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Volteas P, Giannopoulos S, Aljobeh AZ, Koudounas G, Pesce AR, Virvilis D. Superficial Femoral Artery Remote Endarterectomy: A Systematic Review And Meta-analysis. Ann Vasc Surg 2023:S0890-5096(23)00124-3. [PMID: 36868461 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2023.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Objective: Remote Superficial Femoral Artery Endarterectomy (RSFAE) is a hybrid procedure with low risk for peri-operative complications and promising patency rates over time. The aim of this study was to summarize current literature and to determine the role of RSFAE in limb salvage with regards to technical success, limitations, patency rates and long-term outcomes. METHODS This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. RESULTS Overall 19 studies were identified, comprising 1,200 patients with extensive femoropopliteal disease among whom 40% presented with chronic limb threatening ischemia. The average technical success rate was 96%, with a 7% rate for peri-operative distal embolization and 13% rate for SFA perforation. The primary patency was 64% and 56%, primary assisted patency was 82% and 77% and secondary patency was 89% and 72% at 12 and 24 months follow up respectively. CONCLUSION For long femoropopliteal TASC C/D lesions, RSFAE appears to be a minimally invasive hybrid procedure with acceptable perioperative morbidity, low mortality, and acceptable patency rates. RSFAE should be considered an alternative to open surgery or a bridge to bypass procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Volteas
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Stefanos Giannopoulos
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Ahmad Z Aljobeh
- Department of Surgery, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Georgios Koudounas
- Vascular Unit, 5th Department of Surgery, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokratio Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexa Rae Pesce
- Department of Surgery, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Dimitrios Virvilis
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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2
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Tran AT, Spertus JA, Mena-Hurtado CI, Jones PG, Aronow HD, Safley DM, Malik AO, Peri-Okonny PA, Shishehbor MH, Labrosciano C, Smolderen KG. Association of Disease-Specific Health Status With Long-Term Survival in Peripheral Artery Disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e022232. [PMID: 35132874 PMCID: PMC9245831 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.022232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background While peripheral artery disease (PAD) is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity with mortality remaining high and challenging to predict, accurate understanding of serial PAD‐specific health status around the time of diagnosis may prognosticate long‐term mortality risk. Methods and Results Patients with new or worsening PAD symptoms enrolled in the PORTRAIT Registry across 10 US sites from 2011 to 2015 were included. Health status was assessed by the Peripheral Artery Questionnaire (PAQ) Summary score at baseline, 3‐month, and change from baseline to 3‐month follow‐up. Kaplan‐Meier using 3‐month landmark and hierarchical Cox regression models were constructed to assess the association of the PAQ with 5‐year all‐cause mortality. Of the 711 patients (mean age 68.8±9.6 years, 40.9% female, 72.7% white; mean PAQ 47.5±22.0 and 65.9±25.0 at baseline and 3‐month, respectively), 141 (19.8%) died over a median follow‐up of 4.1 years. In unadjusted models, baseline (HR, 0.90 per‐10‐point increment; 95% CI, 0.84–0.97; P=0.008), 3‐month (HR [95% CI], 0.87 [0.82–0.93]; P<0.001) and change in PAQ (HR [95% CI], 0.92 [0.85–0.99]; P=0.021) were each associated with mortality. In fully adjusted models including combination of scores, 3‐month PAQ was more strongly associated with mortality than either baseline (3‐month HR [95% CI], 0.85 [0.78–0.92]; P<0.001; C‐statistic, 0.77) or change (3‐month HR [95% CI], 0.79 [0.72–0.87]; P<0.001). Conclusions PAD‐specific health status is independently associated with 5‐year survival in patients with new or worsening PAD symptoms, with the most recent assessment being most prognostic. Future work is needed to better understand how this information can be used proactively to optimize care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy T Tran
- Department of Medicine University of California Irvine School of Medicine Orange CA
| | - John A Spertus
- Cardiovascular Research Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute Kansas City MO.,Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics of Medicine University of Missouri-Kansas City Kansas City MO
| | - Carlos I Mena-Hurtado
- Vascular Medicine Outcomes Program Section of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Internal Medicine Yale University New Haven CT
| | - Philip G Jones
- Cardiovascular Research Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute Kansas City MO.,Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics of Medicine University of Missouri-Kansas City Kansas City MO
| | - Herbert D Aronow
- Department of Medicine Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence RI
| | - David M Safley
- Cardiovascular Research Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute Kansas City MO.,Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics of Medicine University of Missouri-Kansas City Kansas City MO
| | - Ali O Malik
- Cardiovascular Research Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute Kansas City MO.,Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics of Medicine University of Missouri-Kansas City Kansas City MO
| | - Poghni A Peri-Okonny
- Cardiovascular Research Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute Kansas City MO.,Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics of Medicine University of Missouri-Kansas City Kansas City MO
| | - Mehdi H Shishehbor
- Interventional Cardiovascular Center Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland OH
| | - Clementine Labrosciano
- The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Adelaide Medical School University of Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Kim G Smolderen
- Vascular Medicine Outcomes Program Section of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Internal Medicine Yale University New Haven CT.,Department of Psychiatry School of Medicine, Yale University New Haven CT
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Kadoglou NPE, Korakas E, Karkos C, Maratou E, Kanonidis I, Plotas P, Papanas N, Moutsatsou P, Ikonomidis I, Lambadiari V. The prognostic role of RBP-4 and adiponectin in patients with peripheral arterial disease undergoing lower limb endovascular revascularization. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2021; 20:221. [PMID: 34758835 PMCID: PMC8582224 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RBP4 is an adipokine with an established role in atherosclerosis, while adiponectin has unique anti-inflammatory properties. We investigated the association of RBP4 and adiponectin with the presence of symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD) and their possible prognostic role in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). METHODS We enrolled 168 consecutive patients with symptomatic, established PAD, requiring revascularization by endovascular means of any or both of their lower limbs. 88 age- and sex-matched subjects with less than 2 classical cardiovascular risk factors served as controls. Clinical parameters, glycemic and lipid profile, RBP4 and adiponectin levels were assayed. The occurrence of MACE was recorded during the 6-month follow-up and patients were assigned to MACE and non-MACE subgroups. RESULTS The presence of symptomatic PAD was significantly correlated with age, diabetes, hsCRP, RBP4 and low adiponectin levels (p < 0.05). After adjustment for age, RBP4 (β = 0.498, p < 0.001), and adiponectin (β = -0.288, p < 0.001) levels remained as independent predictors of PAD presence in the whole study cohort. At baseline, MACE subgroup appeared with higher RBP-4 and hsCRP serum levels than non-MACE subgroup (p < 0.001), but no differences were detected for adiponectin (p = 0.758). Serum RBP4 levels remained independent predictor of MACE (β = 0.455, p < 0.001) after adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONS High RBP4 and low adiponectin serum levels are independently associated with PAD presence. In addition, RBP4 is an independent predictor of MACE incidence in symptomatic PAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos P E Kadoglou
- Medical School, University of Cyprus, 215/6 Old road Lefkosias-Lemesou, CY-2029, Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus. .,2nd Cardiology Department, "Hippokration" Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Emmanouil Korakas
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute and Diabetes Centre, Athens University Medical School, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Karkos
- 5th Department of Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eirini Maratou
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute and Diabetes Centre, Athens University Medical School, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kanonidis
- 2nd Cardiology Department, "Hippokration" Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Plotas
- Department of Cardiology, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papanas
- Diabetes Centre, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Moutsatsou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ignatios Ikonomidis
- Second Cardiology Department, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vaia Lambadiari
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute and Diabetes Centre, Athens University Medical School, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Efficacy and Safety of Rivaroxaban Compared with Other Therapies Used in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease Undergoing Peripheral Revascularization: A Systematic Literature Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Cardiovasc Ther 2021; 2021:8561350. [PMID: 34497668 PMCID: PMC8407972 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8561350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The guidelines on antithrombotic treatment in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD) undergoing peripheral revascularization of the lower extremities were developed based on heterogeneous trials, assessing various dose regimens and recruiting patients who were subjected to different revascularization procedures. Objective To compare efficacy and safety of treatments used in patients with PAD undergoing peripheral revascularization accounting for between-trial heterogeneity and large dispersion of the quality of evidence. Methods A systematic literature review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) recruiting adult patients with PAD receiving antithrombotics was conducted until January 2020. Hazard ratios (HR) were pooled using Bayesian network meta-analysis. The estimated between-treatment effects were presented as HR together with 95% credible intervals. The base case analysis included studies recruiting patients following recent peripheral revascularization, who received treatment regimens administered within the recommended therapeutic window, while a sensitivity scenario included all identified trials. Results Thirteen RCTs were identified (8 RCTs enrolled patients following peripheral revascularization and 5 RCTs regardless of the previous revascularization). Five trials, recruiting an overall of 8349 patients, were considered for the base case analysis. Of those, 6564 patients were recruited in the VOYAGER PAD trial comparing rivaroxaban plus aspirin (RIV plus ASA) versus ASA. RIV plus ASA was associated with a lower risk of repeated peripheral revascularization versus ASA monotherapy (HR = 0.88 [0.79, 0.99]), however having a trend towards an increased rate of major bleeding (HR = 1.43 [0.98, 2.11]). There was no evidence for differences between RIV plus ASA and dual antiplatelet therapy and vitamin K antagonists plus ASA. Similar results were observed in sensitivity analyses. Conclusions RIV plus ASA is associated with reduced risk of revascularization compared with ASA monotherapy, but the evidence for other comparators, in particular antiplatelet regimens, was insufficient to guide treatment decisions and highlights the challenge in establishing the magnitude of comparative efficacy using existing RCTs.
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Parvar SL, Thiyagarajah A, Nerlekar N, King P, Nicholls SJ. A systematic review and meta-analysis of gender differences in long-term mortality and cardiovascular events in peripheral artery disease. J Vasc Surg 2020; 73:1456-1465.e7. [PMID: 33161072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2020.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individual studies of peripheral artery disease (PAD) have indicated that gender discrepancies exist in the symptoms, functional status, and treatment usage. It remains uncertain whether these discrepancies result in different long-term outcomes. We examined the potential gender differences in mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with symptomatic PAD. METHODS The PubMed and Embase databases were searched for studies from 2000 to January 2019. After a review of 13,582 citations, 14 articles were analyzed. The reported age-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for gender differences in mortality and MACE were included in the meta-analysis. The mortality outcomes were stratified according to the clinical presentation and study context. RESULTS Male gender was associated with a greater risk of all-cause mortality (HR, 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-1.16; P < .001) and MACE (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.06-1.14; P < .001). In a stratified analysis, male gender was associated with a higher mortality risk for patients presenting with either critical limb ischemia (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.05-1.10; P < .001) or mixed clinical presentations (HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.11-1.21; P < .001) but not for those with intermittent claudication (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.98-1.30; P = .09). Elevated mortality risk was evident after revascularization (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.04-1.19; P = .003), hospitalization (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.08-1.22; P < .001), and amputation (HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.08-1.10; P < .001), although not in outpatient clinics (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.97-1.32; P = .13), in men compared with women. CONCLUSIONS Greater mortality and MACE rates in men with PAD occurred despite other accepted gender disparities. The mechanisms underlying these gender differences in the outcomes for PAD patients require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman L Parvar
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia.
| | - Anand Thiyagarajah
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Nitesh Nerlekar
- Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peta King
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Stephen J Nicholls
- Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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6
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Giannopoulos S, Shammas NW, Cawich I, Staniloae CS, Adams GL, Armstrong EJ. Sex-Related Differences in the Outcomes of Endovascular Interventions for Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia: Results from the LIBERTY 360 Study. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2020; 16:271-284. [PMID: 32753875 PMCID: PMC7354949 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s246528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have suggested that women with chroniclimb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) may have worse outcomes than men. The aim of this study was to determine whether there are sex-related differences in outcomes of patients with CLTI undergoing endovascular treatment with current endovascular technologies. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data were derived from the LIBERTY 360 study (NCT01855412). Hazard ratios and the respective 95% confidence intervals were synthesized to examine the association between sex and all-cause mortality, target vessel revascularization (TVR), major amputation, major adverse event (MAE) and major amputation/death up to 3 years of follow-up. RESULTS A total of 689 patients with CLTI (female: N=252 vs male: N=437) treated with any FDA approved or cleared device were included. The mean lesion length was 126.9±117.3mm and 127.4±113.3mm for the female and male patients, respectively. Although a slightly higher incidence of in-hospital mortality was observed in the female group (1.2% vs 0.0%, p=0.049), there was no difference in female vs male survival rates during follow-up. However, the risk of major amputation at 18 months was higher for the male group (male vs female: HR: 2.36; 95% CI: 1.09-5.12; p=0.030). No difference between the two groups was detected in terms of TVR or MAE during follow-up. DISCUSSION Data regarding sex-related disparity in outcomes after endovascular therapy of patients with CLTI are conflicting. Gender-related characteristics rather than biological sex characteristics might be the cause of these conflicting findings. Further studies are needed to evaluate the role of sex in revascularization outcomes among this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Giannopoulos
- Division of Cardiology, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Ian Cawich
- Arkansas Heart Hospital, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Cezar S Staniloae
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - George L Adams
- Department of Cardiology, North Carolina Heart and Vascular, Rex Hospital, UNC School of Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ehrin J Armstrong
- Division of Cardiology, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
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Johnston AL, Vemulapalli S, Gosch KL, Aronow HD, Abbott JD, Patel MR, Smolderen KG, Shishebor M, Spertus JA, Jones WS. Ankle-brachial index in patients with intermittent claudication is a poor indicator of patient-centered and clinician-based evaluations of functional status. J Vasc Surg 2019; 69:906-912. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2018.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Shammas AN, Jeon-Slaughter H, Tsai S, Khalili H, Ali M, Xu H, Rodriguez G, Cawich I, Armstrong EJ, Brilakis ES, Banerjee S. Major Limb Outcomes Following Lower Extremity Endovascular Revascularization in Patients With and Without Diabetes Mellitus. J Endovasc Ther 2017; 24:376-382. [PMID: 28440113 DOI: 10.1177/1526602817705135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether diabetes mellitus has an independent impact on major limb outcomes at 1 year after endovascular treatment of lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD). METHODS The study involved 1906 consecutive patients (mean age 66 years; 1469 men) enrolled in the observational Excellence in Peripheral Artery Disease (XLPAD) registry ( ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01904851) between January 2005 and October 2015 after undergoing index endovascular procedures in 2426 limbs for arterial occlusive disease. Patient outcomes included 12-month target limb amputation (above ankle) and target limb revascularization as well as all-cause death. Kaplan-Meier analysis and adjusted Cox proportional hazard models were used for time-to-event analysis of outcomes for the entire study sample as well as for the critical limb ischemia (CLI) and claudication subgroups. Results of the Cox regression models are reported as the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS Diabetics undergoing endovascular procedures had higher rates of comorbid conditions (p<0.001), CLI (p<0.001), heavily calcified lesions (p=0.002), multivessel disease (p=0.030), and fewer infrapopliteal runoff vessels (p<0.001). Regression analysis after adjusting for confounders revealed significantly higher target limb major amputation in diabetics compared with nondiabetics (HR 5.02, 95% CI 1.44 to 17.56, p=0.011). However, repeat revascularization rates were similar. When considering CLI and claudication subgroups, diabetes was associated with a nonsignificant increased risk of 12-month major amputation only for patients presenting with CLI (HR 3.48, 95% CI 0.97 to 12.51, p=0.056). Diabetes was also associated with an increased risk of 12-month all-cause mortality in the overall study sample (HR 4.64, 95% CI 2.01 to 10.70, p<0.001) and in the CLI subgroup (HR 14.15, 95% CI 3.16 to 63.32, p<0.001) but not in the claudication subgroup (HR 1.42, 95% CI 0.45 to 4.54, p=0.552). CONCLUSION Diabetes increases the risk of major amputation and all-cause death at 12 months following endovascular revascularization in patients with symptomatic PAD. These risks are especially heightened in patients presenting with CLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Shammas
- 1 Midwest Cardiovascular Research Foundation, Davenport, IA, USA
| | - Haekyung Jeon-Slaughter
- 2 University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,3 VA North Texas Healthcare System, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Shirling Tsai
- 2 University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,3 VA North Texas Healthcare System, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Houman Khalili
- 2 University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,3 VA North Texas Healthcare System, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mujtaba Ali
- 2 University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,4 Parkland Hospital, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Hao Xu
- 2 University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Ian Cawich
- 5 Arkansas Heart Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Ehrin J Armstrong
- 6 Eastern Colorado Veteran Affairs Healthcare System, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Emmanouil S Brilakis
- 2 University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,3 VA North Texas Healthcare System, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Subhash Banerjee
- 2 University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,3 VA North Texas Healthcare System, Dallas, TX, USA
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