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Roque CS, de Castro M, Castro TG, Silva C, Cavaco-Paulo A, Noro J. Solvent-free synthesis of hydrophobic and amphiphilic esters using a chemically modified lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus: a comparative study with native and immobilized forms. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300843. [PMID: 38169079 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Using lipases to catalyze the synthesis of the most differentiated type of compounds remains one of the major challenges among scientists. Seeking more economic and advantageous catalysts is a current goal of green chemistry. In this work, we demonstrate the potential of a chemically modified form of lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (cmLTL) for the synthesis of both hydrophobic (heptyl heptanoate, heptyl octanoate, heptyl decanoate, decyl heptanoate, decyl octanoate and decyl decanoate) and amphiphilic (2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl oleate and 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl linoleate) esters, in bulk. The results were compared with its native (LTL) and immobilized (imLTL) forms. The data revealed that LTL showed poor activity for all reactions performed with n-heptane (η<20 %). ImLTL was able to synthesize all hydrophobic esters (η>60 %), with exception of the short ester, heptyl heptanoate. cmLTL was the only form of LTL capable of producing hydrophobic and amphiphilic esters, without compromising the yield when the reactions were performed under solvent-free conditions (>50 %). Molecular modeling showed that the active pocket of cmLTL is able to deeply internalize transcutol, with stronger interactions, justifying the outstanding results obtained. Furthermore, owing to the possibility of cmLTL filtration, the reusability of the catalyst is ensured for at least 6 cycles, without compromising the reaction yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina S Roque
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
- Solfarcos - Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic, Solutions, 4710-053 Braga, Portugal
| | - Mariana de Castro
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
- Solfarcos - Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic, Solutions, 4710-053 Braga, Portugal
| | - Tarsila G Castro
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Carla Silva
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
- Solfarcos - Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic, Solutions, 4710-053 Braga, Portugal
| | - Jennifer Noro
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
- Solfarcos - Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic, Solutions, 4710-053 Braga, Portugal
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Noro J, Cavaco-Paulo A, Silva C. Chemical modification of lipases: A powerful tool for activity improvement. Biotechnol J 2022; 17:e2100523. [PMID: 35544709 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The demand for adequate and ecologically acceptable procedures to produce the most differentiated products has been growing in recent decades, with enzymes being excellent examples of the advances achieved so far. Lipases are astonishing catalysts with a vast range of applications including the synthesis of esters, flavours, biodiesel, and polymers. The broad specificity of the substrates, as well as the regio-, stereo-, and enantioselectivity, are the differentiating factors of these enzymes. Structural modification is a current approach to enhance the activity of lipases. Chemical modification of lipases to improve catalytic performance is of great interest considering the increasingly broad fields of application. Together with the physical immobilization onto solid supports, different strategies have been developed to produce catalysts with higher activity and stability. In this review, practical insights into the different strategies developed in recent years regarding the modification of lipases are described. For the first time, the impact of the modifications on the activity and stability of lipases, as well as on the biotechnological applications, is fully compiled. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Noro
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal.,LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal.,LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carla Silva
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal.,LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
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Characteristics of Crosslinking Polymers Play Major Roles in Improving the Stability and Catalytic Properties of Immobilized Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipase. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062917. [PMID: 35328337 PMCID: PMC8953303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to improve the stability and catalytic properties of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL) adsorbed on a hydrophobic support. At the optimized conditions (pH 5 and 25 °C without any additions), the Sips isotherm model effectively fitted the equilibrium adsorption data, indicating a monolayer and the homogenous distribution of immobilized lipase molecules. To preserve the high specific activity of adsorbed lipase, the immobilized lipase (IL) with a moderate loading amount (approximately 40% surface coverage) was selected. Polyethylenimine (PEI) and chitosan (CS) were successfully applied as bridging units to in situ crosslink the immobilized lipase molecules in IL. At the low polymer concentration (0.5%, w/w) and with 1 h incubation, insignificant changes in average pore size were detected. Short-chain PEI and CS (MW ≤ 2 kDa) efficiently improved the lipase stability, i.e., the lipase loss decreased from 40% to <2%. Notably, CS performed much better than PEI in maintaining lipase activity. IL crosslinked with CS-2 kDa showed a two- to three-fold higher rate when hydrolyzing p-nitrophenyl butyrate and a two-fold increase in the catalytic efficiency in the esterification of hexanoic acid with butanol. These in situ crosslinking strategies offer good potential for modulating the catalytic properties of TLL for a specific reaction.
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