Effect of Methionine Sulfoxide on the Synthesis and Purification of Aggregation-Prone Peptides

Optimization of peptide synthesis time and sustainability using novel eco-friendly binary solvent systems with induction heating on an automated peptide synthesizer

On December 12th, 2023, the European Commission took regulatory action to amend Annex XVII of REACH, imposing restrictions on the use of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) within the EU market owing to its high toxicity. Historically, DMF has been widely considered the gold standard for solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). Being urgent to propose alternative solvents, we tested the suitability of non-hazardous neat and mixed solvents. Notably, binary solvent mixtures containing dimethyl sulfoxide as one of the solvent partners demonstrated high efficacy in solubilizing reagents while maintaining the desired swelling characteristics of common resins. A series of binary solvent mixtures were tested in automated SPPS, both at room temperature and high temperature, employing the PurePep® Chorus synthesizer, which enabled controlled induction heating between 25 and 90°C with oscillation mixing. The performances were assessed in challenging peptide sequences, i.e., ACP (65-74), and in longer and aggregating sequences like SARS-CoV-2 RBM (436-507) and β-amyloid (1-42). Furthermore, as part of the proposed sustainable approach to minimize the utilization of hazardous solvents, we coupled the novel PurePep EasyClean catch-and-release purification technology. This work, addressing regulatory compliance, emphasizes the crucial role of green chemistry in advancing safer and more environmentally friendly practices in SPPS.

Rapid On-Resin N-Formylation of Peptides as One-Pot Reaction

N-formylation is a common pre- and post-translational modification of the N-terminus or the lysine side chain of peptides and proteins that plays a role in the initiation of immune responses, gene expression, or epigenetics. Despite its high biological relevance, protocols for the chemical N-formylation of synthetic peptides are scarce. The few available methods are elaborate in their execution and the yields are highly sequence-dependent. We present a rapid, easy-to-use one-pot procedure that runs at room temperature and can be used to formylate protected peptides at both the N-terminus and the lysine side chain on the resin in near-quantitative yields. Only insensitive, storage-stable standard chemicals - formic acid, acetic anhydride, pyridine and DMF - are used. Formylation works for both short and long peptides of up to 34 amino acids and over the spectrum of canonical amino acids.

Oxidation and Phenolysis of Peptide/Protein C-Terminal Hydrazides Afford Salicylaldehyde Ester Surrogates for Chemical Protein Synthesis

With the growing popularity of serine/threonine ligation (STL) and cysteine/penicillamine ligation (CPL) in chemical protein synthesis, facile and general approaches for the preparation of peptide salicylaldehyde (SAL) esters are urgently needed, especially those viable for obtaining expressed protein SAL esters. Herein, we report the access of SAL ester surrogates from peptide hydrazides (obtained either synthetically or recombinantly) via nitrite oxidation and phenolysis by 3-(1,3-dithian-2-yl)-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (SAL(-COOH)^PDT). The resulting peptide SAL(-COOH)^PDT esters can be activated to afford the reactive peptide SAL(-COOH) esters for subsequent STL/CPL. While being operationally simple for both synthetic peptides and expressed proteins, the current strategy facilitates convergent protein synthesis and combined application of STL with NCL. The generality of the strategy is showcased by the N-terminal ubiquitination of the growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein (Gadd45a), the efficient synthesis of ubiquitin-like protein 5 (UBL-5) via a combined N-to-C NCL-STL strategy, and the C-to-N semisynthesis of a myoglobin (Mb) variant.

The CSY-protecting group in the microwave-assisted synthesis of aggregation-prone peptides

This report describes the application of cyanosulfurylide (CSY)-protected aspartatic acid building blocks in microwave-assisted synthesis of aggregation-prone protein domains. We present a synthesis of Fmoc-Asp(CSY)-OH on a multigram scale, as...

Development of an Off-Grid Solar-Powered Autonomous Chemical Mini-Plant for Producing Fine Chemicals

Photochemistry using inexhaustible solar energy is an eco-friendly way to produce fine chemicals outside the typical laboratory or chemical plant environment. However, variations in solar irradiation conditions and the need for an external energy source to power electronic components limits the accessibility of this approach. In this work, a chemical solar-driven "mini-plant" centred around a scaled-up luminescent solar concentrator photomicroreactor (LSC-PM) was built. To account for the variations in solar irradiance at ground level and passing clouds, a responsive control system was designed that rapidly adapts the flow rate of the reagents to the light received by the reaction channels. Supplying the plant with solar panels, integrated into the module by placing it behind the LSC to utilize the transmitted fraction of the solar irradiation, allowed this setup to be self-sufficient and fully operational off-grid. Such a system can shine in isolated environments and in a distributed manufacturing world, allowing to decentralize the production of fine chemicals.

Effect of Methionine Sulfoxide on the Synthesis and Purification of Aggregation-Prone Peptides

A two-step synthesis for methionine-containing hydrophobic and/or aggregation-prone peptides is presented that takes advantage of the reversibility of methionine oxidation. The use of polar methionine sulfoxide as a building block in solid-phase peptide synthesis improves the synthesis quality and yields the crude peptide, with significantly improved solubility compared to the reduced species. This facilitates the otherwise often laborious peptide purification by high-performance liquid chromatography. The subsequent reduction proceeds quantitatively. This approach has been optimised with the methionine-rich Tar-DNA-binding protein 43 (307-347), but is also more generally applicable, as demonstrated by the syntheses of human calcitonin and two aggregation-prone peptides from the human prion protein.