1
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Khanzadeh A, Ataie S, Baker RT. Tetracopper(I) thiolate- and amido-(SNS) complexes and copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition in water. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:11768-11772. [PMID: 37584163 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01651j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Two tetranuclear Cu(I) complexes bearing thiolate- and amido-SNS ligands were characterized by X-ray diffraction and mass spectrometry. Although the amido ligand undergoes irreversible N-protonation by the copper-bound alkyne, the thiolate complex demonstrates good activity in the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction with a variety of substrates. The base-free reactions are performed in water and afford excellent yields over 2 h at 70 °C. DFT calculations suggest a proton-shuttle role for the thiolate donor in formation of the initial dicopper σ,π-alkynyl intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atousa Khanzadeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Saeed Ataie
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - R Tom Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
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2
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González-Lainez M, Gallegos M, Munarriz J, Azpiroz R, Passarelli V, Jiménez MV, Pérez-Torrente JJ. Copper-Catalyzed Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAC) by Functionalized NHC-Based Polynuclear Catalysts: Scope and Mechanistic Insights. Organometallics 2022; 41:2154-2169. [PMID: 35971402 PMCID: PMC9374069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
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Copper(I) [Cu2(μ-Br)2(tBuImCH2pyCH2L)]n (L = OMe,
NEt2, NHtBu) compounds supported by flexible
functionalized NHC-based polydentate ligands have been prepared in
a one-pot procedure by reacting the corresponding imidazolium salt
with an excess of copper powder and Ag2O. An X-ray diffraction
analysis has revealed that
[Cu2(μ-Br)2(tBuImCH2pyCH2NEt2)]n is
a linear coordination polymer formed by bimetallic [Cu(μ-Br)]2 units linked by the lutidine-based NHC-py-NEt2 ligand, which acts as a heteroditopic ligand with a 1κC-2κ2N,N′ coordination
mode. We propose that the polymeric compounds break down in the solution
into more compact tetranuclear [Cu2(μ-Br)2(tBuImCH2pyCH2L)]2 compounds
with a coordination mode identical to the functionalized NHC ligands.
These compounds have been found to exhibit high catalytic activity
in the Cu-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction.
In particular, [Cu2(μ-Br)2(tBuImCH2pyCH2NEt2)]2 efficiently
catalyzes the click reaction of a range of azides and alkynes, under
an inert atmosphere at room temperature in neat conditions at a very
low catalyst loading, to quantitatively afford the corresponding 1,4-disubstituted
1,2,3-triazole derivatives in a few minutes. The cycloaddition reaction
of benzyl azide to phenylacetylene can be performed at 25–50
ppm catalyst loading by increasing the reaction time and/or temperature.
Reactivity studies have shown that the activation of the polynuclear
catalyst precursor involves the alkyne deprotonation by the NHC moiety
of the polydentate ligand to afford a copper(I)-alkynyl species bearing
a functionalized imidazolium ligand. DFT calculations support the
participation of the dinuclear species [(CuBr)2(μ-tBuImCH2pyCH2NEt2)], resulting
from the fragmentation of the tetranuclear compound, as the catalytically
active species. The proposed reaction pathway proceeds through zwitterionic
dinuclear intermediates and entails the active participation of both
copper atoms, as well as the NHC moiety as an internal base, which
activates the reacting alkyne via deprotonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel González-Lainez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miguel Gallegos
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Julen Munarriz
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ramón Azpiroz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Passarelli
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M. Victoria Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesús J. Pérez-Torrente
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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3
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Héron J, Balcells D. Concerted Cycloaddition Mechanism in the CuAAC Reaction Catalyzed by 1,8-Naphthyridine Dicopper Complexes. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Héron
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - David Balcells
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, Oslo 0315, Norway
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Nicolay A, Héron J, Shin C, Kuramarohit S, Ziegler MS, Balcells D, Tilley TD. Unsymmetrical Naphthyridine-Based Dicopper(I) Complexes: Synthesis, Stability, and Carbon–Hydrogen Bond Activations. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Nicolay
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Julie Héron
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Chungkeun Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Serene Kuramarohit
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Micah S. Ziegler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David Balcells
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - T. Don Tilley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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5
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van Vliet KM, Polak LH, Siegler MA, van der Vlugt JI, Guerra CF, de Bruin B. Efficient Copper-Catalyzed Multicomponent Synthesis of N-Acyl Amidines via Acyl Nitrenes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:15240-15249. [PMID: 31465210 PMCID: PMC6764152 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
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Direct
synthetic routes to amidines are desired, as they are widely
present in many biologically active compounds and organometallic complexes. N-Acyl amidines in particular can be used as a starting
material for the synthesis of heterocycles and have several other
applications. Here, we describe a fast and practical copper-catalyzed
three-component reaction of aryl acetylenes, amines, and easily accessible
1,4,2-dioxazol-5-ones to N-acyl amidines, generating
CO2 as the only byproduct. Transformation of the dioxazolones
on the Cu catalyst generates acyl nitrenes that rapidly insert into
the copper acetylide Cu–C bond rather than undergoing an undesired
Curtius rearrangement. For nonaromatic dioxazolones, [Cu(OAc)(Xantphos)]
is a superior catalyst for this transformation, leading to full substrate
conversion within 10 min. For the direct synthesis of N-benzoyl amidine derivatives from aromatic dioxazolones, [Cu(OAc)(Xantphos)]
proved to be inactive, but moderate to good yields were obtained when
using simple copper(I) iodide (CuI) as the catalyst. Mechanistic studies
revealed the aerobic instability of one of the intermediates at low
catalyst loadings, but the reaction could still be performed in air
for most substrates when using catalyst loadings of 5 mol %. The herein
reported procedure not only provides a new, practical, and direct
route to N-acyl amidines but also represents a new
type of C–N bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaj M van Vliet
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-inspired Catalysis Group (HomKat), van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS) , Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA) , Amsterdam 1012 WX , The Netherlands
| | - Lara H Polak
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-inspired Catalysis Group (HomKat), van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS) , Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA) , Amsterdam 1012 WX , The Netherlands
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Department of Chemistry , John Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - Jarl Ivar van der Vlugt
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-inspired Catalysis Group (HomKat), van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS) , Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA) , Amsterdam 1012 WX , The Netherlands
| | - Célia Fonseca Guerra
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU) , De Boelelaan 1083 , 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories , Úniversiteit Leiden , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-inspired Catalysis Group (HomKat), van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS) , Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA) , Amsterdam 1012 WX , The Netherlands
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6
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Sebest F, Dunsford JJ, Adams M, Pivot J, Newman PD, Díez‐González S. Ring-Expanded N-Heterocyclic Carbenes for Copper-Mediated Azide-Alkyne Click Cycloaddition Reactions. ChemCatChem 2018; 10:2041-2045. [PMID: 29861792 PMCID: PMC5969269 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A series of well-defined copper(I) complexes bearing ring-expanded N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands has been applied to the azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. The obtained results notably showed that the six-membered NHC ligands outperform well-established five-membered ones. [CuI(Mes-6)] displayed a remarkable catalytic activity while respecting the strict criteria for click reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Sebest
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonExhibition Road, South KensingtonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | | | - Matthew Adams
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonExhibition Road, South KensingtonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Jeremy Pivot
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonExhibition Road, South KensingtonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | | | - Silvia Díez‐González
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonExhibition Road, South KensingtonLondonSW7 2AZUK
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8
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Lebon A, Orain PY, Memboeuf A. Understanding the CO Dissociation in [Fe(CN) 2(CO) 2(dithiolate)] 2- Complexes with Quantum Chemical Topology Tools. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:7031-7041. [PMID: 28850229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b05399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The active site of the [NiFe]-hydrogenase contains a pentacoordinated iron atom; therefore, a vacant coordination site is available for substrate binding. Nonetheless, most organometallic models of the [NiFe]-hydrogenase failed to reproduce this key feature of the active site. In order to rationalize such behavior, quantum chemical calculations were carried out on a series of [Fe(CN)2(CO)n(dithiolate)]2- n = 1,2 complexes, where dithiolate denotes the ligands (CF3)2C2S22-, (CO2Me)2C2S22-, Ph2C2S22-, C6Cl2H2S22-, C6H4S22-, C2H4S22-, and C3H6S22-. Structural and energetic features are discussed, and a topological analysis based on two scalar fields, the one-electron density and the electron localization function (ELF), has been attempted to describe the nature of the metal-ligand bonds. The present approach contributes to better understand the ability of noninnocent dithiolene to strongly labilize one CO whereas innocent dithiolate cannot. The methodology developed throughout the paper could be useful in the field of the CO-releasing molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Lebon
- Laboratoire de chimie électrochimie moléculaire et chimie analytique, UMR, CNRS 6521 , 6, Avenue Le Gorgeu, 29285 Brest Cedex, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Orain
- Laboratoire de chimie électrochimie moléculaire et chimie analytique, UMR, CNRS 6521 , 6, Avenue Le Gorgeu, 29285 Brest Cedex, France
| | - Antony Memboeuf
- Laboratoire de chimie électrochimie moléculaire et chimie analytique, UMR, CNRS 6521 , 6, Avenue Le Gorgeu, 29285 Brest Cedex, France
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9
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Zhu Z, Chen H, Li S, Yang X, Bittner E, Cai C. Tripodal Amine Ligands for Accelerating Cu-Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition: Efficiency and Stability against Oxidation and Dissociation. Catal Sci Technol 2017; 7:2474-2485. [PMID: 29129990 PMCID: PMC5679428 DOI: 10.1039/c7cy00587c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ancillary ligands, especially the tripodal ligands such as tris(triazolylmethyl)amines, have been widely used to accelerate the Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC, a "click" reaction). However, the relationship between the activity of these Cu(I) complexes and their stability against air oxidation and ligand dissociation/exchange was seldom studied, which is critical for the applications of CuAAC in many biological systems. In this work, we synthesized twenty-one Cu(I) tripodal ligands varying in chelate arm length (five to seven atoms), donor groups (triazolyl, pyridyl and phenyl), and steric hindrance. The effects of these variables on the CuAAC reaction, air oxidation, and ligand dissociation were evaluated. Reducing the chelate arm length to five atoms, decreasing steric hindrance, or using a relatively weakly-binding ligand can significantly increase the CuAAC reactivity of the Cu(I) complexes, but the concomitant higher degree of oxidation cannot be avoided, which leads to rapid degradation of a histidine-containing peptide as a model of proteins. The oxidation of the peptide can be reduced by attaching oligo(ethylene glycol) chains to the ligands as sacrificing reagents. Using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), we directly observed the tri- and di-copper(I)-acetylide complexes in CuAAC reaction in the [5,5,5] ligand system and a small amount of di-Cu(I)-acetylide in the [5,5,6] ligand system. Only the mono-Cu(I) ligand adducts were observed in the [6,6,6] and [5,6,6] ligand systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Haoqing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Siheng Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Xunmo Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Eric Bittner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Chengzhi Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX 77204, USA
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10
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Ziegler MS, Lakshmi KV, Tilley TD. Dicopper Cu(I)Cu(I) and Cu(I)Cu(II) Complexes in Copper-Catalyzed Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5378-5386. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Micah S. Ziegler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - K. V. Lakshmi
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and The Baruch ’60 Center
for Biochemical Solar Energy Research, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - T. Don Tilley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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11
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Chen H, Cai C, Li S, Ma Y, Luozhong S, Zhu Z. Intermediates Stabilized by Tris(triazolylmethyl)amines in the CuAAC Reaction. Chemistry 2017; 23:4730-4735. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haoqing Chen
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston 3585 Cullen Blvd. Houston Texas 77204-5003 USA
| | - Chengzhi Cai
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston 3585 Cullen Blvd. Houston Texas 77204-5003 USA
| | - Siheng Li
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston 3585 Cullen Blvd. Houston Texas 77204-5003 USA
| | - Yong Ma
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Houston 1441 Moursund St. Houston Texas 77030 USA
| | - Sijin Luozhong
- Department of Chemical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Zhiling Zhu
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston 3585 Cullen Blvd. Houston Texas 77204-5003 USA
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12
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Iacobucci C, Lebon A, De Angelis F, Memboeuf A. CuAAC Click Reactions in the Gas Phase: Unveiling the Reactivity of Bis-Copper Intermediates. Chemistry 2016; 22:18690-18694. [PMID: 27558289 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Copper-catalysed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) has been considered a breakthrough transformation over the last 15 years. Its debated mechanism arouses continuously growing interest. By means of a mass spectrometer modified ad hoc, the entire catalytic cycle of CuAAC reaction has been investigated in the gas phase. Ion-molecule reactions were performed inside the mass spectrometer to reproduce step-by-step, at a molecular level, the complete catalytic cycle of the click reaction. We successfully challenged the reactivity of elusive mono- and bis-copper intermediates by ion-molecule reactions leading to the production of mass-characterized triazole products, paving the way for detailed energetic studies to be performed in the gas phase. The structures of the relevant species, calculated at a DFT level, helped rationalise our experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Iacobucci
- UMR CNRS 6521, CEMCA, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 Av. Le Gorgeu, CS 93837, 29238, Cedex 3, France
| | - Alexandre Lebon
- UMR CNRS 6521, CEMCA, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 Av. Le Gorgeu, CS 93837, 29238, Cedex 3, France
| | - Francesco De Angelis
- Department Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antony Memboeuf
- UMR CNRS 6521, CEMCA, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 Av. Le Gorgeu, CS 93837, 29238, Cedex 3, France
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