected leaves in csaap2a plants compared to the wild type might explain the resistant phenotype of the mutant, as this would limit the available nutrients for the pathogen and thereby its fitness. To examine whether AAP genes play a conserved role as susceptibility factors in plant-oomycete interactions, we made targeted mutations in two AAP genes from tomato and studied the effect on susceptibility to Phytophthora infestans. We conclude that not only CsAAP2A but also SlAAP5A/SlAAP5B are susceptibility genes for oomycete pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen A. Berg
- Plant BreedingWageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuling Bai
- Plant BreedingWageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
| | - Henk J. Schouten
- Plant BreedingWageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
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23
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Whitehead SR, Bass E, Corrigan A, Kessler A, Poveda K. Interaction diversity explains the maintenance of phytochemical diversity. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1205-1214. [PMID: 33783114 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The production of complex mixtures of secondary metabolites is a ubiquitous feature of plants. Several evolutionary hypotheses seek to explain how phytochemical diversity is maintained, including the synergy hypothesis, the interaction diversity hypothesis, and the screening hypothesis. We experimentally tested a set of predictions derived from these hypotheses by manipulating the richness and structural diversity of phenolic metabolites in the diets of eight plant consumers. Across 3940 total bioassays, there was clear support for the interaction diversity hypothesis over the synergy or screening hypotheses. The number of consumers affected by a particular phenolic composition increased with increasing richness and structural diversity of compounds. Furthermore, the bioactivity of phenolics was consumer-specific. All compounds tested reduced the performance of at least one consumer, but no compounds affected all consumers. These results show how phytochemical diversity may be maintained in nature by a complex selective landscape exerted by diverse communities of plant consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Whitehead
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.,Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ethan Bass
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Alexsandra Corrigan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - André Kessler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Katja Poveda
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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24
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Lorrai R, Ferrari S. Host Cell Wall Damage during Pathogen Infection: Mechanisms of Perception and Role in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:399. [PMID: 33669710 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The plant cell wall (CW) is a complex structure that acts as a mechanical barrier, restricting the access to most microbes. Phytopathogenic microorganisms can deploy an arsenal of CW-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) that are required for virulence. In turn, plants have evolved proteins able to inhibit the activity of specific microbial CWDEs, reducing CW damage and favoring the accumulation of CW-derived fragments that act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and trigger an immune response in the host. CW-derived DAMPs might be a component of the complex system of surveillance of CW integrity (CWI), that plants have evolved to detect changes in CW properties. Microbial CWDEs can activate the plant CWI maintenance system and induce compensatory responses to reinforce CWs during infection. Recent evidence indicates that the CWI surveillance system interacts in a complex way with the innate immune system to fine-tune downstream responses and strike a balance between defense and growth.
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25
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Ye W, Wang Q, Tripathy S, Zhang M, Vetukuri RR. Editorial: Genomics and Effectomics of Filamentous Plant Pathogens. Front Genet 2021; 12:648690. [PMID: 33613652 PMCID: PMC7886980 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.648690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwu Ye
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity/Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Sucheta Tripathy
- Structural Biology & Bioinformatics Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity/Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ramesh R Vetukuri
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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26
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Kashyap A, Planas-Marquès M, Capellades M, Valls M, Coll NS. Blocking intruders: inducible physico-chemical barriers against plant vascular wilt pathogens. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:184-198. [PMID: 32976552 PMCID: PMC7853604 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Xylem vascular wilt pathogens cause devastating diseases in plants. Proliferation of these pathogens in the xylem causes massive disruption of water and mineral transport, resulting in severe wilting and death of the infected plants. Upon reaching the xylem vascular tissue, these pathogens multiply profusely, spreading vertically within the xylem sap, and horizontally between vessels and to the surrounding tissues. Plant resistance to these pathogens is very complex. One of the most effective defense responses in resistant plants is the formation of physico-chemical barriers in the xylem tissue. Vertical spread within the vessel lumen is restricted by structural barriers, namely, tyloses and gels. Horizontal spread to the apoplast and surrounding healthy vessels and tissues is prevented by vascular coating of the colonized vessels with lignin and suberin. Both vertical and horizontal barriers compartmentalize the pathogen at the infection site and contribute to their elimination. Induction of these defenses are tightly coordinated, both temporally and spatially, to avoid detrimental consequences such as cavitation and embolism. We discuss current knowledge on mechanisms underlying plant-inducible structural barriers against major xylem-colonizing pathogens. This knowledge may be applied to engineer metabolic pathways of vascular coating compounds in specific cells, to produce plants resistant towards xylem colonizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Kashyap
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marc Planas-Marquès
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Marc Valls
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Genetics Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
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De Palma M, Ambrosone A, Leone A, Del Gaudio P, Ruocco M, Turiák L, Bokka R, Fiume I, Tucci M, Pocsfalvi G. Plant Roots Release Small Extracellular Vesicles with Antifungal Activity. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1777. [PMID: 33333782 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) play pivotal roles in cell-to-cell and inter-kingdom communication. Despite their relevant biological implications, the existence and role of plant EVs released into the environment has been unexplored. Herein, we purified round-shaped small vesicles (EVs) by differential ultracentrifugation of a sampling solution containing root exudates of hydroponically grown tomato plants. Biophysical analyses, by means of dynamic light scattering, microfluidic resistive pulse sensing and scanning electron microscopy, showed that the size of root-released EVs range in the nanometric scale (50-100 nm). Shot-gun proteomics of tomato EVs identified 179 unique proteins, several of which are known to be involved in plant-microbe interactions. In addition, the application of root-released EVs induced a significant inhibition of spore germination and of germination tube development of the plant pathogens Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata. Interestingly, these EVs contain several proteins involved in plant defense, suggesting that they could be new components of the plant innate immune system.
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Acharya B, Ingram TW, Oh Y, Adhikari TB, Dean RA, Louws FJ. Opportunities and Challenges in Studies of Host-Pathogen Interactions and Management of Verticillium dahliae in Tomatoes. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1622. [PMID: 33266395 PMCID: PMC7700276 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) are a valuable horticultural crop that are grown and consumed worldwide. Optimal production is hindered by several factors, among which Verticillium dahliae, the cause of Verticillium wilt, is considered a major biological constraint in temperate production regions. V. dahliae is difficult to mitigate because it is a vascular pathogen, has a broad host range and worldwide distribution, and can persist in soil for years. Understanding pathogen virulence and genetic diversity, host resistance, and plant-pathogen interactions could ultimately inform the development of integrated strategies to manage the disease. In recent years, considerable research has focused on providing new insights into these processes, as well as the development and integration of environment-friendly management approaches. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the race and population structure of V. dahliae, including pathogenicity factors, host genes, proteins, enzymes involved in defense, and the emergent management strategies and future research directions for managing Verticillium wilt in tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Acharya
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (B.A.); (T.W.I.); (Y.Y.O.); (R.A.D.)
| | - Thomas W. Ingram
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (B.A.); (T.W.I.); (Y.Y.O.); (R.A.D.)
| | - YeonYee Oh
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (B.A.); (T.W.I.); (Y.Y.O.); (R.A.D.)
| | - Tika B. Adhikari
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (B.A.); (T.W.I.); (Y.Y.O.); (R.A.D.)
| | - Ralph A. Dean
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (B.A.); (T.W.I.); (Y.Y.O.); (R.A.D.)
| | - Frank J. Louws
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (B.A.); (T.W.I.); (Y.Y.O.); (R.A.D.)
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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29
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Ghareeb H, El-Sayed M, Pound M, Tetyuk O, Hanika K, Herrfurth C, Feussner I, Lipka V. Quantitative Hormone Signaling Output Analyses of Arabidopsis thaliana Interactions With Virulent and Avirulent Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Isolates at Single-Cell Resolution. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:603693. [PMID: 33240308 PMCID: PMC7677359 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.603693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormones salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) are central regulators of biotic and abiotic stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we generated modular fluorescent protein-based reporter lines termed COLORFUL-PR1pro, -VSP2pro, and -PDF1.2apro. These feature hormone-controlled nucleus-targeted transcriptional output sensors and the simultaneous constitutive expression of spectrally separated nuclear reference and plasma membrane-localized reporters. This set-up allowed the study of cell-type specific hormone activities, cellular viability and microbial invasion. Moreover, we developed a software-supported high-throughput confocal microscopy imaging protocol for output quantification to resolve the spatio-temporal dynamics of respective hormonal signaling activities at single-cell resolution. Proof-of-principle analyses in A. thaliana leaves revealed distinguished hormone sensitivities in mesophyll, epidermal pavement and stomatal guard cells, suggesting cell type-specific regulatory protein activities. In plant-microbe interaction studies, we found that virulent and avirulent Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) isolates exhibit different invasion dynamics and induce spatio-temporally distinct hormonal activity signatures. On the cellular level, these hormone-controlled reporter signatures demarcate the nascent sites of Hpa entry and progression, and highlight initiation, transduction and local containment of immune signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ghareeb
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Sayed
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Michael Pound
- School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Olena Tetyuk
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Hanika
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Volker Lipka
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Central Microscopy Facility of the Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Sperschneider J. Machine learning in plant-pathogen interactions: empowering biological predictions from field scale to genome scale. New Phytol 2020; 228:35-41. [PMID: 30834534 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) encompasses statistical methods that learn to identify patterns in complex datasets. Here, I review application areas in plant-pathogen interactions that have recently benefited from ML, such as disease monitoring, the discovery of gene regulatory networks, genomic selection for disease resistance and prediction of pathogen effectors. However, achieving robust performance from ML is not trivial and requires knowledge of both the methodology and the biology. I discuss common pitfalls and challenges in using ML approaches. Finally, I highlight future opportunities for ML as a tool for dissecting plant-pathogen interactions using high-throughput data, for example, through integration of diverse data sources and the analysis with higher resolution, such as from individual cells or on elaborate spatial and temporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Sperschneider
- Biological Data Science Institute, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
- Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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31
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Boevink PC, Birch PRJ, Turnbull D, Whisson SC. Devastating intimacy: the cell biology of plant-Phytophthora interactions. New Phytol 2020; 228:445-458. [PMID: 32394464 PMCID: PMC7540312 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of the cell biology underlying the burgeoning molecular genetic and genomic knowledge of oomycete pathogenicity is essential to gain the full context of how these pathogens cause disease on plants. An intense research focus on secreted Phytophthora effector proteins, especially those containing a conserved N-terminal RXLR motif, has meant that most cell biological studies into Phytophthora diseases have focussed on the effectors and their host target proteins. While these effector studies have provided novel insights into effector secretion and host defence mechanisms, there remain many unanswered questions about fundamental processes involved in spore biology, host penetration and haustorium formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra C. Boevink
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of DundeeErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Dionne Turnbull
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of DundeeErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Stephen C. Whisson
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
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32
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Paljakka T, Rissanen K, Vanhatalo A, Salmon Y, Jyske T, Prisle NL, Linnakoski R, Lin JJ, Laakso T, Kasanen R, Bäck J, Hölttä T. Is Decreased Xylem Sap Surface Tension Associated With Embolism and Loss of Xylem Hydraulic Conductivity in Pathogen-Infected Norway Spruce Saplings? Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:1090. [PMID: 32765568 PMCID: PMC7378778 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Increased abiotic stress along with increasing temperatures, dry periods and forest disturbances may favor biotic stressors such as simultaneous invasion of bark beetle and ophiostomatoid fungi. It is not fully understood how tree desiccation is associated with colonization of sapwood by fungi. A decrease in xylem sap surface tension (σxylem) as a result of infection has been hypothesized to cause xylem embolism by lowering the threshold for air-seeding at the pits between conduits and disruptions in tree water transport. However, this hypothesis has not yet been tested. We investigated tree water relations by measuring the stem xylem hydraulic conductivity (Kstem), σxylem, stem relative water content (RWCstem), and water potential (Ψstem), and canopy conductance (gcanopy), as well as the compound composition in xylem sap in Norway spruce (Picea abies) saplings. We conducted our measurements at the later stage of Endoconidiophora polonica infection when visible symptoms had occurred in xylem. Saplings of two clones (44 trees altogether) were allocated to treatments of inoculated, wounded control and intact control trees in a greenhouse. The saplings were destructively sampled every second week during summer 2016. σxylem, Kstem and RWCstem decreased following the inoculation, which may indicate that decreased σxylem resulted in increased embolism. gcanopy did not differ between treatments indicating that stomata responded to Ψstem rather than to embolism formation. Concentrations of quinic acid, myo-inositol, sucrose and alkylphenol increased in the xylem sap of inoculated trees. Myo-inositol concentrations also correlated negatively with σxylem and Kstem. Our study is a preliminary investigation of the role of σxylem in E. polonica infected trees based on previous hypotheses. The results suggest that E. polonica infection can lead to a simultaneous decrease in xylem sap surface tension and a decline in tree hydraulic conductivity, thus hampering tree water transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Paljakka
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisa Rissanen
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yann Salmon
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Jyske
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Espoo, Finland
| | - Nønne L. Prisle
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Jack J. Lin
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tapio Laakso
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Espoo, Finland
| | - Risto Kasanen
- Forest Sciences/Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Bäck
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Forest Sciences/Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Hölttä
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Forest Sciences/Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Stice SP, Thao KK, Khang CH, Baltrus DA, Dutta B, Kvitko BH. Thiosulfinate Tolerance Is a Virulence Strategy of an Atypical Bacterial Pathogen of Onion. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3130-3140.e6. [PMID: 32619480 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Unlike most characterized bacterial plant pathogens, the broad-host-range plant pathogen Pantoea ananatis lacks both the virulence-associated type III and type II secretion systems. In the absence of these typical pathogenicity factors, P. ananatis induces necrotic symptoms and extensive cell death in onion tissue dependent on the HiVir proposed secondary metabolite synthesis gene cluster. Onion (Allium. cepa L), garlic (A. sativum L.), and other members of the Allium genus produce volatile antimicrobial thiosulfinates upon cellular damage. However, the roles of endogenous thiosulfinate production in host-bacterial pathogen interactions have not been described. We found a strong correlation between the genetic requirements for P. ananatis to colonize necrotized onion tissue and its capacity for tolerance to the thiosulfinate "allicin" based on the presence of an eleven-gene, plasmid-borne, virulence cluster of sulfur redox genes. We have designated them "alt" genes for allicin tolerance. We show that allicin and onion thiosulfinates restrict bacterial growth with similar kinetics. The alt gene cluster is sufficient to confer allicin tolerance and protects the glutathione pool during allicin treatment. Independent alt genes make partial phenotypic contributions indicating that they function as a collective cohort to manage thiol stress. Our work implicates endogenous onion thiosulfinates produced during cellular damage as major mediators of interactions with bacteria. The P. ananatis-onion pathosystem can be modeled as a chemical arms race of pathogen attack, host chemical counterattack, and pathogen defense.
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Julião MHM, Silva SR, Ferro JA, Varani AM. A Genomic and Transcriptomic Overview of MATE, ABC, and MFS Transporters in Citrus sinensis Interaction with Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E794. [PMID: 32630416 PMCID: PMC7356318 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The multi-antimicrobial extrusion (MATE), ATP-binding cassette (ABC), and major facilitator superfamily (MFS) are the main plant transporters families, playing an essential role in the membrane-trafficking network and plant-defense mechanism. The citrus canker type A (CC), is a devastating disease caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xac), affecting all citrus species. In this work, we performed an in silico analysis of genes and transcripts from MATE, ABC, and MFS families to infer the role of membrane transporters in Citrus-Xac interaction. Using as reference, the available Citrus sinensis genome and the citrus reference transcriptome from CitrusKB database, 67 MATE, 91 MFS, and 143 ABC genes and 82 MATE, 139 MFS, and 226 ABC transcripts were identified and classified into subfamilies. Duplications, alternative-splicing, and potentially non-transcribed transporters' genes were revealed. Interestingly, MATE I and ABC G subfamilies appear differently regulated during Xac infection. Furthermore, Citrus spp. showing distinct levels of CC susceptibility exhibited different sets of transporters transcripts, supporting dissimilar molecular patterns of membrane transporters in Citrus-Xac interaction. According to our findings, 4 MATE, 10 ABC, and 3 MFS are potentially related to plant-defense mechanisms. Overall, this work provides an extensive analysis of MATE, ABC, and MFS transporters' in Citrus-Xac interaction, bringing new insights on membrane transporters in plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alessandro M. Varani
- Department of Technology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (M.H.M.J.); (S.R.S.); (J.A.F.)
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35
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de Leone MJ, Hernando CE, Romanowski A, Careno DA, Soverna AF, Sun H, Bologna NG, Vázquez M, Schneeberger K, Yanovsky MJ. Bacterial Infection Disrupts Clock Gene Expression to Attenuate Immune Responses. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1740-1747.e6. [PMID: 32220315 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock modulates immune responses in plants and animals; however, it is unclear how host-pathogen interactions affect the clock. Here we analyzed clock function in Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with defective immune responses and found that enhanced disease susceptibility 4 (eds4) displays alterations in several circadian rhythms. Mapping by sequencing revealed that EDS4 encodes the ortholog of NUCLEOPORIN 205, a core component of the inner ring of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). Consistent with the idea that the NPC specifically modulates clock function, we found a strong enrichment in core clock genes, as well as an increased nuclear to total mRNA accumulation, among genes that were differentially expressed in eds4 mutants. Interestingly, infection with Pseudomonas syringae in wild-type (WT) plants downregulated the expression of several morning core clock genes as early as 1 h post-infection, including all members of the NIGHT LIGHT-INDUCIBLE AND CLOCK-REGULATED (LNK) gene family, and this effect was attenuated in eds4. Furthermore, lnk mutants were more susceptible than the WT to P. syringae infection. These results indicate that bacterial infection, acting in part through the NPC, alters core clock gene expression and/or mRNA accumulation in a way that favors bacterial growth and disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José de Leone
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Esteban Hernando
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés Romanowski
- Institute for Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Daniel A Careno
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Faigón Soverna
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hequan Sun
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Nicolás G Bologna
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Martín Vázquez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología de Rosario (INDEAR), CONICET, S2000EZP Rosario, Argentina
| | - Korbinian Schneeberger
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Marcelo J Yanovsky
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Romero AM, Menéndez AI, Folcia AM, Martínez-Ghersa MA. Tolerance to ozone might impose restrictions to plant disease management in tomato. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2020; 22:47-54. [PMID: 31498556 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3 ) is considered a major air pollutant having negative effects on plant growth and productivity. Background concentrations are expected to rise in several regions of the world in the next 50 years, affecting plant responses to diseases, thus requiring new management strategies for food production. The effects of elevated O3 on the severity of a bacterial disease, and the effectiveness of a chemical defence inducer, were examined in two cultivars of tomato, Roma and Moneymaker, which present different tolerance to this pollutant. The two cultivars differ in their ability to produce and accumulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in leaf tissues. Tomato plants were challenged with a strain of Xanthomonas vesicatoria, Xv9, which is pathogenic on tomato. Ozone consistently increased severity of the disease by over 40% in both cultivars. In the more tolerant cultivar, O3 pollution increased disease intensity, even after applying a commercially available product to enhance resistance (acibenzolar-S-methyl, BTH). In the more susceptible cultivar, level of disease attained depended on the oxidative balance that resulted from other stress factors. The antioxidant capacity of the plant at the time of infection was relevant for controlling development of the disease. Our results suggest that development of O3 tolerance in commercial crops might impose a penalty cost in terms of disease management under projected higher O3 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Romero
- Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A I Menéndez
- Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A M Folcia
- Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M A Martínez-Ghersa
- Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IFEVA, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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37
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Raffa KF, Bonello P, Orrock JL. Why do entomologists and plant pathologists approach trophic relationships so differently? Identifying biological distinctions to foster synthesis. New Phytol 2020; 225:609-620. [PMID: 31494947 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant interactions with herbivores and pathogens are among the most widespread ecological relationships, and show many congruent properties. Despite these similarities, general models describing how plant defenses function in ecosystems, and the prioritization of responses to emerging challenges such as climate change, invasive species and habitat alteration, often differ markedly between entomologists and plant pathologists. We posit that some fundamental distinctions between how insects and pathogens interact with plants underlie these differences. We propose a conceptual framework to help incorporate these distinctions into robust models and research priorities. The most salient distinctions include features of host-searching behavior, evasion of plant defenses, plant tolerance to utilization, and sources of insect and microbial population regulation. Collectively, these features lead to relatively more diffuse and environmentally mediated plant-insect interactions, and more intimate and genetically driven plant-pathogen interactions. Specific features of insect vs pathogen life histories can also yield different patterns of spatiotemporal dynamics. These differences can become increasingly pronounced when scaling from controlled laboratory to open ecological systems. Integrating these differences alongside similarities can foster improved models and research approaches to plant defense, trophic interactions, coevolutionary dynamics, food security and resource management, and provide guidance as traditional departments increase collaborations, or merge into larger units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth F Raffa
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Pierluigi Bonello
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - John L Orrock
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Huang S, Zhang X, Fernando WGD. Directing Trophic Divergence in Plant-Pathogen Interactions: Antagonistic Phytohormones With NO Doubt? Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:600063. [PMID: 33343601 PMCID: PMC7744310 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.600063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental process culminating in the mechanisms of plant-pathogen interactions is the regulation of trophic divergence into biotrophic, hemibiotrophic, and necrotrophic interactions. Plant hormones, of almost all types, play significant roles in this regulatory apparatus. In plant-pathogen interactions, two classical mechanisms underlying hormone-dependent trophic divergence are long recognized. While salicylic acid dominates in the execution of host defense response against biotrophic and early-stage hemibiotrophic pathogens, jasmonic acid, and ethylene are key players facilitating host defense response against necrotrophic and later-stage hemibiotrophic pathogens. Evidence increasingly suggests that trophic divergence appears to be modulated by more complex signaling networks. Acting antagonistically or agonistically, other hormones such as auxins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, gibberellins, brassinosteroids, and strigolactones, as well as nitric oxide, are emerging candidates in the regulation of trophic divergence. In this review, the latest advances in the dynamic regulation of trophic divergence are summarized, emphasizing common and contrasting hormonal and nitric oxide signaling strategies deployed in plant-pathogen interactions.
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Fabre F, Bormann J, Urbach S, Roche S, Langin T, Bonhomme L. Unbalanced Roles of Fungal Aggressiveness and Host Cultivars in the Establishment of the Fusarium Head Blight in Bread Wheat. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2857. [PMID: 31921038 PMCID: PMC6917580 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum, is the foremost destructive disease of cereals worldwide. Effector-like molecules produced by F. graminearum play key roles in the infection process and are assumed to be one of the essential components of the pathogen’s aggressiveness. However, their nature and role in the disease are still largely misunderstood. As a mean to provide relevant information about the molecular determinism of F. graminearum aggressiveness, we surveyed three F. graminearum strains on three wheat cultivars contrasted by their susceptibility to FHB. F. graminearum strains revealed large differences in aggressiveness which were mostly unchanged when facing hosts of contrasted susceptibility, suggesting that their behavior rely on intrinsic determinants. Surveying the fungal mass progress and the mycotoxin production rate in the spikes did not evidence any simple relationship with aggressiveness differences, while clues were found through a qualitative and quantitative characterization of the three strain proteomes established in planta especially with regards to early synthesized putative effectors. Independently of the wheat cultivar, the three F. graminearum strains produced systematically the same protein set during the infection but substantial differences in their abundance enabled the categorization of fungal aggressiveness. Overall, our findings show that the contrasts in F. graminearum aggressiveness were not based on the existence of strain-specific molecules but rather on the ability of the strain to ensure their sufficient accumulation. Protein abundance variance was mostly driven by the strain genetics and part was also influenced by the host cultivar but strain by cultivar interactions were marginally detected, depicting that strain-specific protein accumulations did not depend on the host cultivar. All these data provide new knowledge on fungal aggressiveness determinants and provide a resourceful repertoire of candidate effector proteins to guide further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Fabre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 1095 Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Joerg Bormann
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Serge Urbach
- Functional Proteomics Platform, Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS UMR 5203 INSERM U661, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Roche
- INRAE, Unité Experimentale 1375, Phénotypage au Champs des Céréales (PHACC), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thierry Langin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 1095 Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ludovic Bonhomme
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 1095 Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Tabima JF, Grünwald NJ. effectR: An Expandable R Package to Predict Candidate RxLR and CRN Effectors in Oomycetes Using Motif Searches. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2019; 32:1067-1076. [PMID: 30951442 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-18-0279-ta] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Effectors are small, secreted proteins that facilitate infection of host plants by all major groups of plant pathogens. Effector protein identification in oomycetes relies on identification of open reading frames with certain amino acid motifs among additional minor criteria. To date, identification of effectors relies on custom scripts to identify motifs in candidate open reading frames. Here, we developed the R package effectR, which provides a convenient tool for rapid prediction of effectors in oomycete genomes, or with custom scripts for any genome, in a reproducible way. The effectR package relies on a combination of regular expressions statements and hidden Markov model approaches to predict candidate RxLR and crinkler effectors. Other custom motifs for novel effectors can easily be implemented and added to package updates. The effectR package has been validated with published oomycete genomes. This package provides a convenient tool for wet lab researchers interested in reproducible identification of candidate effectors in oomycete genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier F Tabima
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Niklaus J Grünwald
- Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR 97330, U.S.A
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Tabima JF, Grünwald NJ. effectR: An Expandable R Package to Predict Candidate RxLR and CRN Effectors in Oomycetes Using Motif Searches. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2019; 32:1067-1076. [PMID: 30951442 DOI: 10.1101/398404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Effectors are small, secreted proteins that facilitate infection of host plants by all major groups of plant pathogens. Effector protein identification in oomycetes relies on identification of open reading frames with certain amino acid motifs among additional minor criteria. To date, identification of effectors relies on custom scripts to identify motifs in candidate open reading frames. Here, we developed the R package effectR, which provides a convenient tool for rapid prediction of effectors in oomycete genomes, or with custom scripts for any genome, in a reproducible way. The effectR package relies on a combination of regular expressions statements and hidden Markov model approaches to predict candidate RxLR and crinkler effectors. Other custom motifs for novel effectors can easily be implemented and added to package updates. The effectR package has been validated with published oomycete genomes. This package provides a convenient tool for wet lab researchers interested in reproducible identification of candidate effectors in oomycete genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier F Tabima
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Niklaus J Grünwald
- Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR 97330, U.S.A
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42
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Anna-Liisa Laine. New Phytol 2018; 218:1325-6. [PMID: 29738092 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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Lema Asqui S, Vercammen D, Serrano I, Valls M, Rivas S, Van Breusegem F, Conlon FL, Dangl JL, Coll NS. AtSERPIN1 is an inhibitor of the metacaspase AtMC1-mediated cell death and autocatalytic processing in planta. New Phytol 2018; 218:1156-1166. [PMID: 28157265 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The hypersensitive response (HR) is a localized programmed cell death phenomenon that occurs in response to pathogen recognition at the site of attempted invasion. Despite more than a century of research on HR, little is known about how it is so tightly regulated and how it can be contained spatially to a few cells. AtMC1 is an Arabidopsis thaliana plant metacaspase that positively regulates the HR. Here, we used an unbiased approach to identify new AtMC1 regulators. Immunoaffinity purification of AtMC1-containing complexes led us to the identification of the protease inhibitor AtSerpin1. Our data clearly showed that coimmunoprecipitation between AtMC1 and AtSerpin1 and formation of a complex between them was lost upon mutation of the AtMC1 catalytic site, and that the AtMC1 prodomain was not required for the interaction. AtSerpin1 blocked AtMC1 self-processing and inhibited AtMC1-mediated cell death. Our results constitute an in vivo example of a Serpin acting as a suicide inhibitor in plants, reminiscent of the activity of animal or viral serpins on immune/cell death regulators, including caspase-1. These results indicate a conserved function of a protease inhibitor on cell death regulators from different kingdoms with unrelated modes of action (i.e. caspases vs metacaspases).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul Lema Asqui
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Dominique Vercammen
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Irene Serrano
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Marc Valls
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de Barcelona and Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB) Edifici CRAG, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
| | - Susana Rivas
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Frank L Conlon
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3280, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3280, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3280, USA
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3280, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3280, USA
| | - Núria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
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Girard IJ, Tong C, Becker MG, Mao X, Huang J, de Kievit T, Fernando WGD, Liu S, Belmonte MF. RNA sequencing of Brassica napus reveals cellular redox control of Sclerotinia infection. J Exp Bot 2017; 68:5079-5091. [PMID: 29036633 PMCID: PMC5853404 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Brassica napus is one of the world's most valuable oilseeds and is under constant pressure by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal agent of white stem rot. Despite our growing understanding of host pathogen interactions at the molecular level, we have yet to fully understand the biological processes and underlying gene regulatory networks responsible for determining disease outcomes. Using global RNA sequencing, we profiled gene activity at the first point of infection on the leaf surface 24 hours after pathogen exposure in susceptible (B. napus cv. Westar) and tolerant (B. napus cv. Zhongyou 821) plants. We identified a family of ethylene response factors that may contribute to host tolerance to S. sclerotiorum by activating genes associated with fungal recognition, subcellular organization, and redox homeostasis. Physiological investigation of redox homeostasis was further studied by quantifying cellular levels of the glutathione and ascorbate redox pathway and the cycling enzymes associated with host tolerance to S. sclerotiorum. Functional characterization of an Arabidopsis redox mutant challenged with the fungus provides compelling evidence into the role of the ascorbate-glutathione redox hub in the maintenance and enhancement of plant tolerance against fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Girard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Chaobo Tong
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, The Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Michael G Becker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Xingyu Mao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Junyan Huang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, The Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Teresa de Kievit
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | | | - Shengyi Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, The Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Mark F Belmonte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Van den Ackerveken G. Seeing is believing: imaging the delivery of pathogen effectors during plant infection. New Phytol 2017; 216:8-10. [PMID: 28850183 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This article is a Commentary on Wang et al., 216: 205–215.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Van den Ackerveken
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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46
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Balagué C, Gouget A, Bouchez O, Souriac C, Haget N, Boutet‐Mercey S, Govers F, Roby D, Canut H. The Arabidopsis thaliana lectin receptor kinase LecRK-I.9 is required for full resistance to Pseudomonas syringae and affects jasmonate signalling. Mol Plant Pathol 2017; 18:937-948. [PMID: 27399963 PMCID: PMC6638305 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
On microbial attack, plants can detect invaders and activate plant innate immunity. For the detection of pathogen molecules or cell wall damage, plants employ receptors that trigger the activation of defence responses. Cell surface proteins that belong to large families of lectin receptor kinases are candidates to function as immune receptors. Here, the function of LecRK-I.9 (At5g60300), a legume-type lectin receptor kinase involved in cell wall-plasma membrane contacts and in extracellular ATP (eATP) perception, was studied through biochemical, gene expression and reverse genetics approaches. In Arabidopsis thaliana, LecRK-I.9 expression is rapidly, highly and locally induced on inoculation with avirulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst). Two allelic lecrk-I.9 knock-out mutants showed decreased resistance to Pst. Conversely, over-expression of LecRK-I.9 led to increased resistance to Pst. The analysis of defence gene expression suggests an alteration of both the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signalling pathways. In particular, LecRK-I.9 expression during plant-pathogen interaction was dependent on COI1 (CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1) and JAR1 (JASMONATE RESISTANT 1) components, and JA-responsive transcription factors (TFs) showed altered levels of expression in plants over-expressing LecRK-I.9. A similar misregulation of these TFs was obtained by JA treatment. This study identified LecRK-I.9 as necessary for full resistance to Pst and demonstrated its involvement in the control of defence against pathogens through a regulation of JA signalling components. The role of LecRK-I.9 is discussed with regard to the potential molecular mechanisms linking JA signalling to cell wall damage and/or eATP perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Balagué
- CNRSLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594Castanet‐Tolosan31326France
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441Castanet‐Tolosan31326France
| | - Anne Gouget
- CNRSLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594Castanet‐Tolosan31326France
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441Castanet‐Tolosan31326France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences VégétalesUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS; BP 42617 AuzevilleCastanet‐Tolosan31326France
| | - Olivier Bouchez
- CNRSLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594Castanet‐Tolosan31326France
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441Castanet‐Tolosan31326France
| | - Camille Souriac
- CNRSLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594Castanet‐Tolosan31326France
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441Castanet‐Tolosan31326France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences VégétalesUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS; BP 42617 AuzevilleCastanet‐Tolosan31326France
| | - Nathalie Haget
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences VégétalesUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS; BP 42617 AuzevilleCastanet‐Tolosan31326France
| | - Stéphanie Boutet‐Mercey
- AgroParisTechInstitut Jean‐Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant ScienceVersailles78000France
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyPlant Sciences Group, Wageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1WageningenPB6708the Netherlands
| | - Dominique Roby
- CNRSLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594Castanet‐Tolosan31326France
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441Castanet‐Tolosan31326France
| | - Hervé Canut
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences VégétalesUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS; BP 42617 AuzevilleCastanet‐Tolosan31326France
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Peyraud R, Dubiella U, Barbacci A, Genin S, Raffaele S, Roby D. Advances on plant-pathogen interactions from molecular toward systems biology perspectives. Plant J 2017; 90:720-737. [PMID: 27870294 PMCID: PMC5516170 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the past 2 decades, progress in molecular analyses of the plant immune system has revealed key elements of a complex response network. Current paradigms depict the interaction of pathogen-secreted molecules with host target molecules leading to the activation of multiple plant response pathways. Further research will be required to fully understand how these responses are integrated in space and time, and exploit this knowledge in agriculture. In this review, we highlight systems biology as a promising approach to reveal properties of molecular plant-pathogen interactions and predict the outcome of such interactions. We first illustrate a few key concepts in plant immunity with a network and systems biology perspective. Next, we present some basic principles of systems biology and show how they allow integrating multiomics data and predict cell phenotypes. We identify challenges for systems biology of plant-pathogen interactions, including the reconstruction of multiscale mechanistic models and the connection of host and pathogen models. Finally, we outline studies on resistance durability through the robustness of immune system networks, the identification of trade-offs between immunity and growth and in silico plant-pathogen co-evolution as exciting perspectives in the field. We conclude that the development of sophisticated models of plant diseases incorporating plant, pathogen and climate properties represent a major challenge for agriculture in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Peyraud
- LIPMUniversité de ToulouseINRACNRSCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | | | | | - Stéphane Genin
- LIPMUniversité de ToulouseINRACNRSCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | | | - Dominique Roby
- LIPMUniversité de ToulouseINRACNRSCastanet‐TolosanFrance
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De Bruyne L, Van Poucke C, Di Mavungu DJ, Zainudin NAIM, Vanhaecke L, De Vleesschauwer D, Turgeon BG, De Saeger S, Höfte M. Comparative chemical screening and genetic analysis reveal tentoxin as a new virulence factor in Cochliobolus miyabeanus, the causal agent of brown spot disease on rice. Mol Plant Pathol 2016; 17:805-17. [PMID: 26456797 PMCID: PMC6638388 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Brown spot disease, caused by Cochliobolus miyabeanus, is currently considered to be one of the most important yield reducers of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Despite its agricultural importance, little is known about the virulence mechanisms deployed by the fungus. Therefore, we set out to identify novel virulence factors with a role in disease development. This article reports, for the first time, the production of tentoxin by C. miyabeanus as a virulence factor during brown spot disease and the identification of the non-ribosomal protein synthetase (NRPS) CmNps3, responsible for tentoxin biosynthesis. We compared the chemical compounds produced by C. miyabeanus strains differing in virulence ability using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry (HRMS). The production of tentoxin by a highly virulent strain was revealed by principal component analysis of the detected ions and confirmed by UHPLC coupled to tandem-quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The corresponding NRPS was identified by in silico genome analysis and confirmed by gene deletion. Infection tests with wild-type and Cmnps3 mutants showed that tentoxin acts as a virulence factor and is correlated with chlorosis development during the second phase of infection. Although rice has previously been classified as a tentoxin-insensitive plant species, our data demonstrate that tentoxin production by C. miyabeanus affects symptom development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieselotte De Bruyne
- Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, BE-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christof Van Poucke
- Department of Bio-analysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, BE-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Diana Jose Di Mavungu
- Department of Bio-analysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, BE-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nur Ain Izzati Mohd Zainudin
- Section of Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 14850, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, BE-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David De Vleesschauwer
- Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, BE-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - B Gillian Turgeon
- Section of Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 14850, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Bio-analysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, BE-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Monica Höfte
- Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, BE-9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Minker KR, Biedrzycki ML, Kolagunda A, Rhein S, Perina FJ, Jacobs SS, Moore M, Jamann TM, Yang Q, Nelson R, Balint-Kurti P, Kambhamettu C, Wisser RJ, Caplan JL. Semiautomated confocal imaging of fungal pathogenesis on plants: Microscopic analysis of macroscopic specimens. Microsc Res Tech 2016; 81:141-152. [PMID: 27342138 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The study of phenotypic variation in plant pathogenesis provides fundamental information about the nature of disease resistance. Cellular mechanisms that alter pathogenesis can be elucidated with confocal microscopy; however, systematic phenotyping platforms-from sample processing to image analysis-to investigate this do not exist. We have developed a platform for 3D phenotyping of cellular features underlying variation in disease development by fluorescence-specific resolution of host and pathogen interactions across time (4D). A confocal microscopy phenotyping platform compatible with different maize-fungal pathosystems (fungi: Setosphaeria turcica, Cochliobolus heterostrophus, and Cercospora zeae-maydis) was developed. Protocols and techniques were standardized for sample fixation, optical clearing, species-specific combinatorial fluorescence staining, multisample imaging, and image processing for investigation at the macroscale. The sample preparation methods presented here overcome challenges to fluorescence imaging such as specimen thickness and topography as well as physiological characteristics of the samples such as tissue autofluorescence and presence of cuticle. The resulting imaging techniques provide interesting qualitative and quantitative information not possible with conventional light or electron 2D imaging. Microsc. Res. Tech., 81:141-152, 2018. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine R Minker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | - Meredith L Biedrzycki
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | - Abhishek Kolagunda
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716.,Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | - Stephen Rhein
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716.,Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | - Fabiano J Perina
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | - Samuel S Jacobs
- Department of Bio-Imaging Center, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19711
| | - Michael Moore
- Department of Bio-Imaging Center, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19711
| | - Tiffany M Jamann
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695
| | - Rebecca Nelson
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853
| | - Peter Balint-Kurti
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695.,USDA-ARS, Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695
| | - Chandra Kambhamettu
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | - Randall J Wisser
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | - Jeffrey L Caplan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716.,Department of Bio-Imaging Center, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19711
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Alexander M. Jones. New Phytol 2016; 210:23-4. [PMID: 26919696 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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