1
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Thiruvengetam P, Sunani P, Kumar Chand D. A Metallomicellar Catalyst for Controlled Oxidation of Alcohols and Lignin Mimics in Water using Open Air as Oxidant. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301754. [PMID: 38224525 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol groups and β-O-4 (C-C) linkages are widespread in biomass feedstock that are abundant renewable resource for value-added chemicals. The development of sustainable protocols for direct oxidation or oxidative cleavage of feedstock materials in a controlled fashion, using open air as an oxidant is an intellectually stimulating task to produce industrially important value-added carbonyls. Further, the oxidative depolymerization of lignin into fine chemicals has evoked interest in recent times. Herein, we report the first example of a catalyst system that could activate molecular oxygen from atmospheric air for controlled oxidation and oxidative cleavage/depolymerization of feedstock materials such as alcohols, β-O-4 (C-C) linkages and real lignin in water under open air conditions. The selectivity of carbonyl products is controlled by altering the pH between ~7.0 and ~12.0. The current strategy highlights the non-involvement of any external co-catalyst, oxidant, radical additives, and/or destructive organic solvents. The catalyst shows a wide substrate scope and eminent functional group tolerance. The upscaled multigram synthesis using an inexpensive catalyst and easily available oxidant evidences the practical utility of the developed protocol. A plausible mechanism has been proposed with the help of a few controlled experiments, and kinetic and computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabaharan Thiruvengetam
- IoE Centre of Molecular Architecture, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Pragyansmruti Sunani
- IoE Centre of Molecular Architecture, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Dillip Kumar Chand
- IoE Centre of Molecular Architecture, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
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2
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Bazhenova MA, Kulikov LA, Makeeva DA, Maximov AL, Karakhanov EA. Hydrodeoxygenation of Lignin-Based Compounds over Ruthenium Catalysts Based on Sulfonated Porous Aromatic Frameworks. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4618. [PMID: 38232050 PMCID: PMC10708665 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Bifunctional catalysts are a major type of heterogeneous catalytic systems that have been widely investigated for biomass upgrading. In this work, Ru-catalysts based on sulfonated porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) were used in the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of lignin-derived compounds: guaiacol, veratrole, and catechol. The relationship between the activity of metal nanoparticles and the content of acid sites in synthesized catalysts was studied. Herein, their synergy was demonstrated in the Ru-PAF-30-SO3H/5-COD catalyst. The results revealed that this catalytic system promoted partial hydrogenation of lignin-based compounds to ketones without any further transformations. The design of the Ru-PAF-30-SO3H/5-COD catalytic system opens a promising route to the selective conversion of lignin model compounds to cyclohexanone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Bazhenova
- Department of Petroleum Chemistry and Organic Catalysis, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.A.B.); (D.A.M.); (A.L.M.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Leonid A. Kulikov
- Department of Petroleum Chemistry and Organic Catalysis, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.A.B.); (D.A.M.); (A.L.M.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Daria A. Makeeva
- Department of Petroleum Chemistry and Organic Catalysis, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.A.B.); (D.A.M.); (A.L.M.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Anton L. Maximov
- Department of Petroleum Chemistry and Organic Catalysis, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.A.B.); (D.A.M.); (A.L.M.); (E.A.K.)
- Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Eduard A. Karakhanov
- Department of Petroleum Chemistry and Organic Catalysis, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.A.B.); (D.A.M.); (A.L.M.); (E.A.K.)
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3
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Lou Y, Sun X, Yu Y, Zeng S, Li Y, Liu Y, Yu H. One-Pot Protolignin Extraction by Targeted Unlocking Lignin-Carbohydrate Esters via Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination Strategy. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0069. [PMID: 36930767 PMCID: PMC10013968 DOI: 10.34133/research.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Protolignin extraction can facilitate structure elucidation and valorization of lignin in biorefinery, but is rather challenging due to the complex chemical bonds present. Here, we developed the in situ generated NH3-reline (IGNR) system to realize one-pot protolignin extraction from lignocellulose. In the IGNR system, reline consisting of choline chloride and urea acted as both a solvent and a nucleophile generator, and the nucleophilic addition-elimination mechanism was verified by model compound studies. The in situ generated NH3 could precisely cleave the lignin-carbohydrate esters in lignocellulose with a near-quantitative retention of carbohydrates. The extracted IGNR-Protolignin exhibited native lignin substructure with high molecular weight and high β-O-4' content (41.5 per 100 aromatic units). In addition, the up-scaled kilogram reaction demonstrated the feasibility of the IGNR system for potential industrial application in a green and sustainable pathway. This work represents a breakthrough toward protolignin extraction in practice with the future goal of achieving total biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Lou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China
| | - Suqing Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China
| | - Yilin Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhuang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China
| | - Haipeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China
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Bautista-García D, Macias-José D, Aguillón-Rodríguez P, Pérez-Reyes O, Ortiz-Cervantes C. Cobalt catalysts (Co–N–C) for C–O bond cleavage in lignin-derived aryl ethers and lignin. NEW J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d3nj00322a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
The transformation of lignin into value-added chemicals represents one of the relevant approaches for sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bautista-García
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Circuito Exterior S/N, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - David Macias-José
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Circuito Exterior S/N, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Paola Aguillón-Rodríguez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Circuito Exterior S/N, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Obed Pérez-Reyes
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Unidad Legaria Instituto Politécnico Nacional Ciudad, México, Mexico
| | - Carmen Ortiz-Cervantes
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Circuito Exterior S/N, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
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5
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Wang Y, Dong L, Lu Y, Ma L, Gong G, Wang Y. Effect of Benzyl Alcohol on Biomethanation from Lignite. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:43965-43972. [PMID: 36506159 PMCID: PMC9730774 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Currently, biomethane obtained from coal resources, such as lignite and peat, serves as a sustainable biofuel urgently needed by the energy economy. To improve biomethane yield from lignite, the effects of different concentrations of benzyl alcohol, a degraded product of humic acid, on a biomethanation fermentation system were analyzed. The total biomethane yield, daily biomethane yield, coenzyme F420, VFA (volatile fatty acids) concentration, alkalinity, and pH were used to determine the optimal benzyl alcohol concentration. The biomethanation fermentation system with 2000 mg/L benzyl alcohol produced up to 4.03 mL/g of biomethane, which was 1.15 times that produced from the control group. The coenzyme F420, VFA, alkalinity, and pH of the system after adding 2000 mg/L benzyl alcohol were more preferable after adding other concentrations during the lignite biomethanation process. In summary, 2000 mg/L benzyl alcohol had a significantly positive effect on the lignite biomethanation fermentation system. When benzyl alcohol is added to the fermentation system, it accelerates the tricarboxylic acid cycle, which in turn produces more biomethane. Additionally, the self-supply of lignite microbial transformation nutrients from the perspective of chemical composition was explored as a novel approach in solving the common problem of low biomethane yield from a single lignite raw material. This also laid a foundation for subsequent steps through the adjustment of pretreatment conditions to ensure that the lignite pretreatment liquid contained increased benzyl alcohol, and a greater yield of biomethane can be produced after activated sludge addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner
Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Lichao Dong
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner
Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Lu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner
Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Litong Ma
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner
Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, P. R. China
- Inner
Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization
of Bio-coal Chemical Industry, Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous
Region, P. R. China
- Laboratory
of Low Rank Coal Carbon Neutralization, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Guanqun Gong
- School
of Chemical Engineer & Technology, China
University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu
Province, P. R. China
| | - Yaxiong Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner
Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, P. R. China
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6
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Bao H, Sagues WJ, Wang Y, Peng W, Zhang L, Yang S, Xiao D, Tong Z. Depolymerization of Lignin into Monophenolics by Ferrous/Persulfate Reagent under Mild Conditions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:6582-6593. [PMID: 33078554 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to use a persulfate together with transition metal ions as the reagent to effectively depolymerize lignin into monophenolic compounds under mild conditions (ambient pressure, temperature <100 °C). The Box-Behnken experimental design in combination with the response surface methodology was applied to obtain optimized reaction conditions. The results showed that this reagent could depolymerize up to 99 % of lignin dimers to mainly veratraldehyde. This reaction also successfully depolymerized industrial lignins with a high yield of phenolic oils and monophenolic compounds. Quantum chemistry calculations using the density functional theory level indicated that the persulfate free radical attacks Cβ to break the β-O-4 bond of lignin through a five-membered ring mechanism. This mechanism using persulfate free radicals has a lower activation barrier than that using hydroxyl radicals. Gel permeation chromatography and 2D-NMR spectroscopy demonstrated the effective cleavage of the β-O-4 bonds of lignin after depolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxi Bao
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, 1741 Museum Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32603, USA
| | - William J Sagues
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, 2820, Faucette Dr, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Yigui Wang
- Center for Integrative Materials Discovery Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of New Haven, 300 Boston Post Rd, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Wenbo Peng
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, 1741 Museum Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32603, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, 1741 Museum Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32603, USA
| | - Shunchang Yang
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, 1741 Museum Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32603, USA
| | - Dequan Xiao
- Center for Integrative Materials Discovery Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of New Haven, 300 Boston Post Rd, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Zhaohui Tong
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, 1741 Museum Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32603, USA
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7
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Kim SA, Kim SE, Kim YK, Jang HY. Copper-Catalyzed Oxidative Cleavage of the C-C Bonds of β-Alkoxy Alcohols and β-1 Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:31684-31691. [PMID: 33344820 PMCID: PMC7745431 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Copper-catalyzed aerobic oxidation conditions were employed to promote the C-C bond cleavage of β-alkoxy alcohols and β-1 compounds (lignin model compounds). Besides these compounds, various 1,2 and 1,3-diols were successfully converted to aldehydes. We propose the Cu(I)-catalyzed mechanism explaining the C-C cleavage of these 1,2 and 1,3-dihydroxy compounds and β-alkoxy alcohols based on XPS data. Although our reaction conditions do not include large excess of bases and elaborated ligand-modified catalysts, copper salts with/without Me-TBD show good catalytic activities for C-C bond cleavage of various lignin model compounds.
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8
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Kang Y, Yang Y, Yao X, Liu Y, Ji X, Xin J, Xu J, Dong H, Yan D, He H, Lu X. Weak Bonds Joint Effects Catalyze the Cleavage of Strong C-C Bond of Lignin-Inspired Compounds and Lignin in Air by Ionic Liquids. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5945-5953. [PMID: 32964672 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of lignin to value-added aromatics through selective C-C bond cleavage via metal-free and mild strategies is promising but challenging. It was discovered that the cations of ionic liquids (ILs) could effectively catalyze this kind of strong bond cleavage by forming multiple weak hydrogen bonds, enabling the reaction conducted in air at temperature lower than 373 K without metal-containing catalysts. The cation [CPMim]+ (1-propylronitrile-3-methylimidazolium) afforded the highest efficiency in C-C bond cleavage, in which high yields (>90 %) of oxidative products were achieved. [CPMim]+ could form three ipsilateral hydrogen bonds with the oxygen atom of C=O and ether bonds at both sides of the C-C bond. The weak bonds joint effects could promote adjacent C-H bond cleave to form free radicals and thereby catalyze the fragmentation of the strong C-C. This work opens up an eco-friendly and energy-efficient route for direct valorization of lignin by enhancing IL properties via tuning the cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yongqing Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqian Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yanrong Liu
- Energy Engineering, Division of Energy Science, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 97187, Sweden
| | - Xiaoyan Ji
- Energy Engineering, Division of Energy Science, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 97187, Sweden
| | - Jiayu Xin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Junli Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Huixian Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Dongxia Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hongyan He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xingmei Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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9
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Liu X, Bouxin FP, Fan J, Budarin VL, Hu C, Clark JH. Recent Advances in the Catalytic Depolymerization of Lignin towards Phenolic Chemicals: A Review. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4296-4317. [PMID: 32662564 PMCID: PMC7540457 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The efficient valorization of lignin could dictate the success of the 2nd generation biorefinery. Lignin, accounting for on average a third of the lignocellulosic biomass, is the most promising candidate for sustainable production of value-added phenolics. However, the structural alteration induced during lignin isolation is often depleting its potential for value-added chemicals. Recently, catalytic reductive depolymerization of lignin has appeared to be a promising and effective method for its valorization to obtain phenolic monomers. The present study systematically summarizes the far-reaching and state-of-the-art lignin valorization strategies during different stages, including conventional catalytic depolymerization of technical lignin, emerging reductive catalytic fractionation of protolignin, stabilization strategies to inhibit the undesired condensation reactions, and further catalytic upgrading of lignin-derived monomers. Finally, the potential challenges for the future researches on the efficient valorization of lignin and possible solutions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P.R. China
- Green Chemistry Center of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Florent P Bouxin
- Green Chemistry Center of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jiajun Fan
- Green Chemistry Center of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Vitaliy L Budarin
- Green Chemistry Center of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P.R. China
| | - James H Clark
- Green Chemistry Center of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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10
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Stabilization strategies in biomass depolymerization using chemical functionalization. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:311-330. [PMID: 37127959 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A central feature of most lignocellulosic-biomass-valorization strategies is the depolymerization of all its three major constituents: cellulose and hemicellulose to simple sugars, and lignin to phenolic monomers. However, reactive intermediates, generally resulting from dehydration reactions, can participate in undesirable condensation pathways during biomass deconstruction, which have posed fundamental challenges to commercial biomass valorization. Thus, new strategies specifically aim to suppress condensations of reactive intermediates, either avoiding their formation by functionalizing the native structure or intermediates or selectively transforming these intermediates into stable derivatives. These strategies have provided unforeseen upgrading pathways, products and process solutions. In this Review, we outline the molecular driving forces that shape the deconstruction landscape and describe the strategies for chemical functionalization. We then offer an outlook on further developments and the potential of these strategies to sustainably produce renewable-platform chemicals.
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11
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Gale M, Cai CM, Gilliard-Abdul-Aziz KL. Heterogeneous Catalyst Design Principles for the Conversion of Lignin into High-Value Commodity Fuels and Chemicals. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:1947-1966. [PMID: 31899593 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lignin valorization has risen as a promising pathway to supplant the use of petrochemicals for chemical commodities and fuels. However, the challenges of separating and breaking down lignin from lignocellulosic biomass are the primary barriers to success. Integrated biorefinery systems that incorporate both homo- and heterogeneous catalysis for the upgrading of lignin intermediates have emerged as a viable solution. Homogeneous catalysis can perform selected chemistries, such as the hydrolysis and dehydration of ester or ether bonds, that are more suitable for the pretreatment and fractionation of biomass. Heterogeneous catalysis, however, offers a tunable platform for the conversion of extracted lignin into chemicals, fuels, and materials. Tremendous effort has been invested in elucidating the necessary factors for the valorization of lignin by using heterogeneous catalysts, with efforts to explore more robust methods to drive down costs. Current progress in lignin conversion has fostered numerous advances, but understanding the key catalyst design principles is important for advancing the field. This Minireview aims to provide a summary on the fundamental design principles for the selective conversion of lignin by using heterogeneous catalysts, including the pairing of catalyst metals, supports, and solvents. The review puts a particular focus on the use of bimetallic catalysts on porous supports as a strategy for the selective conversion of lignin. Finally, future research on the valorization of lignin is proposed on the basis of recent progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Gale
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 446 Winston Chung Hall, 900 University Ave, Riverside, USA
| | - Charles M Cai
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Kandis Leslie Gilliard-Abdul-Aziz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 446 Winston Chung Hall, 900 University Ave, Riverside, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 313 Material Science and Engineering Building, 900 University Ave, Riverside, USA
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12
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Li X, Zhang Y. Metal Catalyst-Free Oxidative C-C Bond Cleavage of a Lignin Model Compound by H 2 O 2 in Formic acid. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:1740-1745. [PMID: 32048446 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201903180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Selective cleavage of the β-O-4 ether bond of lignin to produce aromatics is one of the most important topics for the sustainable production of chemicals from biomass. A simple system has been developed for Cα -Cβ bond cleavage of a β-O-4 ketone-structured lignin model compound (LMC) by H2 O2 in formic acid under metal catalyst-free conditions. By using this simple system, with H2 O2 , formic acid, and mineral acid catalyst, over 90 % product yield is achieved in 6 h at room temperature. The reaction proceeds through the classic Baeyer-Villiger oxidation and in situ-generated performic acid serves as the key oxidant. The cleavage of alcoholic LMCs by using the presented method in a two-step process is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiukai Li
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos #07-01, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Yugen Zhang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos #07-01, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
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13
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Liu H, Li H, Luo N, Wang F. Visible-Light-Induced Oxidative Lignin C–C Bond Cleavage to Aldehydes Using Vanadium Catalysts. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Hongji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Nengchao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
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14
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Wang M, Wang F. Catalytic Scissoring of Lignin into Aryl Monomers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1901866. [PMID: 31821648 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is an aromatic polymer, which is the biggest and most sustainable reservoir for aromatics. The selective conversion of lignin polymers into aryl monomers is a promising route to provide aromatics, but it is also a challenging task. Compared to cellulose, lignin remains the most poorly utilized biopolymer due to its complex structure. Although harsh conditions can degrade lignin, the aromatic rings are usually destroyed. This article comprehensively analyzes the challenges facing the scissoring of lignin into aryl monomers and summarizes the recent progress, focusing on the strategies and the catalysts to address the problems. Finally, emphasis is given to the outlook and future directions of this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
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15
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Tsai Y, Chen C, Hsieh Y, Tsai M. Selective C
α
Alcohol Oxidation of Lignin Substrates Featuring a β‐O‐4 Linkage by a Dinuclear Oxovanadium Catalyst via Two‐Electron Redox Processes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Ting Tsai
- Department of Chemistry National Sun Yat‐sen University 80424 Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Chih‐Yao Chen
- Department of Chemistry National Sun Yat‐sen University 80424 Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Yi‐Ju Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry National Sun Yat‐sen University 80424 Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Ming‐Li Tsai
- Department of Chemistry National Sun Yat‐sen University 80424 Kaohsiung Taiwan
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16
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Yu X, Wei Z, Lu Z, Pei H, Wang H. Activation of lignin by selective oxidation: An emerging strategy for boosting lignin depolymerization to aromatics. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 291:121885. [PMID: 31377049 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is the most abundant, renewable aromatic resource on earth and holds great potential for the production of value-added chemicals. The efficient valorization of lignin requires to deal with several formidable challenges, especially to prevent it from re-condensation reactions during its depolymerization. Recently, a strategy involving the activation of lignin side chains by selective oxidation of the benzylic alcohol in β-O-4 linkages to facilitate lignin degradation to aromatic monomers has become very popular. This strategy provides great advantages for lignin selective degradation to high yields of aromatics under mild conditions, but requires an additional pre-oxidation step. The purpose of this review is to provide the latest cutting-edge innovations of this novel approach. Various catalytic systems, including those using chemo-catalytic methods, physio-chemo catalytic methods, and/or bio-catalytic methods, for the oxidative activation of lignin side chains are summarized. By analyzing the current situation of lignin depolymerization, certain promising directions are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Yu
- College of Biomass Sciences and Engineering/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ziqing Wei
- College of Biomass Sciences and Engineering/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Zhixian Lu
- College of Biomass Sciences and Engineering/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haisheng Pei
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Postharvest Handing Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijjing 100121, China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- College of Biomass Sciences and Engineering/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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17
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Kumaniaev I, Samec JSM. Adsorption Isotherms of Lignin-Derived Compounds on a Palladium Catalyst. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b06159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kumaniaev
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joseph S. M. Samec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Magallanes G, Kärkäs MD, Bosque I, Lee S, Maldonado S, Stephenson CRJ. Selective C–O Bond Cleavage of Lignin Systems and Polymers Enabled by Sequential Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation and Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b04172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Magallanes
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Markus D. Kärkäs
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irene Bosque
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sudarat Lee
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stephen Maldonado
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Program in Applied Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Corey R. J. Stephenson
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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19
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Venkanna A, Cho KH, Dhorma LP, Kumar DN, Hah JM, Park HG, Kim SY, Kim MH. Chemistry-oriented synthesis (ChOS) and target deconvolution on neuroprotective effect of a novel scaffold, oxaza spiroquinone. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 163:453-480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Sun K, Chen S, Zhang J, Lu GP, Cai C. Cobalt Nanoparticles Embedded inN-Doped Porous Carbon Derived from Bimetallic Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks for One-Pot Selective Oxidative Depolymerization of Lignin. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Sun
- Chemical Engineering College; Nanjing University of Science & Technology Xiaolingwei 200; Nanjing 210094 P.R. China
| | - Shujie Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Guangzhou University; Guangzhou 510006 P.R. China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Chemical Engineering College; Nanjing University of Science & Technology Xiaolingwei 200; Nanjing 210094 P.R. China
| | - Guo-Ping Lu
- Chemical Engineering College; Nanjing University of Science & Technology Xiaolingwei 200; Nanjing 210094 P.R. China
| | - Chun Cai
- Chemical Engineering College; Nanjing University of Science & Technology Xiaolingwei 200; Nanjing 210094 P.R. China
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21
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Awan IZ, Tanchoux N, Quignard F, Albonetti S, Cavani F, Di Renzo F. Heterogeneous Catalysis as a Tool for Production of Aromatic Compounds From Lignin. STUDIES IN SURFACE SCIENCE AND CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64127-4.00013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Salonen HEP, Mecke CPA, Karjomaa MI, Joensuu PM, Koskinen AMP. Copper Catalyzed Alcohol Oxidation and Cleavage of β-O-4 Lignin Model Systems: From Development to Mechanistic Examination. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Eemil P. Salonen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science; Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering; Espoo Finland
| | - Carsten P. A. Mecke
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science; Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering; Espoo Finland
| | - Miika I. Karjomaa
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science; Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering; Espoo Finland
| | - Pekka M. Joensuu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science; Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering; Espoo Finland
| | - Ari M. P. Koskinen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science; Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering; Espoo Finland
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23
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Zhou W, Nakahashi J, Miura T, Murakami M. Light/Copper Relay for Aerobic Fragmentation of Lignin Model Compounds. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zhou
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Kyoto University, Katsura Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Junki Nakahashi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Kyoto University, Katsura Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Tomoya Miura
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Kyoto University, Katsura Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Masahiro Murakami
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Kyoto University, Katsura Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
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24
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Selective Oxidation of Veratryl Alcohol over Au-Pd/Ce 0.62Zr 0.38O₂ Catalysts Synthesized by Sol-Immobilization: Effect of Au:Pd Molar Ratio. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8090669. [PMID: 30154374 PMCID: PMC6164080 DOI: 10.3390/nano8090669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The selective oxidation of veratryl alcohol (VA), a model compound of lignin, with oxygen molecules to produce veratraldehyde (VAld) was studied over monometallic Au, Pd, and bimetallic Au:Pd nanoparticles supported on a Ce0.62Zr0.38O2 mixed oxide for the first time. These bimetallic Au-Pd catalysts with Au:Pd molar ratios from 0.4 to 4.3 were synthesized by the sol-immobilization method. Furthermore, all the catalysts were characterized by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), N2 physisorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning transmission electron microscopy-high angle annular dark field (STEM-HAADF) imaging, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), and temperature programmed reduction (TPR) techniques. A synergistic effect between gold and palladium was observed over all the bimetallic catalysts in a wide range of studied Au:Pd ratios. Remarkably, the optimum Au:Pd ratio for this reaction was 1.4 with a turnover frequency of almost six times larger than for the monometallic gold and palladium catalysts. Selectivity to veratraldehyde was higher than 99% for the monometallic Au, Pd, and all the bimetallic Au-Pd catalysts, and stayed constant during the reaction time.
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25
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Oxidation of Benzylic Alcohols and Lignin Model Compounds with Layered Double Hydroxide Catalysts. INORGANICS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics6030075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol oxidation to carbonyl compounds is one of the most commonly used reactions in synthetic chemistry. Herein, we report the use of base metal layered double hydroxide (LDH) catalysts for the oxidation of benzylic alcohols in polar solvents. These catalysts are ideal reagents for alcohol oxidations due to their ease of synthesis, tunability, and ease of separation from the reaction medium. LDHs synthesized in this study were fully characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, NH3-temperature programmed desorption (TPD), pulsed CO2 chemisorption, N2 physisorption, electron microscopy, and elemental analysis. LDHs were found to effectively oxidize benzylic alcohols to their corresponding carbonyl compounds in diphenyl ether, using O2 as the terminal oxidant. LDH catalysts were also applied to the oxidation of lignin β-O-4 model compounds. Typically, for all catalysts, only trace amounts of the ketone formed from benzylic alcohol oxidation were observed, the main products comprising benzoic acids and phenols arising from β-aryl ether cleavage. This observation is consistent with the higher reactivity of the ketones, resulting from weakening of the Cβ–O4 bond that was shown to be aerobically cleaved at 180 °C in the absence of a catalyst.
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26
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Rinesch T, Bolm C. Cobalt-Catalyzed Oxidation of the β-O-4 Bond in Lignin and Lignin Model Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:8386-8392. [PMID: 31458968 PMCID: PMC6644884 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this work we demonstrate the use of Co(acac)3 in combination with N-hydroxyphthalimide as an oxidant for the selective α-oxidation of the representative β-O-4 linkages in lignin model compounds. The oxidation reaction proceeds under mild conditions at 80 °C using 1,4-dioxane as the solvent and an oxygen atmosphere. The prior α-oxidation in the β-O-4 linkage of the lignin polymer is known to result in an easier cleavage of the adjacent C-O and C-C bonds because of a decrease in bond stability. Finally, the conditions were successfully transferred to kraft- and organosolv-lignin samples as proven by 2D-NMR (HSQC) experiments and gel permeation chromatography measurements.
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27
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Alternatives for Chemical and Biochemical Lignin Valorization: Hot Topics from a Bibliometric Analysis of the Research Published During the 2000–2016 Period. Processes (Basel) 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/pr6080098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A complete bibliometric analysis of the Scopus database was performed to identify the research trends related to lignin valorization from 2000 to 2016. The results from this analysis revealed an exponentially increasing number of publications and a high relevance of interdisciplinary collaboration. The simultaneous valorization of the three main components of lignocellulosic biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) has been revealed as a key aspect and optimal pretreatment is required for the subsequent lignin valorization. Research covers the determination of the lignin structure, isolation, and characterization; depolymerization by thermal and thermochemical methods; chemical, biochemical and biological conversion of depolymerized lignin; and lignin applications. Most methods for lignin depolymerization are focused on the selective cleavage of the β-O-4 linkage. Although many depolymerization methods have been developed, depolymerization with sodium hydroxide is the dominant process at industrial scale. Oxidative conversion of lignin is the most used method for the chemical lignin upgrading. Lignin uses can be classified according to its structure into lignin-derived aromatic compounds, lignin-derived carbon materials and lignin-derived polymeric materials. There are many advances in all approaches, but lignin-derived polymeric materials appear as a promising option.
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28
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Vangeel T, Schutyser W, Renders T, Sels BF. Perspective on Lignin Oxidation: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 376:30. [PMID: 29974271 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0207-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lignin valorization has gained increasing attention over the past decade. Being the world's largest source of renewable aromatics, its valorization could pave the way towards more profitable and more sustainable lignocellulose biorefineries. Many lignin valorization strategies focus on the disassembly of lignin into aromatic monomers, which can serve as platform molecules for the chemical industry. Within this framework, the oxidative conversion of lignin is of great interest because it enables the formation of highly functionalized, valuable compounds. This work provides a brief overview and critical discussion of lignin oxidation research. In the first part, oxidative conversion of lignin models and isolated lignin streams is reviewed. The second part highlights a number of challenges with respect to the substrate, catalyst, and operating conditions, and proposes some future directions regarding the oxidative conversion of lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Vangeel
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wouter Schutyser
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Renders
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert F Sels
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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29
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Selective hydrodeoxygenation of lignin β-O-4 model compounds and aromatic ketones promoted by palladium chloride with acidic CO2/MeOH system. J CO2 UTIL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Wang M, Ma J, Liu H, Luo N, Zhao Z, Wang F. Sustainable Productions of Organic Acids and Their Derivatives from Biomass via Selective Oxidative Cleavage of C–C Bond. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
(SKLC), Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
(SKLC), Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Huifang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
(SKLC), Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Nengchao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
(SKLC), Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhitong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
(SKLC), Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
(SKLC), Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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31
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Cheng C, Shen D, Gu S, Luo KH. State-of-the-art catalytic hydrogenolysis of lignin for the production of aromatic chemicals. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy00845k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic hydrogenolysis of lignin is overviewed, concerning the cleavage of typical inter-unit linkages and the production of aromatic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongbo Cheng
- Key lab of Thermal Energy Conversion and Control of MoE
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
| | - Dekui Shen
- Key lab of Thermal Energy Conversion and Control of MoE
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
| | - Sai Gu
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences
- University of Surrey
- UK
| | - Kai Hong Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University College London
- London WC1E 7JE
- UK
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32
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Dabral S, Hernández JG, Kamer PCJ, Bolm C. Organocatalytic Chemoselective Primary Alcohol Oxidation and Subsequent Cleavage of Lignin Model Compounds and Lignin. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:2707-2713. [PMID: 28523820 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201700703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A one-pot two-step degradation of lignin β-O-4 model compounds initiated by preferred oxidation of the primary over the secondary hydroxyl groups with a TEMPO/DAIB system has been developed [TEMPO=2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl, DAIB=(diacetoxy)iodobenzene]. The oxidised products are then cleaved by proline-catalysed retro-aldol reactions. This degradation methodology produces simple aromatics in good yields from lignin model compounds at room temperature with an extension to organosolv beech-wood lignin (L1) resulting in known cleavage products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Dabral
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - José G Hernández
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Paul C J Kamer
- School of Chemistry, EaStCHEM, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY169ST, UK
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
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33
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Cheng C, Wang J, Shen D, Xue J, Guan S, Gu S, Luo KH. Catalytic Oxidation of Lignin in Solvent Systems for Production of Renewable Chemicals: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E240. [PMID: 30970917 PMCID: PMC6432089 DOI: 10.3390/polym9060240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin as the most abundant source of aromatic chemicals in nature has attracted a great deal of attention in both academia and industry. Solvolysis is one of the promising methods to convert lignin to a number of petroleum-based aromatic chemicals. The process involving the depolymerization of the lignin macromolecule and repolymerization of fragments is complicated influenced by heating methods, reaction conditions, presence of a catalyst and solvent systems. Recently, numerous investigations attempted unveiling the inherent mechanism of this process in order to promote the production of valuable aromatics. Oxidative solvolysis of lignin can produce a number of the functionalized monomeric or oligomeric chemicals. A number of research groups should be greatly appreciated with regard to their contributions on the following two concerns: (1) the cracking mechanism of inter-unit linkages during the oxidative solvolysis of lignin; and (2) the development of novel catalysts for oxidative solvolysis of lignin and their performance. Investigations on lignin oxidative solvolysis are extensively overviewed in this work, concerning the above issues and the way-forward for lignin refinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongbo Cheng
- Key Lab of Thermal Energy Conversion and Control of MoE, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Jinzhi Wang
- Key Lab of Thermal Energy Conversion and Control of MoE, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Dekui Shen
- Key Lab of Thermal Energy Conversion and Control of MoE, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Jiangtao Xue
- Jiangsu Frontier Electric Power Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211102, China.
| | - Sipian Guan
- Jiangsu Frontier Electric Power Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211102, China.
| | - Sai Gu
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Kai Hong Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK.
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34
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Kärkäs MD. Lignin Hydrogenolysis: Improving Lignin Disassembly through Formaldehyde Stabilization. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:2111-2115. [PMID: 28394095 PMCID: PMC5488201 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201700436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is available in large quantities and constitutes an attractive feedstock for the sustainable production of bulk and fine chemicals. Although methods have been established for the conversion of its cellulosic fractions, valorization of lignin has proven to be challenging. The difficulty in disassembling lignin originates from its heterogeneous structure and its propensity to undergo skeletal rearrangements and condensation reactions during biorefinery fractionation or biomass pretreatment processes. A strategy for hindering the generation of these resistive interunit linkages during biomass pretreatment has now been devised using formaldehyde as a stabilizing agent. The developed method when combined with Ru/C-catalyzed hydrogenolysis allows for efficient disassembly of all three biomass fractions: (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) and suggests that lignin upgrading can be integrated into prevailing biorefinery schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus D. Kärkäs
- Department of Organic ChemistryArrhenius LaboratoryStockholm University, SE-106 91StockholmSweden
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35
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Zhang C, Li H, Lu J, Zhang X, MacArthur KE, Heggen M, Wang F. Promoting Lignin Depolymerization and Restraining the Condensation via an Oxidation−Hydrogenation Strategy. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaofeng Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean
Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hongji Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean
Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianmin Lu
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean
Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaochen Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean
Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Katherine E. MacArthur
- Ernst Ruska
Centre
for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg
Institute, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich 52425, Germany
| | - Marc Heggen
- Ernst Ruska
Centre
for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg
Institute, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich 52425, Germany
| | - Feng Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean
Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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36
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Liu H, Wang M, Li H, Luo N, Xu S, Wang F. New protocol of copper-catalyzed oxidative C(CO) C bond cleavage of aryl and aliphatic ketones to organic acids using O2 as the terminal oxidant. J Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Dai J, Patti AF, Saito K. Recent developments in chemical degradation of lignin: catalytic oxidation and ionic liquids. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Luo N, Wang M, Li H, Zhang J, Liu H, Wang F. Photocatalytic Oxidation–Hydrogenolysis of Lignin β-O-4 Models via a Dual Light Wavelength Switching Strategy. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nengchao Luo
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean
Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean
Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongji Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean
Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean
Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huifang Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean
Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean
Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
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Kärkäs MD, Bosque I, Matsuura BS, Stephenson CRJ. Photocatalytic Oxidation of Lignin Model Systems by Merging Visible-Light Photoredox and Palladium Catalysis. Org Lett 2016; 18:5166-5169. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus D. Kärkäs
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Irene Bosque
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bryan S. Matsuura
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Corey R. J. Stephenson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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40
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Rinaldi R, Jastrzebski R, Clough MT, Ralph J, Kennema M, Bruijnincx PCA, Weckhuysen BM. Paving the Way for Lignin Valorisation: Recent Advances in Bioengineering, Biorefining and Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8164-215. [PMID: 27311348 PMCID: PMC6680216 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 776] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is an abundant biopolymer with a high carbon content and high aromaticity. Despite its potential as a raw material for the fuel and chemical industries, lignin remains the most poorly utilised of the lignocellulosic biopolymers. Effective valorisation of lignin requires careful fine-tuning of multiple "upstream" (i.e., lignin bioengineering, lignin isolation and "early-stage catalytic conversion of lignin") and "downstream" (i.e., lignin depolymerisation and upgrading) process stages, demanding input and understanding from a broad array of scientific disciplines. This review provides a "beginning-to-end" analysis of the recent advances reported in lignin valorisation. Particular emphasis is placed on the improved understanding of lignin's biosynthesis and structure, differences in structure and chemical bonding between native and technical lignins, emerging catalytic valorisation strategies, and the relationships between lignin structure and catalyst performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rinaldi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Robin Jastrzebski
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew T Clough
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, the Wisconsin Energy Institute, and Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53726, USA.
| | - Marco Kennema
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Pieter C A Bruijnincx
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Löfstedt J, Dahlstrand C, Orebom A, Meuzelaar G, Sawadjoon S, Galkin MV, Agback P, Wimby M, Corresa E, Mathieu Y, Sauvanaud L, Eriksson S, Corma A, Samec JSM. Green Diesel from Kraft Lignin in Three Steps. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:1392-6. [PMID: 27246391 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Precipitated kraft lignin from black liquor was converted into green diesel in three steps. A mild Ni-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis using 2-propanol generated a lignin residue in which the ethers, carbonyls, and olefins were reduced. An organocatalyzed esterification of the lignin residue with an in situ prepared tall oil fatty acid anhydride gave an esterified lignin residue that was soluble in light gas oil. The esterified lignin residue was coprocessed with light gas oil in a continous hydrotreater to produce a green diesel. This approach will enable the development of new techniques to process commercial lignin in existing oil refinery infrastructures to standardized transportation fuels in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maxim V Galkin
- Department of Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Agback
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Wimby
- Valmet AB, Regnbågsgatan 6, 417 55, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Elena Corresa
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València Avda dels Tarongers s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yannick Mathieu
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València Avda dels Tarongers s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laurent Sauvanaud
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València Avda dels Tarongers s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sören Eriksson
- Preem AB, Warfvinges väg 45, 11251, Stockholm, Sweden. soren.ericsson@preem
| | - Avelino Corma
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València Avda dels Tarongers s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Joseph S M Samec
- Renfuel AB, Sturegatan 38, 114 36, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
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42
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Rinaldi R, Jastrzebski R, Clough MT, Ralph J, Kennema M, Bruijnincx PCA, Weckhuysen BM. Wege zur Verwertung von Lignin: Fortschritte in der Biotechnik, der Bioraffination und der Katalyse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rinaldi
- Department of Chemical Engineering Imperial College London South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ Großbritannien
| | - Robin Jastrzebski
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht Niederlande
| | - Matthew T. Clough
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, and Department of Biochemistry University of Wisconsin Madison WI 53726 USA
| | - Marco Kennema
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| | - Pieter C. A. Bruijnincx
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht Niederlande
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht Niederlande
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43
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Galkin MV, Dahlstrand C, Samec JSM. Mild and Robust Redox-Neutral Pd/C-Catalyzed Lignol β-O-4' Bond Cleavage Through a Low-Energy-Barrier Pathway. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:2187-2192. [PMID: 25925736 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201500117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A Pd/C catalyzed redox neutral C¢O bond cleavage of 2-aryloxy-1-arylethanols has been developed. The reactions are carried out at 80 °C, in air, using a green solvent system to yield the aryl ketones in near quantitative yields. Addition of catalytic amounts of a hydrogen source to the reaction mixture activates the catalyst to proceed through a low energy barrier pathway. Initial studies support a transfer hydrogenolysis reaction mechanism that proceeds through an initial dehydrogenation followed by an enol adsorption to Pd/C and a reductive C¢O bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim V Galkin
- Department of Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala (Sweden)
| | - Christian Dahlstrand
- Department of Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala (Sweden)
| | - Joseph S M Samec
- Department of Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala (Sweden).
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Mobley JK, Yao SG, Crocker M, Meier M. Oxidation of lignin and lignin β-O-4 model compounds via activated dimethyl sulfoxide. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra33240k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of lignin and β-O-4 models using activated DMSO compounds can give ketones or enol ethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin K. Mobley
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
- Center for Applied Energy Research
| | - Soledad G. Yao
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
| | - Mark Crocker
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
- Center for Applied Energy Research
| | - Mark Meier
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
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