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Lazic J, Filipovic V, Pantelic L, Milovanovic J, Vojnovic S, Nikodinovic-Runic J. Late-stage diversification of bacterial natural products through biocatalysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1351583. [PMID: 38807651 PMCID: PMC11130421 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1351583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial natural products (BNPs) are very important sources of leads for drug development and chemical novelty. The possibility to perform late-stage diversification of BNPs using biocatalysis is an attractive alternative route other than total chemical synthesis or metal complexation reactions. Although biocatalysis is gaining popularity as a green chemistry methodology, a vast majority of orphan sequenced genomic data related to metabolic pathways for BNP biosynthesis and its tailoring enzymes are underexplored. In this review, we report a systematic overview of biotransformations of 21 molecules, which include derivatization by halogenation, esterification, reduction, oxidation, alkylation and nitration reactions, as well as degradation products as their sub-derivatives. These BNPs were grouped based on their biological activities into antibacterial (5), antifungal (5), anticancer (5), immunosuppressive (2) and quorum sensing modulating (4) compounds. This study summarized 73 derivatives and 16 degradation sub-derivatives originating from 12 BNPs. The highest number of biocatalytic reactions was observed for drugs that are already in clinical use: 28 reactions for the antibacterial drug vancomycin, followed by 18 reactions reported for the immunosuppressive drug rapamycin. The most common biocatalysts include oxidoreductases, transferases, lipases, isomerases and haloperoxidases. This review highlights biocatalytic routes for the late-stage diversification reactions of BNPs, which potentially help to recognize the structural optimizations of bioactive scaffolds for the generation of new biomolecules, eventually leading to drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Lazic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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2
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Berning L, Lenz T, Bergmann AK, Poschmann G, Brass HUC, Schlütermann D, Friedrich A, Mendiburo MJ, David C, Akgün S, Pietruszka J, Stühler K, Stork B. The Golgi stacking protein GRASP55 is targeted by the natural compound prodigiosin. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:275. [PMID: 37798768 PMCID: PMC10552397 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01275-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bacterial secondary metabolite prodigiosin has been shown to exert anticancer, antimalarial, antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties. With regard to cancer, it has been reported to affect cancer cells but not non-malignant cells, rendering prodigiosin a promising lead compound for anticancer drug discovery. However, a direct protein target has not yet been experimentally identified. METHODS We used mass spectrometry-based thermal proteome profiling in order to identify target proteins of prodigiosin. For target validation, we employed a genetic knockout approach and electron microscopy. RESULTS We identified the Golgi stacking protein GRASP55 as target protein of prodigiosin. We show that prodigiosin treatment severely affects Golgi morphology and functionality, and that prodigiosin-dependent cytotoxicity is partially reduced in GRASP55 knockout cells. We also found that prodigiosin treatment results in decreased cathepsin activity and overall blocks autophagic flux, whereas co-localization of the autophagosomal marker LC3 and the lysosomal marker LAMP1 is clearly promoted. Finally, we observed that autophagosomes accumulate at GRASP55-positive structures, pointing towards an involvement of an altered Golgi function in the autophagy-inhibitory effect of this natural compound. CONCLUSION Taken together, we propose that prodigiosin affects autophagy and Golgi apparatus integrity in an interlinked mode of action involving the regulation of organelle alkalization and the Golgi stacking protein GRASP55. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Berning
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Thomas Lenz
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biological Medical Research Centre, Heinrich Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ann Kathrin Bergmann
- Core Facility for Electron Microscopy, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Gereon Poschmann
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Proteome Research, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Hannah U C Brass
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf at Forschungszentrum Jülich and Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - David Schlütermann
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Annabelle Friedrich
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - María José Mendiburo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Céline David
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Seda Akgün
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf at Forschungszentrum Jülich and Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), 52426, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Biotechnology (IBG-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Kai Stühler
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biological Medical Research Centre, Heinrich Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Proteome Research, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Björn Stork
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany.
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3
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Danaeifar M, Mazlomi MA. Combinatorial biosynthesis: playing chess with the metabolism. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2023; 25:171-190. [PMID: 35435779 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2022.2065265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites are a group of natural products that produced by bacteria, fungi and plants. Many applications of these compounds from medicine to industry have been discovered. However, some changes in their structure and biosynthesis mechanism are necessary for their properties to be more suitable and also for their production to be profitable. The main and most useful method to achieve this goal is combinatorial biosynthesis. This technique uses the multi-unit essence of the secondary metabolites biosynthetic enzymes to make changes in their order, structure and also the organism that produces them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Danaeifar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mazlomi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
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4
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Kossmann DF, Huang M, Weihmann R, Xiao X, Gätgens F, Weber TM, Brass HUC, Bitzenhofer NL, Ibrahim S, Bangert K, Rehling L, Mueller C, Tiso T, Blank LM, Drepper T, Jaeger KE, Grundler FMW, Pietruszka J, Schleker ASS, Loeschcke A. Production of tailored hydroxylated prodiginine showing combinatorial activity with rhamnolipids against plant-parasitic nematodes. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1151882. [PMID: 37200918 PMCID: PMC10187637 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1151882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial secondary metabolites exhibit diverse remarkable bioactivities and are thus the subject of study for different applications. Recently, the individual effectiveness of tripyrrolic prodiginines and rhamnolipids against the plant-parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii, which causes tremendous losses in crop plants, was described. Notably, rhamnolipid production in engineered Pseudomonas putida strains has already reached industrial implementation. However, the non-natural hydroxyl-decorated prodiginines, which are of particular interest in this study due to a previously described particularly good plant compatibility and low toxicity, are not as readily accessible. In the present study, a new effective hybrid synthetic route was established. This included the engineering of a novel P. putida strain to provide enhanced levels of a bipyrrole precursor and an optimization of mutasynthesis, i.e., the conversion of chemically synthesized and supplemented monopyrroles to tripyrrolic compounds. Subsequent semisynthesis provided the hydroxylated prodiginine. The prodiginines caused reduced infectiousness of H. schachtii for Arabidopsis thaliana plants resulting from impaired motility and stylet thrusting, providing the first insights on the mode of action in this context. Furthermore, the combined application with rhamnolipids was assessed for the first time and found to be more effective against nematode parasitism than the individual compounds. To obtain, for instance, 50% nematode control, it was sufficient to apply 7.8 μM hydroxylated prodiginine together with 0.7 μg/ml (~ 1.1 μM) di-rhamnolipids, which corresponded to ca. ¼ of the individual EC50 values. In summary, a hybrid synthetic route toward a hydroxylated prodiginine was established and its effects and combinatorial activity with rhamnolipids on plant-parasitic nematode H. schachtii are presented, demonstrating potential application as antinematodal agents. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. F. Kossmann
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1): Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Jülich, Germany
| | - M. Huang
- INRES, Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - R. Weihmann
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Jülich, Germany
| | - X. Xiao
- INRES, Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - F. Gätgens
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Jülich, Germany
| | - T. M. Weber
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Jülich, Germany
| | - H. U. C. Brass
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Jülich, Germany
| | - N. L. Bitzenhofer
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Jülich, Germany
| | - S. Ibrahim
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Jülich, Germany
| | - K. Bangert
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Jülich, Germany
| | - L. Rehling
- INRES, Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - C. Mueller
- iAMB—Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt—Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - T. Tiso
- iAMB—Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt—Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - L. M. Blank
- iAMB—Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt—Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - T. Drepper
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Jülich, Germany
| | - K.-E. Jaeger
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1): Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - J. Pietruszka
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1): Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Jülich, Germany
- *Correspondence: J. Pietruszka,
| | - A. S. S. Schleker
- INRES, Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- A. S. S. Schleker,
| | - A. Loeschcke
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Jülich, Germany
- A. Loeschcke,
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5
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Structures, biosynthesis, and bioactivities of prodiginine natural products. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:7721-7735. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12245-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Vollmann DJ, Winand L, Nett M. Emerging concepts in the semisynthetic and mutasynthetic production of natural products. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 77:102761. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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Synthesis, Anticancer Potential and Comprehensive Toxicity Studies of Novel Brominated Derivatives of Bacterial Biopigment Prodigiosin from Serratia marcescens ATCC 27117. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123729. [PMID: 35744855 PMCID: PMC9227013 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Prodigiosins (prodiginines) are a class of bacterial secondary metabolites with remarkable biological activities and color. In this study, optimized production, purification, and characterization of prodigiosin (PG) from easily accessible Serratia marcescens ATCC 27117 strain has been achieved to levels of 14 mg/L of culture within 24 h. Furthermore, environmentally friendly bromination of produced PG was used to afford both novel mono- and dibrominated derivatives of PG. PG and its Br derivatives showed anticancer potential with IC50 values range 0.62–17.00 µg/mL for all tested cancer cell lines and induction of apoptosis but low selectivity against healthy cell lines. All compounds did not affect Caenorhabditiselegans at concentrations up to 50 µg/mL. However, an improved toxicity profile of Br derivatives in comparison to parent PG was observed in vivo using zebrafish (Danio rerio) model system, when 10 µg/mL applied at 6 h post fertilization caused death rate of 100%, 30% and 0% by PG, PG-Br, and PG-Br2, respectively, which is a significant finding for further structural optimizations of bacterial prodigiosins. The drug-likeness of PG and its Br derivatives was examined, and the novel Br derivatives obey the Lipinski’s “rule of five”, with an exemption of being more lipophilic than PG, which still makes them good targets for further structural optimization.
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8
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Brehl C, Brass HUC, Lüchtrath C, Böckmann L, Ihling N, Classen T, Pietruszka J, Büchs J. Optimized prodigiosin production with Pseudomonas putida KT2440 using parallelized non-invasive online monitoring. Biotechnol Prog 2022; 38:e3245. [PMID: 35170260 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The red pigment prodigiosin is of high pharmaceutical interest, due to its potential applications as an antitumor drug and antibiotic agent. As previously demonstrated, Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is a suitable host for prodigiosin production, as it exhibits high tolerance towards the antimicrobial properties of prodigiosin. So far, prodigiosin concentrations of up to 94 mg/L have been achieved in shake flask cultivations. For the characterization and optimization of the prodigiosin production process, the scattered light of P. putida and fluorescence of prodigiosin was measured. The excitation and emission wavelengths for prodigiosin measurement were analyzed by recording 2D fluorescence spectra. The strongest prodigiosin fluorescence was obtained at a wavelength combination of 535/560 nm. By reducing the temperature to 18 °C and using 16 g/L glucose, the prodigiosin concentration was more than doubled compared to the initial cultivation conditions. The obtained results demonstrate the capabilities of parallelized microscale cultivations combined with non-invasive online monitoring of fluorescence for rapid bioprocess development, using prodigiosin as a molecule of current biotechnological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Brehl
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hannah U C Brass
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf located at Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Clara Lüchtrath
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lukas Böckmann
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nina Ihling
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas Classen
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.,Institute for Bio- and Geosciences 1: Bioorganic Chemistry (IBG-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf located at Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Institute for Bio- and Geosciences 1: Bioorganic Chemistry (IBG-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
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9
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Towards robust Pseudomonas cell factories to harbour novel biosynthetic pathways. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:319-336. [PMID: 34223620 PMCID: PMC8314020 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biotechnological production in bacteria enables access to numerous valuable chemical compounds. Nowadays, advanced molecular genetic toolsets, enzyme engineering as well as the combinatorial use of biocatalysts, pathways, and circuits even bring new-to-nature compounds within reach. However, the associated substrates and biosynthetic products often cause severe chemical stress to the bacterial hosts. Species of the Pseudomonas clade thus represent especially valuable chassis as they are endowed with multiple stress response mechanisms, which allow them to cope with a variety of harmful chemicals. A built-in cell envelope stress response enables fast adaptations that sustain membrane integrity under adverse conditions. Further, effective export machineries can prevent intracellular accumulation of diverse harmful compounds. Finally, toxic chemicals such as reactive aldehydes can be eliminated by oxidation and stress-induced damage can be recovered. Exploiting and engineering these features will be essential to support an effective production of natural compounds and new chemicals. In this article, we therefore discuss major resistance strategies of Pseudomonads along with approaches pursued for their targeted exploitation and engineering in a biotechnological context. We further highlight strategies for the identification of yet unknown tolerance-associated genes and their utilisation for engineering next-generation chassis and finally discuss effective measures for pathway fine-tuning to establish stable cell factories for the effective production of natural compounds and novel biochemicals.
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10
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Abstract
Inflammatory processes occur as a generic response of the immune system and can be triggered by various factors, such as infection with pathogenic microorganisms or damaged tissue. Due to the complexity of the inflammation process and its role in common diseases like asthma, cancer, skin disorders or Alzheimer's disease, anti-inflammatory drugs are of high pharmaceutical interest. Nature is a rich source for compounds with anti-inflammatory properties. Several studies have focused on the structural optimization of natural products to improve their pharmacological properties. As derivatization through total synthesis is often laborious with low yields and limited stereoselectivity, the use of biosynthetic, enzyme-driven reactions is an attractive alternative for synthesizing and modifying complex bioactive molecules. In this minireview, we present an outline of the biotechnological methods used to derivatize anti-inflammatory natural products, including precursor-directed biosynthesis, mutasynthesis, combinatorial biosynthesis, as well as whole-cell and in vitro biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Winand
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringLaboratory of Technical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Strasse 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Angela Sester
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringLaboratory of Technical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Strasse 6644227DortmundGermany
- Current address: Chair of Technical BiochemistryTechnical University of DresdenBergstrasse 6601069DresdenGermany
| | - Markus Nett
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringLaboratory of Technical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Strasse 6644227DortmundGermany
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11
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Brands S, Brass HUC, Klein AS, Sikkens JG, Davari MD, Pietruszka J, Ruff AJ, Schwaneberg U. KnowVolution of prodigiosin ligase PigC towards condensation of short-chain prodiginines. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy02297g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
One round of KnowVolution enhanced the catalytic activity of prodigiosin ligase PigC with short-chain monopyrroles, opening access to anticancer prodiginines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Brands
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Hannah U. C. Brass
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
- 52426 Jülich
- Germany
| | - Andreas S. Klein
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
- 52426 Jülich
- Germany
| | - Jarno G. Sikkens
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Mehdi D. Davari
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
- 52426 Jülich
- Germany
| | - Anna Joëlle Ruff
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
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12
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Brands S, Sikkens JG, Davari MD, Brass HUC, Klein AS, Pietruszka J, Ruff AJ, Schwaneberg U. Understanding substrate binding and the role of gatekeeping residues in PigC access tunnels. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2681-2684. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc08226k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prodigiosin ligase PigC has been engineered by semi-rational design to accept short chain-pyrroles, providing molecular understanding of access tunnels and the substrate-binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Brands
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- RWTH Aachen University
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- Worringerweg 3
- Aachen 52074
| | - Jarno G. Sikkens
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- RWTH Aachen University
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- Worringerweg 3
- Aachen 52074
| | - Mehdi D. Davari
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- RWTH Aachen University
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- Worringerweg 3
- Aachen 52074
| | - Hannah U. C. Brass
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf located at Forschungszentrum Jülich
- Stetternicher Forst
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- Building 15.8
| | - Andreas S. Klein
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf located at Forschungszentrum Jülich
- Stetternicher Forst
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- Building 15.8
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf located at Forschungszentrum Jülich
- Stetternicher Forst
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- Building 15.8
| | - Anna Joëlle Ruff
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- RWTH Aachen University
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- Worringerweg 3
- Aachen 52074
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- RWTH Aachen University
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- Worringerweg 3
- Aachen 52074
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13
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Loeschcke A, Thies S. Engineering of natural product biosynthesis in Pseudomonas putida. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 65:213-224. [PMID: 32498036 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Loeschcke
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Stephan Thies
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany.
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14
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Sester A, Stüer-Patowsky K, Hiller W, Kloss F, Lütz S, Nett M. Biosynthetic Plasticity Enables Production of Fluorinated Aurachins. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2268-2273. [PMID: 32216075 PMCID: PMC7496329 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme promiscuity has important implications in the field of biocatalysis. In some cases, structural analogues of simple metabolic building blocks can be processed through entire pathways to give natural product derivatives that are not readily accessible by chemical means. In this study, we explored the plasticity of the aurachin biosynthesis pathway with regard to using fluoro‐ and chloroanthranilic acids, which are not abundant in the bacterial producers of these quinolone antibiotics. The incorporation rates of the tested precursor molecules disclosed a regiopreference for halogen substitution as well as steric limitations of enzymatic substrate tolerance. Three previously undescribed fluorinated aurachin derivatives were produced in preparative amounts by fermentation and structurally characterized. Furthermore, their antibacterial activities were evaluated in comparison to their natural congener aurachin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Sester
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Laboratory of Technical Biology, TU Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katrin Stüer-Patowsky
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Laboratory of Technical Biology, TU Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Wolf Hiller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology NMR Laboratory, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Florian Kloss
- Transfer Group Antiinfectives, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, TU Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Strase 66, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Markus Nett
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Laboratory of Technical Biology, TU Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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15
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Picott KJ, Deichert JA, deKemp EM, Snieckus V, Ross AC. Purification and Kinetic Characterization of the Essential Condensation Enzymes Involved in Prodiginine and Tambjamine Biosynthesis. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1036-1042. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J. Picott
- Department of ChemistryQueen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Julie A. Deichert
- Department of ChemistryQueen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Ella M. deKemp
- Department of ChemistryQueen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Victor Snieckus
- Department of ChemistryQueen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Avena C. Ross
- Department of ChemistryQueen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
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16
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Brothers KM, Stella NA, Shanks RMQ. Biologically active pigment and ShlA cytolysin of Serratia marcescens induce autophagy in a human ocular surface cell line. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20:120. [PMID: 32216768 PMCID: PMC7098141 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cellular process of autophagy is essential for maintaining the health of ocular tissue. Dysregulation of autophagy is associated with several ocular diseases including keratoconus and macular degeneration. It is known that autophagy can be used to respond to microbial infections and that certain microbes can exploit the autophagic process to their benefit. In this study, a genetic approach was used to identify surface-associated and secreted products generated by the opportunistic pathogen Serratia marcescens involved in activation of autophagy. METHODS A recombinant human corneal limbal epithelial cell line expressing a LC3-GFP fusion protein was challenged with normalized secretomes from wild-type and mutant S. marcescens derivatives. LC3-GFP fluorescence patterns were used to assess the ability of wild-type and mutant bacteria to influence autophagy. Purified prodigiosin was obtained from stationary phase bacteria and used to challenge ocular cells. RESULTS Mutations in the global regulators eepR and gumB genes highly reduced the ability of the bacteria to activate autophagy in corneal cells. This effect was further narrowed down to the secreted cytolysin ShlA and the biologically active pigment prodigiosin. Purified prodigiosin and ShlA from Escherichia coli further supported the role of these factors in activating autophagy in human corneal cells. Additional genetic data indicate a role for flagellin and type I pili, but not the nuclease, S-layer protein, or serratamolide biosurfactant in activation of autophagy. CONCLUSIONS This work identifies specific bacterial components that activate autophagy and give insight into potential host-pathogen interactions or compounds that can be used to therapeutically manipulate autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Brothers
- The Charles T. Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, EEI 1020, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Nicholas A Stella
- The Charles T. Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, EEI 1020, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Robert M Q Shanks
- The Charles T. Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, EEI 1020, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA.
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17
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Couturier M, Bhalara HD, Chawrai SR, Monson R, Williamson NR, Salmond GPC, Leeper FJ. Substrate Flexibility of the Flavin-Dependent Dihydropyrrole Oxidases PigB and HapB Involved in Antibiotic Prodigiosin Biosynthesis. Chembiochem 2020; 21:523-530. [PMID: 31433555 PMCID: PMC7065143 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the biosynthesis of the tripyrrolic pigment prodigiosin, PigB is a predicted flavin-dependent oxidase responsible for the formation of 2-methyl-3-amylpyrrole (MAP) from a dihydropyrrole. To prove which dihydropyrrole is the true intermediate, both possibilities, 5-methyl-4-pentyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole (5 a, resulting from transamination of the aldehyde of 3-acetyloctanal) and 2-methyl-3-pentyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole (6, resulting from transamination of the ketone), were synthesised. Only 5 a restored pigment production in a strain of Serratia sp. ATCC 39006 blocked earlier in MAP biosynthesis. PigB is membrane-associated and inactive when its transmembrane domain was deleted, but HapB, its homologue in Hahella chejuensis, lacks the transmembrane domain and is active in solution. Two colourimetric assays for PigB and HapB were developed, and the HapB-catalysed reaction was kinetically characterised. Ten analogues of 5 a were synthesised, varying in the C2 and C3 side chains, and tested as substrates of HapB in vitro and for restoration of pigment production in Serratia ΔpigD in vivo. All lengths of side chain tested at C3 were accepted, but only short side chains at C2 were accepted. The knowledge that 5 a is an intermediate in prodigiosin biosynthesis and the ease of synthesis of analogues of 5 a makes a range of prodigiosin analogues readily available by mutasynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Couturier
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Hiral D. Bhalara
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Suresh R. Chawrai
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Rita Monson
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeTennis Court RoadCambridgeCB2 1QWUK
| | - Neil R. Williamson
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeTennis Court RoadCambridgeCB2 1QWUK
| | - George P. C. Salmond
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeTennis Court RoadCambridgeCB2 1QWUK
| | - Finian J. Leeper
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
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18
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Brands S, Brass HUC, Klein AS, Pietruszka J, Ruff AJ, Schwaneberg U. A colourimetric high-throughput screening system for directed evolution of prodigiosin ligase PigC. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8631-8634. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02181d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A colourimetric high-throughput screening system was developed for the first directed evolution campaign on PigC towards production of artificial prodiginines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Brands
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Hannah U. C. Brass
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf located at Forschungszentrum Jülich
- Stetternicher Forst
- 52426 Jülich
- Germany
| | - Andreas S. Klein
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf located at Forschungszentrum Jülich
- Stetternicher Forst
- 52426 Jülich
- Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf located at Forschungszentrum Jülich
- Stetternicher Forst
- 52426 Jülich
- Germany
| | - Anna Joëlle Ruff
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
- DWI-Leibniz Institut für Interaktive Materialien
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19
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Habash SS, Brass HUC, Klein AS, Klebl DP, Weber TM, Classen T, Pietruszka J, Grundler FMW, Schleker ASS. Novel Prodiginine Derivatives Demonstrate Bioactivities on Plants, Nematodes, and Fungi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:579807. [PMID: 33178246 PMCID: PMC7596250 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.579807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial metabolites represent an invaluable source of bioactive molecules which can be used as such or serve as chemical frameworks for developing new antimicrobial compounds for various applications including crop protection against pathogens. Prodiginines are tripyrrolic, red-colored compounds produced by many bacterial species. Recently, due to the use of chemical-, bio-, or mutasynthesis, a novel group of prodiginines was generated. In our study, we perform different assays to evaluate the effects of prodigiosin and five derivatives on nematodes and plant pathogenic fungi as well as on plant development. Our results showed that prodigiosin and the derivatives were active against the bacterial feeding nematode Caenorhabditis elegans in a concentration- and derivative-dependent manner while a direct effect on infective juveniles of the plant parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii was observed for prodigiosin only. All compounds were found to be active against the plant pathogenic fungi Phoma lingam and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Efficacy varied depending on compound concentration and chemical structure. We observed that prodigiosin (1), the 12 ring- 9, and hexenol 10 derivatives are neutral or even positive for growth of Arabidopsis thaliana depending on the applied compound concentration, whereas other derivatives appear to be suppressive. Our infection assays revealed that the total number of developed H. schachtii individuals on A. thaliana was decreased to 50% in the presence of compounds 1 or 9. Furthermore, female nematodes and their associated syncytia were smaller in size. Prodiginines seem to indirectly inhibit H. schachtii parasitism of the plant. Further research is needed to elucidate their mode of action. Our results indicate that prodiginines are promising metabolites that have the potential to be developed into novel antinematodal and antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer S. Habash
- INRES Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- *Correspondence: Samer S. Habash, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-4493-1451
| | - Hannah U. C. Brass
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas S. Klein
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, Jülich, Germany
| | - David P. Klebl
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, Jülich, Germany
| | - Tim Moritz Weber
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas Classen
- IBG-1: Bioorganic Chemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, Jülich, Germany
- IBG-1: Bioorganic Chemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - A. Sylvia S. Schleker
- INRES Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- A. Sylvia S. Schleker,
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20
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Romanowski EG, Lehner KM, Martin NC, Patel KR, Callaghan JD, Stella NA, Shanks RMQ. Thermoregulation of Prodigiosin Biosynthesis by Serratia marcescens is Controlled at the Transcriptional Level and Requires HexS. Pol J Microbiol 2019; 68:43-50. [PMID: 31050252 PMCID: PMC6943984 DOI: 10.21307/pjm-2019-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several biotypes of the Gram-negative bacterium Serratia marcescens produce the tri-pyrole pigment and secondary metabolite prodigiosin. The biological activities of this pigment have therapeutic potential. For over half a century it has been known that biosynthesis of prodi giosin is inhibited when bacteria are grown at elevated temperatures, yet the fundamental mechanism underlying this thermoregulation has not been characterized. In this study, chromosomal and plasmid-borne luxCDABE transcriptional reporters revealed reduced transcription of the prodigiosin biosynthetic operon at 37°C compared to 30°C indicating transcriptional control of pigment production. Moreover, induced expression of the prodigiosin biosynthetic operon at 37°C was able to produce pigmented colonies and cultures demonstrating that physiological conditions at 37°C allow prodigiosin production and indicating that post-transcriptional control is not a major contributor to the thermoregulation of prodigiosin pigmentation. Genetic experiments support the model that the HexS transcription factor is a key contributor to thermoregulation of pigmentation, whereas CRP plays a minor role, and a clear role for EepR and PigP was not observed. Together, these data indicate that thermoregulation of prodigiosin production at elevated temperatures is controlled largely, if not exclusively, at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Romanowski
- Charles T. Campbell Laboratory of Ophthalmic Microbiology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh PA
| | - Kara M Lehner
- Charles T. Campbell Laboratory of Ophthalmic Microbiology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh PA
| | - Natalie C Martin
- Charles T. Campbell Laboratory of Ophthalmic Microbiology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh PA
| | - Kriya R Patel
- Charles T. Campbell Laboratory of Ophthalmic Microbiology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh PA
| | - Jake D Callaghan
- Charles T. Campbell Laboratory of Ophthalmic Microbiology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh PA
| | - Nicholas A Stella
- Charles T. Campbell Laboratory of Ophthalmic Microbiology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh PA
| | - Robert M Q Shanks
- Charles T. Campbell Laboratory of Ophthalmic Microbiology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh PA
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21
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Brass HUC, Klein AS, Nyholt S, Classen T, Pietruszka J. Condensing Enzymes fromPseudoalteromonadaceaefor Prodiginine Synthesis. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah U. C. Brass
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf located atForschungszentrum Jülich Stetternicher Forst, Building 15.8 52426 Jülich Germany
| | - Andreas S. Klein
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf located atForschungszentrum Jülich Stetternicher Forst, Building 15.8 52426 Jülich Germany
| | - Silke Nyholt
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1)Forschungszentrum Jülich 52426 Jülich Germany
| | - Thomas Classen
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1)Forschungszentrum Jülich 52426 Jülich Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf located atForschungszentrum Jülich Stetternicher Forst, Building 15.8 52426 Jülich Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1)Forschungszentrum Jülich 52426 Jülich Germany
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22
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Insights into the anti-infective properties of prodiginines. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2873-2887. [PMID: 30761415 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09641-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prodiginines are a large family of tripyrrole alkaloids that contain natural members produced by various bacteria and non-natural members obtained from chemical synthesis, enzymatic synthesis, and mutasynthesis. These compounds have attracted a great deal of attention due to their wide range of fascinating properties including anti-infective, anticancer, and immunosuppressive activities. In consideration of the great need for novel and effective anti-infective agents, this review is mainly focused on the current status of research on the anti-infective properties of prodiginines, highlighting their antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, anti-larval, and antiviral activities. Additionally, the multiple mechanisms by which prodiginines exert their anti-infective effects will also be discussed.
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