1
|
Franzén SM, Jönsson L, Ternero P, Kåredal M, Eriksson AC, Blomberg S, Hübner JM, Messing ME. Compositional tuning of gas-phase synthesized Pd-Cu nanoparticles. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:6069-6077. [PMID: 37941940 PMCID: PMC10628985 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00438d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic nanoparticles have gained significant attention in catalysis as potential alternatives to expensive catalysts based on noble metals. In this study, we investigate the compositional tuning of Pd-Cu bimetallic nanoparticles using a physical synthesis method called spark ablation. By utilizing pure and alloyed electrodes in different configurations, we demonstrate the ability to tailor the chemical composition of nanoparticles within the range of approximately 80 : 20 at% to 40 : 60 at% (Pd : Cu), measured using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and transmission electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDXS). Time-resolved XRF measurements revealed a shift in composition throughout the ablation process, potentially influenced by material transfer between electrodes. Powder X-ray diffraction confirmed the predominantly fcc phase of the nanoparticles while high-resolution TEM and scanning TEM-EDXS confirmed the mixing of Pd and Cu within individual nanoparticles. X-ray photoelectron and absorption spectroscopy were used to analyze the outermost atomic layers of the nanoparticles, which is highly important for catalytic applications. Such comprehensive analyses offer insights into the formation and structure of bimetallic nanoparticles and pave the way for the development of efficient and affordable catalysts for various applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Franzén
- Division of Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University Lund Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Linnéa Jönsson
- Division of Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University Lund Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Pau Ternero
- Division of Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University Lund Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Monica Kåredal
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University Lund Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Axel C Eriksson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University Lund Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Sara Blomberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University Lund Sweden
| | | | - Maria E Messing
- Division of Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University Lund Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University Lund Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen M, Wang Y, Jiang L, Cheng Y, Liu Y, Wei Z. Highly Efficient Selective Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehyde to Cinnamyl Alcohol over CoRe/TiO 2 Catalyst. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083336. [PMID: 37110570 PMCID: PMC10142762 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Allylic alcohols typically produced through selective hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes are important intermediates in fine chemical industry, but it is still a challenge to achieve its high selectivity transformation. Herein, we report a series of TiO2-supported CoRe bimetallic catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde (CAL) to cinnamyl alcohol (COL) using formic acid (FA) as a hydrogen donor. The resultant catalyst with the optimized Co/Re ratio of 1:1 can achieve an exceptional COL selectivity of 89% with a CAL conversion of 99% under mild conditions of 140 °C for 4 h, and the catalyst can be reused four times without loss of activity. Meanwhile, the Co1Re1/TiO2/FA system was efficient for the selective hydrogenation of various α,β-unsaturated aldehydes to the corresponding α,β-unsaturated alcohols. The presence of ReOx on the Co1Re1/TiO2 catalyst surface was advantageous to the adsorption of C=O, and the ultrafine Co nanoparticles provided abundant hydrogenation active sites for the selective hydrogenation. Moreover, FA as a hydrogen donor improved the selectivity to α,β-unsaturated alcohols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yun Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Limin Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yuran Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yingxin Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zuojun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Quinson J. Osmium and OsO x nanoparticles: an overview of syntheses and applications. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2022; 2:39. [PMID: 37645302 PMCID: PMC10446100 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.14595.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Precious metal nanoparticles are key for a range of applications ranging from catalysis and sensing to medicine. While gold (Au), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) or ruthenium (Ru) nanoparticles have been widely studied, other precious metals are less investigated. Osmium (Os) is one of the least studied of the precious metals. However, Os nanoparticles are interesting materials since they present unique features compared to other precious metals and Os nanomaterials have been reported to be useful for a range of applications, catalysis or sensing for instance. With the increasing availability of advanced characterization techniques, investigating the properties of relatively small Os nanoparticles and clusters has become easier and it can be expected that our knowledge on Os nanomaterials will increase in the coming years. This review aims to give an overview on Os and Os oxide materials syntheses and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Quinson
- Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Juelsholt M, Quinson J, Kjær ETS, Wang B, Pittkowski R, Cooper SR, Kinnibrugh TL, Simonsen SB, Theil Kuhn L, Escudero-Escribano M, Jensen KMØ. Surfactant-free syntheses and pair distribution function analysis of osmium nanoparticles. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 13:230-235. [PMID: 35281627 PMCID: PMC8895034 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.13.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A surfactant-free synthesis of precious metal nanoparticles (NPs) performed in alkaline low-boiling-point solvents has been recently reported. Monoalcohols are here investigated as solvents and reducing agents to obtain colloidal Os nanoparticles by using low-temperature (<100 °C) surfactant-free syntheses. The effect of the precursor (OsCl3 or H2OsCl6), precursor concentration (up to 100 mM), solvent (methanol or ethanol), presence or absence of a base (NaOH), and addition of water (0 to 100 vol %) on the resulting nanomaterials is discussed. It is found that no base is required to obtain Os nanoparticles as opposed to the case of Pt or Ir NPs. The robustness of the synthesis for a precursor concentration up to 100 mM allows for the performance of X-ray total scattering with pair distribution function (PDF) analysis, which shows that 1-2 nm hexagonal close packed (hcp) NPs are formed from chain-like [OsO x Cl y ] complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Juelsholt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 5 Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Quinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 5 Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Emil T S Kjær
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 5 Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Baiyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 5 Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Pittkowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 5 Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Susan R Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 5 Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Tiffany L Kinnibrugh
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Søren B Simonsen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej Bldg. 310, Lyngby, DK-2800 Kgs., Denmark
| | - Luise Theil Kuhn
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej Bldg. 310, Lyngby, DK-2800 Kgs., Denmark
| | - María Escudero-Escribano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 5 Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Kirsten M Ø Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 5 Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Luo X, Jian Y, Li H. Low-temperature reduction of bio-based cinnamaldehyde to α,β-(un)saturated alcohols enabled by a waste-derived catalyst. CATAL COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2021.106391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
|
6
|
Zhang F, Liu M, Liu Q, Li J, Li B, Dong Z. A Facile and In-situ Methanol-mediated Fabrication of Low Pd Loading, High-efficiency and Size-selectivity Pd@ZIF-8 Hydrogenation Catalyst. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2952-2957. [PMID: 34351683 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In-situ encapsulation of tiny and well-dispersed Pd nanoparticles (Pd NPs) in zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) was firstly achieved using a one-pot and facile methanol-mediated growth approach, in which methanol served as both solvent and a mild reductant. The microstructure, morphology, crystallinity, porosity as well as evolution process of the catalysts were determined by TEM, XRD, N2 adsorption and UV-vis spectra. Due to the complete encapsulation of such Pd NPs combined with ultrahigh surface area and uniform microporous structure of ZIF-8, the resulting Pd@ZIF-8-60 min nanocomposite exhibited more superior catalytic activity for olefins hydrogenation with TOF of 7436 h-1 and excellent size selectivity than previously reported catalysts. Furthermore, the catalyst displays excellent recyclability for 1-octene hydrogenation and without any loss of the Pd active species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengwei Zhang
- Institute of Crystalline Materials, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- Institute of Crystalline Materials, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Institute of Crystalline Materials, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, P. R. China
| | - Boyang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zhengping Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhou M, Li C, Fang J. Noble-Metal Based Random Alloy and Intermetallic Nanocrystals: Syntheses and Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 121:736-795. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Can Li
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Jiye Fang
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang S, Doronkin DE, Hähsler M, Huang X, Wang D, Grunwaldt J, Behrens S. Palladium-Based Bimetallic Nanocrystal Catalysts for the Direct Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:3243-3251. [PMID: 32233108 PMCID: PMC7318153 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The direct synthesis of H2 O2 from H2 and O2 is a strongly desired reaction for green processes and a promising alternative to the commercialized anthraquinone process. The design of efficient catalysts with high activity and H2 O2 selectivity is highly desirable and yet challenging. Metal dopants enhance the performance of the active phase by increasing reaction rates, stability, and/or selectivity. The identification of efficient dopants relies mostly on catalysts prepared with a random and non-uniform deposition of active and promoter phases. To study the promotional effects of metal doping on Pd catalysts, we employ colloidal, bimetallic nanocrystals (NCs) to produce catalysts in which the active and doping metals are colocalized to a fine extent. In the absence of any acid and halide promotors, PdSn and PdGa NCs supported on acid-pretreated TiO2 (PdSn/s-TiO2 , PdGa/s-TiO2 ) were highly efficient and outperformed the monometallic Pd catalyst (Pd/s-TiO2 ), whereas in the presence of an acid promotor, the overall H2 O2 productivity was also further enhanced for the Ni-, Ga-, In-, and Sn-doped catalysts with respect to Pd/s-TiO2 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Institute of Catalysis Research and TechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRuprecht-Karls University HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Dmitry E. Doronkin
- Institute of Catalysis Research and TechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEngesserstr. 2076131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Martin Hähsler
- Institute of Catalysis Research and TechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRuprecht-Karls University HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Xiaohui Huang
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro FacilityKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Jan‐Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and TechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEngesserstr. 2076131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Silke Behrens
- Institute of Catalysis Research and TechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRuprecht-Karls University HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kusada K, Wu D, Kitagawa H. New Aspects of Platinum Group Metal‐Based Solid‐Solution Alloy Nanoparticles: Binary to High‐Entropy Alloys. Chemistry 2020; 26:5105-5130. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kusada
- Division of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University 606-8502 Kyoto Japan
| | - Dongshuang Wu
- Division of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University 606-8502 Kyoto Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Division of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University 606-8502 Kyoto Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang X, Liang X, Geng P, Li Q. Recent Advances in Selective Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehyde over Supported Metal-Based Catalysts. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b05031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Xinhua Liang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Peng Geng
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Qingbo Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Iridium Nanoparticles for Hydrogenation Reactions. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2020_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
12
|
Wang C, Tian Y, Wu R, Li H, Yao B, Zhao Y, Xiao T. Bimetallic Synergy Effects of Phyllosilicate‐Derived NiCu@SiO
2
Catalysts for 1,4‐Butynediol Direct Hydrogenation to 1,4‐Butanediol. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changzhen Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Fine ChemicalsShanxi University Taiyuan 030006 P. R. China
| | - Yani Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Fine ChemicalsShanxi University Taiyuan 030006 P. R. China
| | - Ruifang Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Fine ChemicalsShanxi University Taiyuan 030006 P. R. China
| | - Haitao Li
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Fine ChemicalsShanxi University Taiyuan 030006 P. R. China
| | - Benzhen Yao
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Fine ChemicalsShanxi University Taiyuan 030006 P. R. China
| | - Tiancun Xiao
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sharapa DI, Doronkin DE, Studt F, Grunwaldt JD, Behrens S. Moving Frontiers in Transition Metal Catalysis: Synthesis, Characterization and Modeling. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1807381. [PMID: 30803078 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201807381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanosized transition metal particles are important materials in catalysis with a key role not only in academic research but also in many processes with industrial and societal relevance. Although small improvements in catalytic properties can lead to significant economic and environmental impacts, it is only now that knowledge-based design of such materials is emerging, partly because the understanding of catalytic mechanisms on nanoparticle surfaces is increasingly improving. A knowledge-based design requires bottom-up synthesis of well-defined model catalysts, an understanding of the catalytic nanomaterials "at work" (operando), and both a detailed understanding and a prediction by theoretical methods. This article reports on progress in colloidal synthesis of transition metal nanoparticles for preparation of model catalysts to close the materials gap between the discoveries of fundamental surface science and industrial application. The transition metal particles, however, often undergo extensive transformations when applied to the catalytic process and much progress has recently been achieved operando characterization techniques under relevant reaction conditions. They allow better understanding of size/structure-activity correlations in these systems. Moreover, the growth of computing power and the improvement of theoretical methods uncover mechanisms on nanoparticles and have recently predicted highly active particles for CO/CO2 hydrogenation or direct H2 O2 synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry I Sharapa
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dmitry E Doronkin
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 20, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Felix Studt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 20, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 20, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Silke Behrens
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|