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Dai L, Zhao L, Xu D, Yang C, Zhang XK. Enhancing the Efficacy of Chiral Ligands and Catalysts: Siloxane-Substituted Oxazoline Ferrocenes as Next-Generation Candidates. Molecules 2024; 29:968. [PMID: 38474480 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29050968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of classical chiral oxazoline ferrocene ligands in 1995, they have become pivotal in transition metal-catalyzed asymmetric transformations. Over the past decade, a notable evolution has been observed with the emergence of siloxane-substituted oxazoline ferrocenes, demonstrating significant potential as chiral ligands and catalysts. These compounds have consistently delivered exceptional results in diverse and mechanistically distinct transformations, surpassing the capabilities of classical oxazoline ferrocene ligands. This review meticulously delineates the research progress on siloxane-substituted oxazoline ferrocene compounds. It encompasses the synthesis of crucial precursors and desired products, highlights their achievements in asymmetric catalysis reactions, and delves into the exploration of the derivatization of these compounds, emphasizing the introduction of ionophilic groups and their impact on the recovery of transition metal catalysts. In addition to presenting the current state of knowledge, this review propels future research directions by identifying potential topics for further investigation concerning the siloxane-tagged derivatives. These derivatives are poised to be promising candidates for the next generation of highly efficient ligands and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Dai
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient Utilization of Water Resources, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Li Zhao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Di Xu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient Utilization of Water Resources, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xin-Kuan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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2
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Preparation of planar chiral oxazolinyl hydroxyl ferrocene silyl ethers and their desilylation derivatives. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Wang ZH, Liu JH, Zhang YP, Zhao JQ, You Y, Zhou MQ, Han WY, Yuan WC. Cu-Catalyzed Asymmetric 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of N-2,2,2-Trifluoroethylisatin Ketimines Enables the Desymmetrization of N-Arylmaleimides: Access to Enantioenriched F 3C-Containing Octahydropyrrolo[3,4- c]pyrroles. Org Lett 2022; 24:4052-4057. [PMID: 35622347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
With a Cu(OTf)2/chiral ferrocenyl P,N-ligand complex as a catalyst, the enantioselective desymmetrization of N-arylmaleimides was successfully realized by taking advantage of the asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of N-2,2,2-trifluoroethylisatin ketimines. A series of structurally diverse F3C-containing octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrroles, bearing four contiguous carbon stereocenters and one stereogenic chiral C-N axial bond, were obtained with excellent results (≤99% yield, >20:1 dr, and 99% ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hua Wang
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Ji-Hong Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Yan-Ping Zhang
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Zhao
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yong You
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Ming-Qiang Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wen-Yong Han
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Wei-Cheng Yuan
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
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4
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Dai L, Xu D, Mao Y, Zhu J, Yang M. Structures and Synthetic Strategies of Chiral Oxazolinyl Ferrocene Derivatives. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202201037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Zhang KQ, Deng QF, Luo J, Gong CL, Chen ZG, Zhong W, Hu SQ, Wang HF. Multifunctional Ag(I)/CAAA-Amidphos Complex-Catalyzed Asymmetric [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of α-Substituted Acrylamides. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Qiang Zhang
- College of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, P. R. China
| | - Qi-Fu Deng
- College of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, P. R. China
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, P. R. China
| | - Chu-Liang Gong
- College of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Chen
- College of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhong
- College of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, P. R. China
| | - Shun-Qin Hu
- College of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Fei Wang
- College of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, P. R. China
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6
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Xu D, Zhang J, Dai L. Chiral Oxazolinyl Hydroxyl Ferrocene Catalysts: Synthesis and Applications in Asymmetric Reactions. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Di Xu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power 136 Jinshui East Rd. Zhengzhou Henan Province 450046 P R China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power 136 Jinshui East Rd. Zhengzhou Henan Province 450046 P R China
| | - Li Dai
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power 136 Jinshui East Rd. Zhengzhou Henan Province 450046 P R China
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7
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Cunningham L, Benson A, Guiry PJ. Recent developments in the synthesis and applications of chiral ferrocene ligands and organocatalysts in asymmetric catalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:9329-9370. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01933j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights recent advances in the synthesis and application of ferrocene-containing chiral ligands and organocatalysts in asymmetric catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cunningham
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology
- School of Chemistry
- University College Dublin
- Dublin 4
| | - Annette Benson
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology
- School of Chemistry
- University College Dublin
- Dublin 4
- Ireland
| | - Patrick J. Guiry
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology
- School of Chemistry
- University College Dublin
- Dublin 4
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8
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Unsymmetrical 1-oxazolinyl 1’,2-Bisphosphine ferrocene silyl ether: Preparation and lithiation mechanism. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.120998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Preparation of polar group derivative β-cyclodextrin bonded hydride silica chiral stationary phases and their chromatography separation performances. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Arrastia I, Arrieta A, Cossío FP. Application of 1,3-Dipolar Reactions between Azomethine Ylides and Alkenes to the Synthesis of Catalysts and Biologically Active Compounds. European J Org Chem 2018; 2018:5889-5904. [PMID: 30555273 PMCID: PMC6283252 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The (3+2) cycloaddition between azomethine ylides and alkenes is an efficient, convergent and stereocontrolled method for the synthesis of unnatural pyrrolidine and proline scaffolds. In this review, the application of this reaction to the synthesis of enantiopure organometallic ligands for asymmetric catalysis is presented first. These new EhuPhos ligands can participate in a second generation of 1,3-dipolar reactions that generate an offspring of unnatural proline derivatives that behave as efficient organocatalysts. These densely substituted unnatural l-proline derivatives exhibit distinct features, different to those described for natural l-proline and its derivatives. Finally, several examples of biologically active proline derivatives obtained by means of (3+2) cycloadditions involving azomethine ylides are presented. These applications show the character of privileged structures of these polysubstituted pyrrolidine rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iosune Arrastia
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)Manuel Lardizabal Ibilbidea 420018San Sebastian/DonostiaSpain
| | - Ana Arrieta
- Department of Organic Chemistry I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO‐CINQA)Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU)Manuel Lardizabal Ibilbidea 320018San Sebastian/DonostiaSpain
| | - Fernando P. Cossío
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)Manuel Lardizabal Ibilbidea 420018San Sebastian/DonostiaSpain
- Department of Organic Chemistry I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO‐CINQA)Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU)Manuel Lardizabal Ibilbidea 320018San Sebastian/DonostiaSpain
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11
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Barkov AY, Zimnitskiy NS, Kutyashev IB, Korotaev VY, Sosnovskikh VY. Unexpected regiochemistry in [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of azomethine ylides of indenoquinoxalinone series to arylidene malononitriles. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-018-2228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Ray SK, Biswas RG, Suneja A, Sadhu MM, Singh VK. (R)-DM-SEGPHOS-Ag(I)-Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of Pyrrolidines and Pyrrolizidines via (1,3)- and Double (1,3)-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions. J Org Chem 2018; 83:2293-2308. [PMID: 29364672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient diastereo- and enantioselective route to access a wide range of highly substituted pyrrolidine and pyrrolizidine derivatives has been described via (1,3)- and double (1,3)-dipolar cycloaddition reactions catalyzed by the (R)-DM-SEGPHOS-Ag(I) complex. The reactions proceed smoothly at ambient temperature, affording a variety of pyrrolidines and pyrrolizidines in high yields (up to 93%) with up to 99:1 dr and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee) without any additives. The newly synthesized pyrrolidine and pyrrolizidine derivatives contain four and seven contiguous stereogenic centers, respectively. Moreover, the synthetic utility of enantioenriched products has been demonstrated by transforming them into various synthetically useful advanced intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit K Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal , Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
| | - Rayhan G Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal , Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
| | - Arun Suneja
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal , Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
| | - Milon M Sadhu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal , Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
| | - Vinod K Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal , Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India.,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208 016, India
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13
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Tang LW, Li C, Zhao BJ, Lan L, Zhang M, Zhou ZM. Diastereoselective construction of spirocyclic pyrrolidines bearing two quaternary centers via Cu II -P, N-Ligand catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Das T, Kayet A, Mishra R, Singh VK. Highly fluorescent 1,2-dihydropyrimido[1,6-α]indole: an efficient metal free synthesis and photophysical study. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:11231-4. [PMID: 27560510 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc05378e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A metal free route to highly fluorescent 1,2-dihydropyrimido[1,6-α]indole derivatives has been developed via base catalyzed aldol followed by the Mannich reaction of indole-2-carboxaldehyde with ethyl N-arylideneglycinate at room temperature. This transformation consists of the sequential formation of two new bonds to afford highly functionalized pyrimidoindole derivatives under mild reaction conditions. Photophysical properties of the products have also been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal-462 066, India
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15
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Tang LW, Zhao BJ, Dai L, Zhang M, Zhou ZM. Asymmetric Construction of Pyrrolidines Bearing a Trifluoromethylated Quaternary Stereogenic Center via CuI
-Catalyzed 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides with β-CF3
-β,β-Disubstituted Nitroalkenes. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:2470-7. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Tang
- R&D Centre of Pharmaceuticals school of Chemical Engineering and the Environment; Beijing Institute of Technology; 5th Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Bao-Jing Zhao
- R&D Centre of Pharmaceuticals school of Chemical Engineering and the Environment; Beijing Institute of Technology; 5th Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Li Dai
- R&D Centre of Pharmaceuticals school of Chemical Engineering and the Environment; Beijing Institute of Technology; 5th Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Man Zhang
- R&D Centre of Pharmaceuticals school of Chemical Engineering and the Environment; Beijing Institute of Technology; 5th Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Zhi-Ming Zhou
- R&D Centre of Pharmaceuticals school of Chemical Engineering and the Environment; Beijing Institute of Technology; 5th Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology; Beijing Institute of Technology; 5th Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District Beijing China
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16
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Ponce A, Alonso I, Adrio J, Carretero JC. Stereoselective Ag-Catalyzed 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Activated Trifluoromethyl-Substituted Azomethine Ylides. Chemistry 2016; 22:4952-9. [PMID: 26894281 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A silver-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of fluorinated azomethine ylides and activated olefins is reported. The reaction offers a straightforward and atom-economical procedure for the preparation of fluorinated pyrrolidines. Broad scope and high levels of diastereoselectivity have been achieved simply by using AgOAc/PPh3 as the catalyst system. The high efficiency of the cycloaddition relies on the presence of a metal-coordinating group on the imine moiety, such as an ester or heteroaryl group. The asymmetric version of the cycloaddition has been developed by using Taniaphos as a chiral ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ponce
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Alonso
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Adrio
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan C Carretero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Manjappa KB, Peng YT, Jhang WF, Yang DY. Microwave-promoted, catalyst-free, multi-component reaction of proline, aldehyde, 1,3-diketone: one pot synthesis of pyrrolizidines and pyrrolizinones. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Wang ZH, Wu ZJ, Yue DF, Hu WF, Zhang XM, Xu XY, Yuan WC. Organocatalytic asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition of N-2,2,2-trifluoroethylisatin ketimines with 3-alkenyl-5-arylfuran-2(3H)-ones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:11708-11711. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc06367e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
An asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition reaction ofN-2,2,2-trifluoroethylisatin ketimines and 3-alkenyl-5-arylfuran-2(3H)-ones was developed with 1 mol% thiourea–tertiary amine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hua Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chengdu 610041
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049
| | - Zhi-Jun Wu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Deng-Feng Yue
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chengdu 610041
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049
| | - Wen-Fei Hu
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chengdu 610041
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Xiao-Ying Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Wei-Cheng Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chengdu 610041
- China
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Das T, Saha P, Singh VK. Silver(I)–Ferrophox Catalyzed Enantioselective Desymmetrization of Cyclopentenedione: Synthesis of Highly Substituted Bicyclic Pyrrolidines. Org Lett 2015; 17:5088-91. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Das
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal-462066, India
| | - Prasenjit Saha
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal-462066, India
| | - Vinod K. Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal-462066, India
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur-208016, India
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