1
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Zhao Q, Rui J, Huang X. Radical-relay C(sp 3)-H azidation catalyzed by an engineered nonheme iron enzyme. Methods Enzymol 2024; 703:195-213. [PMID: 39260996 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Nonheme iron enzymes are versatile biocatalysts for a broad range of unique and powerful transformations, such as hydroxylation, chlorination, and epimerization as well as cyclization/ring-opening of organic molecules. Beyond their native biological functions, these enzymes are robust for engineering due to their structural diversity and high evolvability. Based on enzyme promiscuity and directed evolution as well as inspired by synthetic organic chemistry, nonheme iron enzymes can be repurposed to catalyze reactions previously only accessible with synthetic catalysts. To this end, our group has engineered a series of nonheme iron enzymes to employ non-natural radical-relay mechanisms for new-to-nature radical transformations. In particular, we have demonstrated that a nonheme iron enzyme, (4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate dioxygenase from streptomyces avermitilis (SavHppD), can be repurposed to enable abiological radical-relay process to access C(sp3)-H azidation products. This represents the first known instance of enzymatic radical relay azidation reactions. In this chapter, we describe the detailed experimental protocol to convert promiscuous nonheme iron enzymes into efficient and selective biocatalyst for radical relay azidation reactions. One round of directed evolution is described in detail, which includes the generation and handling of site-saturation mutagenesis, protein expression and whole-cell reactions screening in a 96-well plate. These protocol details might be useful to engineer various nonheme iron enzymes for other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhao
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China.
| | - Jinyan Rui
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Xiongyi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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2
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Zhao Q, Chen Z, Rui J, Huang X. Radical fluorine transfer catalysed by an engineered nonheme iron enzyme. Methods Enzymol 2024; 696:231-247. [PMID: 38658081 PMCID: PMC11232670 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Nonheme iron enzymes stand out as one of the most versatile biocatalysts for molecular functionalization. They facilitate a wide array of chemical transformations within biological processes, including hydroxylation, chlorination, epimerization, desaturation, cyclization, and more. Beyond their native biological functions, these enzymes possess substantial potential as powerful biocatalytic platforms for achieving abiological metal-catalyzed reactions, owing to their functional and structural diversity and high evolvability. To this end, our group has recently engineered a series of nonheme iron enzymes to employ non-natural radical-relay mechanisms for abiological radical transformations not previously known in biology. Notably, we have demonstrated that a nonheme iron enzyme, (S)-2-hydroxypropylphosphonate epoxidase from Streptomyces viridochromogenes (SvHppE), can be repurposed into an efficient and selective biocatalyst for radical fluorine transfer reactions. This marks the first known instance of a redox enzymatic process for C(sp3)F bond formation. This chapter outlines the detailed experimental protocol for engineering SvHPPE for fluorination reactions. Furthermore, the provided protocol could serve as a general guideline that might facilitate other engineering endeavors targeting nonheme iron enzymes for novel catalytic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhao
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China.
| | - Zhenhong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jinyan Rui
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Xiongyi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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3
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Roy S, Vargas DA, Ma P, Sengupta A, Zhu L, Houk KN, Fasan R. Stereoselective Construction of β-, γ-, and δ-Lactam Rings via Enzymatic C-H Amidation. Nat Catal 2024; 7:65-76. [PMID: 38584987 PMCID: PMC10997382 DOI: 10.1038/s41929-023-01068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Lactam rings are found in many biologically active natural products and pharmaceuticals, including important classes of antibiotics. Methods for the asymmetric synthesis of these molecules are therefore highly desirable, particularly through the selective functionalization of unreactive aliphatic C-H bonds. Here we show the development of a strategy for the asymmetric synthesis of β-, γ-, and δ-lactams via hemoprotein-catalysed intramolecular C-H amidation reaction with readily available dioxazolone reagents. Engineered myoglobin variants serve as excellent biocatalysts for this transformation yielding the desired lactam products in high yields, high enantioselectivity, and on preparative scale. Mechanistic and computational studies elucidate the nature of the C-H amination and enantiodetermining steps and provide insights into protein-mediated control of regioselectivity and stereoselectivity. Additionally, an alkaloid natural product and a drug molecule were synthesized chemoenzymatically in much fewer steps (7-8 vs. 11-12) than previously reported, further demonstrating the power of biosynthetic strategy for the preparation of complex bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York, 14627, United States
- Current affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, United States
| | - David A. Vargas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York, 14627, United States
- Current affiliation: Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Pengchen Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
- School of Chemistry, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Arkajyoti Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
| | - Ledong Zhu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York, 14627, United States
- Current affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, United States
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4
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Runda ME, de Kok NAW, Schmidt S. Rieske Oxygenases and Other Ferredoxin-Dependent Enzymes: Electron Transfer Principles and Catalytic Capabilities. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300078. [PMID: 36964978 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes that depend on sophisticated electron transfer via ferredoxins (Fds) exhibit outstanding catalytic capabilities, but despite decades of research, many of them are still not well understood or exploited for synthetic applications. This review aims to provide a general overview of the most important Fd-dependent enzymes and the electron transfer processes involved. While several examples are discussed, we focus in particular on the family of Rieske non-heme iron-dependent oxygenases (ROs). In addition to illustrating their electron transfer principles and catalytic potential, the current state of knowledge on structure-function relationships and the mode of interaction between the redox partner proteins is reviewed. Moreover, we highlight several key catalyzed transformations, but also take a deeper dive into their engineerability for biocatalytic applications. The overall findings from these case studies highlight the catalytic capabilities of these biocatalysts and could stimulate future interest in developing additional Fd-dependent enzyme classes for synthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Runda
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels A W de Kok
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandy Schmidt
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Gomez CA, Mondal D, Du Q, Chan N, Lewis JC. Directed Evolution of an Iron(II)- and α-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase for Site-Selective Azidation of Unactivated Aliphatic C-H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202301370. [PMID: 36757808 PMCID: PMC10050089 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202301370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
FeII - and α-ketoglutarate-dependent halogenases and oxygenases can catalyze site-selective functionalization of C-H bonds via a variety of C-X bond forming reactions, but achieving high chemoselectivity for functionalization using non-native functional groups remains rare. The current study shows that directed evolution can be used to engineer variants of the dioxygenase SadX that address this challenge. Site-selective azidation of succinylated amino acids and a succinylated amine was achieved as a result of mutations throughout the SadX structure. The installed azide group was reduced to a primary amine, and the succinyl group required for azidation was enzymatically cleaved to provide the corresponding amine. These results provide a promising starting point for evolving additional SadX variants with activity on structurally distinct substrates and for enabling enzymatic C-H functionalization with other non-native functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Gomez
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Dibyendu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Kalsec Inc., 3713W. Main St., Kalamazoo, MI 49006, USA
| | - Qian Du
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Natalie Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jared C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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6
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Jäger C, Haase M, Koschorreck K, Urlacher VB, Deska J. Aerobic C-N Bond Formation through Enzymatic Nitroso-Ene-Type Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213671. [PMID: 36468873 PMCID: PMC10107922 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The biocatalytic oxidation of acylated hydroxylamines enables the direct and selective introduction of nitrogen functionalities by activation of allylic C-H bonds. Utilizing either laccases or an oxidase/peroxidase couple for the formal dehydrogenation of N-hydroxycarbamates and hydroxamic acids with air as the terminal oxidant, acylnitroso species are generated under particularly mild aqueous conditions. The reactive intermediates undergo C-N bond formation through an ene-type mechanism and provide high yields both in intramolecular and intermolecular enzymatic aminations. Investigations on different pathways of the two biocatalytic systems and labelling studies provide more insight into this unprecedented promiscuity of classical oxidoreductases as catalysts for nitroso-based transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Jäger
- University of HelsinkiDepartment of ChemistryA.I. Virtasen aukio 100560HelsinkiFinland
- Aalto UniversityDepartment of ChemistryKemistintie 102150EspooFinland
| | - Mona Haase
- Aalto UniversityDepartment of ChemistryKemistintie 102150EspooFinland
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstr. 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Katja Koschorreck
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstr. 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Vlada B. Urlacher
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstr. 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Jan Deska
- University of HelsinkiDepartment of ChemistryA.I. Virtasen aukio 100560HelsinkiFinland
- Aalto UniversityDepartment of ChemistryKemistintie 102150EspooFinland
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7
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Rogers MS, Gordon AM, Rappe TM, Goodpaster JD, Lipscomb JD. Contrasting Mechanisms of Aromatic and Aryl-Methyl Substituent Hydroxylation by the Rieske Monooxygenase Salicylate 5-Hydroxylase. Biochemistry 2023; 62:507-523. [PMID: 36583545 PMCID: PMC9854337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The hydroxylase component (S5HH) of salicylate-5-hydroxylase catalyzes C5 ring hydroxylation of salicylate but switches to methyl hydroxylation when a C5 methyl substituent is present. The use of 18O2 reveals that both aromatic and aryl-methyl hydroxylations result from monooxygenase chemistry. The functional unit of S5HH comprises a nonheme Fe(II) site located 12 Å across a subunit boundary from a one-electron reduced Rieske-type iron-sulfur cluster. Past studies determined that substrates bind near the Fe(II), followed by O2 binding to the iron to initiate catalysis. Stopped-flow-single-turnover reactions (STOs) demonstrated that the Rieske cluster transfers an electron to the iron site during catalysis. It is shown here that fluorine ring substituents decrease the rate constant for Rieske electron transfer, implying a prior reaction of an Fe(III)-superoxo intermediate with a substrate. We propose that the iron becomes fully oxidized in the resulting Fe(III)-peroxo-substrate-radical intermediate, allowing Rieske electron transfer to occur. STO using 5-CD3-salicylate-d8 occurs with an inverse kinetic isotope effect (KIE). In contrast, STO of a 1:1 mixture of unlabeled and 5-CD3-salicylate-d8 yields a normal product isotope effect. It is proposed that aromatic and aryl-methyl hydroxylation reactions both begin with the Fe(III)-superoxo reaction with a ring carbon, yielding the inverse KIE due to sp2 → sp3 carbon hybridization. After Rieske electron transfer, the resulting Fe(III)-peroxo-salicylate intermediate can continue to aromatic hydroxylation, whereas the equivalent aryl-methyl intermediate formation must be reversible to allow the substrate exchange necessary to yield a normal product isotope effect. The resulting Fe(III)-(hydro)peroxo intermediate may be reactive or evolve through a high-valent iron intermediate to complete the aryl-methyl hydroxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S. Rogers
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics and Center for Metals in Biocatalysis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Adrian M. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Todd M. Rappe
- Minnesota NMR Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jason D. Goodpaster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - John D. Lipscomb
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics and Center for Metals in Biocatalysis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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8
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Liu Y, Lai KL, Vong K. Transition Metal Scaffolds Used To Bring New‐to‐Nature Reactions into Biological Systems. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Liu
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Ka Lun Lai
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Kenward Vong
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
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9
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Coin G, Latour JM. Nitrene transfers mediated by natural and artificial iron enzymes. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 225:111613. [PMID: 34634542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Amines are ubiquitous in biology and pharmacy. As a consequence, introducing N functionalities in organic molecules is attracting strong continuous interest. The past decade has witnessed the emergence of very efficient and selective catalytic systems achieving this goal thanks to engineered hemoproteins. In this review, we examine how these enzymes have been engineered focusing rather on the rationale behind it than the methodology employed. These studies are put in perspective with respect to in vitro and in vivo nitrene transfer processes performed by cytochromes P450. An emphasis is put on mechanistic aspects which are confronted to current molecular knowledge of these reactions. Forthcoming developments are delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Coin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, DIESE, LCBM, pmb, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR 5250, DCM, CIRE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Marc Latour
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, DIESE, LCBM, pmb, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
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10
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Ren X, Fasan R. Engineered and Artificial Metalloenzymes for Selective C-H Functionalization. CURRENT OPINION IN GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY 2021; 31:100494. [PMID: 34395950 PMCID: PMC8357270 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsc.2021.100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of C-H bonds constitutes a powerful strategy to construct and diversify organic molecules. However, controlling the chemo- and site-selectivity of this transformation in particularly complex molecular settings represents a significant challenge. Metalloenzymes are ideal platforms for achieving catalyst-controlled selective C-H bond functionalization as their reactivities can be tuned by protein engineering and/or redesign of their cofactor environment. In this review, we highlight recent progress in the development of engineered and artificial metalloenzymes for C-H functionalization, with a focus on biocatalytic strategies for selective C-H oxyfunctionalization and halogenation as well as C-H amination and C-H carbene insertion via abiological nitrene and carbene transfer chemistries. Engineered heme- and non-heme iron dependent enzymes have emerged as promising scaffolds for executing these transformations with high chemo-, regio- and stereocontrol as well as tunable selectivity. These emerging systems and methodologies have expanded the toolbox of sustainable strategies for organic synthesis and created new opportunities for the generation of chiral building blocks, the late-stage C-H functionalization of complex molecules, and the total synthesis of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkun Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Hutchison Hall, 120 Trustee Rd, Rochester NY 14627, USA
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Hutchison Hall, 120 Trustee Rd, Rochester NY 14627, USA
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11
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Farr T, Wissner JL, Hauer B. A simple and efficient method for lyophilization of recombinant E. coli JM109 (DE3) whole-cells harboring active Rieske non-heme iron dioxygenases. MethodsX 2021; 8:101323. [PMID: 34430233 PMCID: PMC8374376 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rieske non-heme iron dioxygenases are a class of intriguing enzymes covering a broad reaction and substrate spectrum and have been studied extensively in the last decades. In nature, these biocatalysts are essential for the production of cis-dihydroxylated metabolites, as a first step during the degradation of aromatic compounds in microorganisms. The enzymes are able to produce relevant amounts of compounds in short reaction times, but the effort for constant cultivation of recombinant cells and production of cell mass for biotransformations is high. To overcome the steady production process, our task was to find a way to make the biocatalysts durable and storable. In this way, laboratories lacking equipment for microbiology, e.g. chemistry laboratories, can be supplied with the enzymes to open up new possibilities in the production of molecules. We present a quick and efficient method that uses lyophilization to freeze-dry recombinant whole-cells that harbor the enzyme of interest. By washing the cells with a cryoprotectant before lyophilization, we could conserve the enzyme activity to the level of freshly harvested cells. Moreover, this simple to apply method enables subsequent steps like storage of the cell powder for transportation and on demand use in biotransformations. The method was established with the cumene dioxygenase (CDO) of Pseudomonas fluorescens IP01 and its variant CDO M232A expressed in E. coli JM109 (DE3) cells, employing R-limonene and naphthalene, respectively, as substrates in biotransformations. The method could be successfully applied in the analytical and semi-preparative reaction scale.Preservation of biocatalysts in recombinant whole-cells. Ready-to-use enzymatic reaction. Semi-preparative biotransformation with lyophilized whole-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Farr
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julian L Wissner
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hauer
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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12
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Liu Z, Arnold FH. New-to-nature chemistry from old protein machinery: carbene and nitrene transferases. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 69:43-51. [PMID: 33370622 PMCID: PMC8225731 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hemoprotein-catalyzed carbene and nitrene transformations have emerged as powerful tools for constructing complex molecules; they also nicely illustrate how new protein catalysts can emerge, evolve and diversify. These laboratory-invented enzymes exploit the ability of proteins to tame highly reactive carbene and nitrene species and direct their fates with high selectivity. New-to-nature carbene and nitrene transferases catalyze many useful reactions, including some that have no precedent using chemical methods. Here we cover recent advances in this field, including alkyne cyclopropenation, arene cyclopropanation, carbene CH insertion, intramolecular nitrene CH insertion, alkene aminohydroxylation, and primary amination. For such transformations, biocatalysts have exceeded the performance of reported small-molecule catalysts in terms of selectivity and catalyst turnovers. Finally, we offer our thoughts on using these new enzymatic reactions in chemical synthesis, integrating them into biological pathways and chemo-enzymatic cascades, and on their current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 210-41, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 210-41, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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13
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Wissner JL, Schelle JT, Escobedo‐Hinojosa W, Vogel A, Hauer B. Semi‐Rational Engineering of Toluene Dioxygenase from
Pseudomonas putida
F1 towards Oxyfunctionalization of Bicyclic Aromatics. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian L. Wissner
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry University of Stuttgart Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Jona T. Schelle
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry University of Stuttgart Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Wendy Escobedo‐Hinojosa
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry University of Stuttgart Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | | | - Bernhard Hauer
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry University of Stuttgart Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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14
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Vong K, Nasibullin I, Tanaka K. Exploring and Adapting the Molecular Selectivity of Artificial Metalloenzymes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenward Vong
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- GlycoTargeting Research Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Igor Nasibullin
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Biofunctional Chemistry Laboratory, A. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Katsunori Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Biofunctional Chemistry Laboratory, A. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
- GlycoTargeting Research Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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15
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Marshall JR, Mangas-Sanchez J, Turner NJ. Expanding the synthetic scope of biocatalysis by enzyme discovery and protein engineering. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.131926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Wang YC, Lai XJ, Huang K, Yadav S, Qiu G, Zhang L, Zhou H. Unravelling nitrene chemistry from acyclic precursors: recent advances and challenges. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01360a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in nitrene chemistry from acyclic precursors are reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chao Wang
- College of Biological
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Jiaxing University
- Jiaxing 314001
- China
| | - Xiao-Jing Lai
- College of Biological
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Jiaxing University
- Jiaxing 314001
- China
| | - Keke Huang
- College of Biological
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Jiaxing University
- Jiaxing 314001
- China
| | - Sarita Yadav
- College of Biological
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Jiaxing University
- Jiaxing 314001
- China
| | - Guanyinsheng Qiu
- College of Biological
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Jiaxing University
- Jiaxing 314001
- China
| | - Lianpeng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Forestry University
- Kunming 650224
- China
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- College of Biological
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Jiaxing University
- Jiaxing 314001
- China
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Dunham NP, Arnold FH. Nature's Machinery, Repurposed: Expanding the Repertoire of Iron-Dependent Oxygenases. ACS Catal 2020; 10:12239-12255. [PMID: 33282461 PMCID: PMC7710332 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an especially important redox-active cofactor in biology because of its ability to mediate reactions with atmospheric O2. Iron-dependent oxygenases exploit this earth-abundant transition metal for the insertion of oxygen atoms into organic compounds. Throughout the astounding diversity of transformations catalyzed by these enzymes, the protein framework directs reactive intermediates toward the precise formation of products, which, in many cases, necessitates the cleavage of strong C-H bonds. In recent years, members of several iron-dependent oxygenase families have been engineered for new-to-nature transformations that offer advantages over conventional synthetic methods. In this Perspective, we first explore what is known about the reactivity of heme-dependent cytochrome P450 oxygenases and nonheme iron-dependent oxygenases bearing the 2-His-1-carboxylate facial triad by reviewing mechanistic studies with an emphasis on how the protein scaffold maximizes the catalytic potential of the iron-heme and iron cofactors. We then review how these cofactors have been repurposed for abiological transformations by engineering the protein frameworks of these enzymes. Finally, we discuss contemporary challenges associated with engineering these platforms and comment on their roles in biocatalysis moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah P. Dunham
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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