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Cao VD, Joung S. Synthesis and utility of N-boryl and N-silyl enamines derived from the hydroboration and hydrosilylation of N-heteroarenes and N-conjugated compounds. Front Chem 2024; 12:1414328. [PMID: 38911995 PMCID: PMC11190178 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1414328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Catalytic hydroboration and hydrosilylation have emerged as promising strategies for the reduction of unsaturated hydrocarbons and carbonyl compounds, as well as for the dearomatization of N-heteroarenes. Various catalysts have been employed in these processes to achieve the formation of reduced products via distinct reaction pathways and intermediates. Among these intermediates, N-silyl enamines and N-boryl enamines, which are derived from hydrosilylation and hydroboration, are commonly underestimated in this reduction process. Because these versatile intermediates have recently been utilized in situ as nucleophilic reagents or dipolarophiles for the synthesis of diverse molecules, an expeditious review of the synthesis and utilization of N-silyl and N-boryl enamines is crucial. In this review, we comprehensively discuss a wide range of hydrosilylation and hydroboration catalysts used for the synthesis of N-silyl and N-boryl enamines. These catalysts include main-group metals (e.g., Mg and Zn), transition metals (e.g., Rh, Ru, and Ir), earth-abundant metals (e.g., Fe, Co, and Ni), and non-metal catalysts (including P, B, and organocatalysts). Furthermore, we highlight recent research efforts that have leveraged these versatile intermediates for the synthesis of intriguing molecules, offering insights into future directions for these invaluable building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seewon Joung
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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2
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Escolano M, Gaviña D, Alzuet-Piña G, Díaz-Oltra S, Sánchez-Roselló M, Pozo CD. Recent Strategies in the Nucleophilic Dearomatization of Pyridines, Quinolines, and Isoquinolines. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1122-1246. [PMID: 38166390 PMCID: PMC10902862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Dearomatization reactions have become fundamental chemical transformations in organic synthesis since they allow for the generation of three-dimensional complexity from two-dimensional precursors, bridging arene feedstocks with alicyclic structures. When those processes are applied to pyridines, quinolines, and isoquinolines, partially or fully saturated nitrogen heterocycles are formed, which are among the most significant structural components of pharmaceuticals and natural products. The inherent challenge of those transformations lies in the low reactivity of heteroaromatic substrates, which makes the dearomatization process thermodynamically unfavorable. Usually, connecting the dearomatization event to the irreversible formation of a strong C-C, C-H, or C-heteroatom bond compensates the energy required to disrupt the aromaticity. This aromaticity breakup normally results in a 1,2- or 1,4-functionalization of the heterocycle. Moreover, the combination of these dearomatization processes with subsequent transformations in tandem or stepwise protocols allows for multiple heterocycle functionalizations, giving access to complex molecular skeletons. The aim of this review, which covers the period from 2016 to 2022, is to update the state of the art of nucleophilic dearomatizations of pyridines, quinolines, and isoquinolines, showing the extraordinary ability of the dearomative methodology in organic synthesis and indicating their limitations and future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Escolano
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Gaviña
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Alzuet-Piña
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Díaz-Oltra
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Sánchez-Roselló
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Del Pozo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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3
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Parsons LWT, Berben LA. Metallated dihydropyridinates: prospects in hydride transfer and (electro)catalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8234-8248. [PMID: 37564402 PMCID: PMC10411630 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02080k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydride transfer (HT) is a fundamental step in a wide range of reaction pathways, including those mediated by dihydropyridinates (DHP-s). Coordination of ions directly to the pyridine ring or functional groups stemming therefrom, provides a powerful approach for influencing the electronic structure and in turn HT chemistry. Much of the work in this area is inspired by the chemistry of bioinorganic systems including NADH. Coordination of metal ions to pyridines lowers the electron density in the pyridine ring and lowers the reduction potential: lower-energy reactions and enhanced selectivity are two outcomes from these modifications. Herein, we discuss approaches for the preparation of DHP-metal complexes and selected examples of their reactivity. We suggest further areas in which these metallated DHP-s could be developed and applied in synthesis and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo W T Parsons
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Louise A Berben
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis CA 95616 USA
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4
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De Leon E, Gonzalez F, Bauskar P, Gonzalez-Eymard S, De Los Santos D, Shoshani MM. Amplifying Reactivity of Metal Hydrides: A Heterotrimetallic NiAl 2(μ 2-H) 2 Catalyst for the Dearomatization of N-Heterocycles. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edgardo De Leon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1 W. University Blvd. Brownsville, Texas 78520, United States
| | - Fernando Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1 W. University Blvd. Brownsville, Texas 78520, United States
| | - Preetika Bauskar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1 W. University Blvd. Brownsville, Texas 78520, United States
| | - Sergio Gonzalez-Eymard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1 W. University Blvd. Brownsville, Texas 78520, United States
| | - David De Los Santos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1 W. University Blvd. Brownsville, Texas 78520, United States
| | - Manar M. Shoshani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1 W. University Blvd. Brownsville, Texas 78520, United States
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5
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Ma X, Mane MV, Cavallo L, Nolan SP. Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Regioselective 1,2‐Hydrosilylation of N‐Heteroarenes. European J Org Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202201466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281, S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Manoj V. Mane
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences Jain (Deemed-to-be University) Jain Global Campus Kanakapura, Bangalore Karnataka 562112 India
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281, S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
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6
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Bories CC, Gontard G, Barbazanges M, Derat E, Petit M. Hydrido-Cobalt Complexes for the Chemo- and Regioselective 1,2-Silylative Dearomatization of N-Heteroarenes. Org Lett 2023; 25:843-848. [PMID: 36688841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We describe an efficient regio- and chemoselective dearomatization of N-heteroarenes using hydrido-cobalt catalysts. Reactions were performed under mild conditions on a wide range of N-heteroarenes leading exclusively to the silyl-1,2-dihydroheteroarene. Various quinolines and pyridines bearing electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents are compatible with this methodology. DFT calculations, NMR spectroscopic studies, and X-ray diffraction analysis underlined the importance of a second silane for the final step of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandre C Bories
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Geoffrey Gontard
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marion Barbazanges
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Etienne Derat
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marc Petit
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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Fang F, Zhang J. Notable Catalytic Activity of Transition Metal Thiolate Complexes against Hydrosilylation and Hydroboration of Carbon-Heteroatom Bonds. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201181. [PMID: 36545848 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chemists tend to use transition metal hydride complexes rather than thiolate complexes to catalyse chemical transformations because the hydride complexes possess diverse catalytic reactivity, although most of them are air/moisture-sensitive and difficult to prepare. By comparing the catalytic performances of pincer ligated group 10 metal thiolate and hydride complexes in catalysing the hydroboration and hydrosilylation of C=O and C=N bonds, we demonstrate in this review that transition metal thiolate complexes are much better catalysts than the corresponding hydride complexes in catalysing this type of reactions. Many hydroboration and hydrosilylation reactions catalysed by pincer ligated group 10 metal hydride complexes can also be catalysed by the corresponding thiolate complexes and the thiolate systems are far more active. Therefore, the applications of transition metal thiolate complexes in the catalytic hydroboration and hydrosilylation of unsaturated carbon-heteroatom bonds deserve special attention in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Fang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Xinxiang University Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and, Advanced Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
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8
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Meher NK, Verma PK, Geetharani K. Cobalt-Catalyzed Regioselective 1,2-Hydroboration of N-Heteroarenes. Org Lett 2023; 25:87-92. [PMID: 36596240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Regioselective hydroboration of pyridines to 1,2-dihydropyridines remains a significant challenge for the synthesis of valuable nitrogenous bioactive molecules. Herein, we report a base free ligand-controlled cobalt-catalyzed 1,2-hydroboration of pyridines and quinolines with very low catalyst loading under neat reaction conditions. The choice of sterically demanding N-heterocyclic ligands led to the 1,2-regioselectivity and the scope was demonstrated by the N-heterocycles having a variety of functional groups. The preliminary mechanistic studies corroborate that the two ligands followed a distinct catalytic cycle with Co(I) as an active species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Kumar Meher
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Piyush Kumar Verma
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - K Geetharani
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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9
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Sahoo RK, Sarkar N, Nembenna S. Intermediates, Isolation and Mechanistic Insights into Zinc Hydride-Catalyzed 1,2-Regioselective Hydrofunctionalization of N-Heteroarenes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:304-317. [PMID: 36571301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The conjugated bis-guanidinate-supported zinc hydride [{LZnH}2; L = {(ArHN) (ArN)-C═N-C═(NAr) (NHAr); Ar = 2,6-Et2-C6H3}] (I)-catalyzed highly demanding exclusive 1,2-regioselective hydroboration and hydrosilylation of N-heteroarenes is demonstrated with excellent yields. This protocol is compatible with many pyridines and N-heteroarene derivatives, including electron-donating and -withdrawing substituents. Catalytic intermediates, such as [(LZnH) (4-methylpyridine)] IIA, [(L'ZnH) (4-methylpyridine) IIA', where L' = CH{(CMe) (2,6-Et2C6H3N)}2)], LZn(1,2-DhiQ) (isoquinoline) III, [L'Zn(1,2-DhiQ) (isoquinoline)] III', and LZn(1,2-(3-MeDHQ)) (3-methylquinoline) V, were isolated and thoroughly characterized by NMR, HRMS, and IR analyses. Furthermore, X-ray single-crystal diffraction studies confirmed the molecular structures of compounds IIA', III, and III'. The NMR data proved that the intermediate III or III' reacted with HBpin and gave a selective 1,2-addition hydroborated product. Stoichiometric experiments suggest that V and III independently reacted with silane, yielding selective 1,2-addition of mono- and bis-hydrosilylated products, respectively. Based on the isolation of intermediates and a series of stoichiometric experiments, plausible catalytic cycles were established. Furthermore, the intermolecular chemoselective hydroboration reaction over other reducible functionalities was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajata Kumar Sahoo
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752 050, India
| | - Nabin Sarkar
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752 050, India
| | - Sharanappa Nembenna
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752 050, India
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10
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Sieland B, Hoppe A, Stepen A, Paradies J. Frustrated Lewis pair‐catalyzed hydroboration of nitriles: FLP versus borenium catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Axel Hoppe
- Paderborn University Faculty of Science GERMANY
| | - Arne Stepen
- Paderborn University Faculty of Science GERMANY
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11
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Jeong E, Heo J, Jin S, Kim D, Chang S. KO tBu-Catalyzed 1,2-Silaboration of N-Heteroarenes to Access 2-Silylheterocycles: A Cooperative Model for the Regioselectivity. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eunchan Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Joon Heo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Seongho Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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12
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Belen’kii LI, Gazieva GA, Evdokimenkova YB, Soboleva NO. The literature of heterocyclic chemistry, Part XX, 2020. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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13
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Zhang S, Xu H, He J, Zhang Y. Application of Mutualism in Organic Synthetic Chemistry: Mutually Promoted C−H Functionalization of Indole and Reduction of Quinoline. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sutao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130012 People's Republic of China
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15
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Takahashi T, Kurahashi T, Matsubara S. Ni-Catalyzed Dearomative Cycloaddition of Alkynes to 10π Aromatic Benzothiophenes: Elucidation of Reaction Mechanism. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Takahashi
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takuya Kurahashi
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Seijiro Matsubara
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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16
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Ghosh P, Jacobi von Wangelin A. Manganese‐Catalyzed Hydroborations with Broad Scope. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Ghosh
- Dept. of Chemistry University of Hamburg Martin Luther King Pl 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
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17
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Ghosh P, Jacobi von Wangelin A. Manganese-Catalyzed Hydroborations with Broad Scope. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16035-16043. [PMID: 33894033 PMCID: PMC8362021 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Reductive transformations of easily available oxidized matter are at the heart of synthetic manipulation and chemical valorization. The applications of catalytic hydrofunctionalization benefit from the use of liquid reducing agents and operationally facile setups. Metal‐catalyzed hydroborations provide a highly prolific platform for reductive valorizations of stable C=X electrophiles. Here, we report an especially facile, broad‐scope reduction of various functions including carbonyls, carboxylates, pyridines, carbodiimides, and carbonates under very mild conditions with the inexpensive pre‐catalyst Mn(hmds)2. The reaction could be successfully applied to depolymerizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Ghosh
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin Luther King Pl 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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18
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Mi J, Huo S, Meng L, Li X. Mechanism and regioselectivity of [Cu-Fe] heterobimetallic-catalyzed hydroboration of pyridines: DFT investigation. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Gao L, Zhang H, Liu X, Wang G, Li S. Mechanistic insights into the dearomative diborylation of pyrazines: a radical or non-radical process? Dalton Trans 2021; 50:6982-6990. [DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00921d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of the dearomative diborylation of pyrazines were investigated via a combination of density functional theory calculations and experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuzhou Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Hanyin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Xueting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Shuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
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20
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Abstract
Hydroboration of pyridine derivatives at room temperature with earth-abundant and biocompatible magnesium catalysts ligated by phosphinimino amides is developed. Fine turnover frequency (TOF) and distinguished 1,2-regioselectivity have been achieved. The exclusive chemoselective carbonyl hydroboration happens with competitive TOF. A HBpin assisted mechanism is deduced by the reaction rate law, activation parameters, and kinetic isotope effect (KIE) in combination with DFT calculations. To our knowledge, this is the first example of pyridine 1,2-dearomatization by Mg-based catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Bingwen Li
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Xiufang Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Branch, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Dongmei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Branch, Changchun 130022, China
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