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Rosangzuala K, Patlolla RR, Shaikh A, Naik KA, Raveena G, Nemali M, Reddy Mudiam MK, Banoth L. Streamlined Chemo-Enzymatic Synthesis of Molnupiravir via Lipase Catalyst. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:4423-4428. [PMID: 38313533 PMCID: PMC10831972 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
An enzymatic approach for the synthesis of Molnupiravir has been developed using immobilized lipase as a biocatalyst. This method involves a concise process of the regioselective esterification of uridine with isobutyric anhydride using Lipase (Addzyme-011). This efficient route gets 97% conversion of uridine 3, with an overall 73% yield of molnupiravir 1 in two steps. The use of inexpensive and easily available lipase makes the synthesis cost-effective and accessible globally, promoting the principles of green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khawlhring Rosangzuala
- Organic
Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian
Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ravinder Reddy Patlolla
- Organic
Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian
Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Asif Shaikh
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Department
of Analytical and Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Kethavath Anjali
Priya Naik
- Organic
Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian
Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Gajjala Raveena
- Organic
Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian
Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Manjula Nemali
- Organic
Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian
Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Mohana Krishna Reddy Mudiam
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Department
of Analytical and Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Institute
of Pesticide Formulation Technology (IPFT), Sector-20, Udyog Vihar, Gurugram, Haryana 122016, India
| | - Linga Banoth
- Organic
Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian
Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Liu C, Song Y, Hu T, Wang S, Yi K, Wang J, Yan Q, Wei L, Zhang Z, Li H, Luo Y, Wu L, Zhang D, Meng E. Adenylate Kinase Fused to Spidroin as a Catalyst for Decreasing Leakage out of 3D-Bioprinted Hydrogels and for ATP Regeneration. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:1662-1674. [PMID: 36913719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Numerous metabolic reactions and pathways use adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) as an energy source and as a phosphorous or pyrophosphorous donor. Based on three-dimensional (3D)-printing, enzyme immobilization can be used to improve ATP regeneration and operability and reduce cost. However, due to the relatively large mesh size of 3D-bioprinted hydrogels soaked in a reaction solution, the lower-molecular-weight enzymes cannot avoid leaking out of the hydrogels readily. Here, a chimeric adenylate-kinase-spidroin (ADK-RC) is created, with ADK serving as the N-terminal domain. The chimera is capable of self-assembling to form micellar nanoparticles at a higher molecular scale. Although fused to spidroin (RC), ADK-RC remains relatively consistent and exhibits high activity, thermostability, pH stability, and organic solvent tolerance. Considering different surface-to-volume ratios, three shapes of enzyme hydrogels are designed, 3D bioprinted, and measured. In addition, a continuous enzymatic reaction demonstrates that ADK-RC hydrogels have higher specific activity and substrate affinity but a lower reaction rate and catalytic power compared to free enzymes in solution. With ATP regeneration, the ADK and ADK-RC hydrogels significantly increase the production of d-glucose-6-phosphate and obtain an efficient usage frequency. In conclusion, enzymes fused to spidroin might be an efficient strategy for maintaining activity and reducing leakage in 3D-bioprinted hydrogels under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Liu
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Yanmin Song
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Tianhao Hu
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Shan Wang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Ke Yi
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Jianjie Wang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Qing Yan
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Li'an Wei
- Changsha Sanjiang Smart Technology Co., Ltd., Changsha 410026, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Zheyang Zhang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Huimin Li
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Yutao Luo
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wu
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Dongyi Zhang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Er Meng
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Multiple Utilization of Economic Crops in Hunan Province, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Safe Utilization of Heavy Metal-Polluted Soils, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, P. R. China
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3
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Biocatalytic cascade transformations for the synthesis of C-nucleosides and N-nucleoside analogs. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 79:102873. [PMID: 36630750 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nucleosides and their analogs, including those that feature substitution of the canonical N-glycosidic by a C-glycosidic linkage, provide access to potent antiviral, antibacterial, and antitumor drugs. Furthermore, they are key building blocks of m-RNA vaccines and play a crucial role for vaccine therapeutic effectiveness. As the medicinal applications of nucleosides increase in number and importance, there is a growing need for efficiency-enhanced routes of nucleoside synthesis. Cascade biocatalysis, that is, the application of natural or evolved enzymes promoting complex transformations in multiple steps in one pot and without the need of intermediate purification, emerges as a powerful tool to obtain nucleosides from readily available starting materials. Recent efforts in enzyme discovery and protein engineering expand the toolbox of catalysts active toward nucleosides or nucleotides. In this review, we highlight recent applications, and discuss challenges, of cascade biocatalysis for nucleoside synthesis. We focus on C-nucleosides and important analogs of the canonical N-nucleosides.
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Rosenthal K, Bornscheuer UT, Lütz S. Cascades of Evolved Enzymes for the Synthesis of Complex Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208358. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering TU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Strasse 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis University of Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering TU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Strasse 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
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Rosenthal K, Bornscheuer UT, Lütz S. Reaktionskaskaden evolvierter Enzyme zur Synthese komplexer Moleküle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Rosenthal
- Fakultät für Bio- und Chemieingenieurwesen Technische Universität Dortmund Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institut für Biochemie, Abt. Biotechnologie & Enzymkatalyse Universität Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Fakultät für Bio- und Chemieingenieurwesen Technische Universität Dortmund Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
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