1
|
Rosenthal K, Lindley MR, Turner MA, Ratcliffe E, Hunsicker E. Current data processing methods and reporting standards for untargeted analysis of volatile organic compounds using direct mass spectrometry: a systematic review. Metabolomics 2024; 20:42. [PMID: 38491298 PMCID: PMC10942920 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-024-02104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Untargeted direct mass spectrometric analysis of volatile organic compounds has many potential applications across fields such as healthcare and food safety. However, robust data processing protocols must be employed to ensure that research is replicable and practical applications can be realised. User-friendly data processing and statistical tools are becoming increasingly available; however, the use of these tools have neither been analysed, nor are they necessarily suited for every data type. OBJECTIVES This review aims to analyse data processing and analytic workflows currently in use and examine whether methodological reporting is sufficient to enable replication. METHODS Studies identified from Web of Science and Scopus databases were systematically examined against the inclusion criteria. The experimental, data processing, and data analysis workflows were reviewed for the relevant studies. RESULTS From 459 studies identified from the databases, a total of 110 met the inclusion criteria. Very few papers provided enough detail to allow all aspects of the methodology to be replicated accurately, with only three meeting previous guidelines for reporting experimental methods. A wide range of data processing methods were used, with only eight papers (7.3%) employing a largely similar workflow where direct comparability was achievable. CONCLUSIONS Standardised workflows and reporting systems need to be developed to ensure research in this area is replicable, comparable, and held to a high standard. Thus, allowing the wide-ranging potential applications to be realised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Rosenthal
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
| | - M R Lindley
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - M A Turner
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - E Ratcliffe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - E Hunsicker
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rolf J, Handke J, Burzinski F, Lütz S, Rosenthal K. Amino acid balancing for the prediction and evaluation of protein concentrations in cell-free protein synthesis systems. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3373. [PMID: 37408088 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems are an attractive method to complement the usual cell-based synthesis of proteins, especially for screening approaches. The literature describes a wide variety of CFPS systems, but their performance is difficult to compare since the reaction components are often used at different concentrations. Therefore, we have developed a calculation tool based on amino acid balancing to evaluate the performance of CFPS by determining the fractional yield as the ratio between theoretically achievable and experimentally achieved protein molar concentration. This tool was applied to a series of experiments from our lab and to various systems described in the literature to identify systems that synthesize proteins very efficiently and those that still have potential for higher yields. The well-established Escherichia coli system showed a high efficiency in the utilization of amino acids, but interestingly, less considered systems, such as those based on Vibrio natriegens or Leishmania tarentolae, also showed exceptional fractional yields of over 70% and 90%, respectively, implying very efficient conversions of amino acids. The methods and tools described here can quickly identify when a system has reached its maximum or has limitations. We believe that this approach will facilitate the evaluation and optimization of existing CFPS systems and provides the basis for the systematic development of new CFPS systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jascha Rolf
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Julian Handke
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Frank Burzinski
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lindig A, Schwarz J, Hubmann G, Rosenthal K, Lütz S. Bivariate One Strain Many Compounds Designs Expand the Secondary Metabolite Production Space in Corallococcus coralloides. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2592. [PMID: 37894250 PMCID: PMC10609524 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The scarcely investigated myxobacterium Corallococcus coralloides holds a large genome containing many uncharacterized biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) that potentially encode the synthesis of entirely new natural products. Despite its promising genomic potential, suitable cultivation conditions have not yet been found to activate the synthesis of new secondary metabolites (SMs). Finding the right cultivation conditions to activate BGCs in the genome remains a major bottleneck, and its full biosynthetic potential has so far not been determined. We therefore applied a bivariate "one strain many compounds" (OSMAC) approach, using a combination of two elicitor changes at once, for the activation of BGCs and concomitant SM production by C. coralloides. The screening was carried out in Duetz-System 24-well plates, applying univariate and bivariate OSMAC conditions. We combined biotic additives and organic solvents with a complex growth medium for univariate conditions and with minimal medium for bivariate conditions. The success in the activation of BGCs was evaluated by determining the number of new mass features detected in the respective extracts. We found synergistic effects in the bivariate OSMAC designs, evidenced by the detection of completely new mass features in the bivariate OSMAC experiments, which were not detected in the univariate OSMAC designs with only one elicitor. Overall, the bivariate OSMAC screening led to 55 new mass features, which were not detected in the univariate OSMAC design. Molecular networks revealed that these new mass features embody potential novel natural compounds and chemical derivatives like the N-acyl fatty amine N-pentyloctadecanamide and possibly sulfur-containing natural products. Hence, the presence of multiple elicitors in the bivariate OSMAC designs successfully activated the biosynthetic potential in C. coralloides. We propose bivariate OSMAC designs with a complex combination of elicitors as a straightforward strategy to robustly expand the SM space of microorganisms with large genomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Lindig
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jenny Schwarz
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Georg Hubmann
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- School of Science, Constructor University, 28759 Bremen, Germany;
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wowra K, Hegel E, Scharf A, Grünberger A, Rosenthal K. Estimating environmental impacts of early-stage bioprocesses. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:1199-1212. [PMID: 37188575 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of bioprocesses in industrial production promises resource- and energy-efficient processes starting from renewable, nonfossil feedstocks. Thus, the environmental benefits must be demonstrated, ideally in the early development phase with standardized methods such as life cycle assessment (LCA). Herein we discuss selected LCA studies of early-stage bioprocesses, highlighting their potential and contribution to estimating environmental impacts and decision support in bioprocess development. However, LCAs are rarely performed among bioprocess engineers due to challenges such as data availability and process uncertainties. To address this issue, recommendations are provided for conducting LCAs of early-stage bioprocesses. Opportunities are identified to facilitate future applicability, for example, by establishing dedicated bioprocess databases that could enable the use of LCAs as standard tools for bioprocess engineers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Wowra
- Subdivision Biotechnology, Dechema e.V., Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Esther Hegel
- Subdivision Biotechnology, Dechema e.V., Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Scharf
- Subdivision Biotechnology, Dechema e.V., Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Grünberger
- Microsystems in Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- School of Science, Constructor University, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Becker M, Ziemińska-Stolarska A, Markowska D, Lütz S, Rosenthal K. Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Chemical and Biocatalytic 2'3'-Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthesis. ChemSusChem 2023; 16:e202201629. [PMID: 36416867 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Life cycle assessments (LCAs) can provide insights into the environmental impact of production processes. In this study, a comparative LCA was performed for the synthesis of 2'3'-cyclic GMP-AMP (2'3'-cGAMP) in an early development stage. The cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) is of interest for pharmaceutical applications such as cancer immunotherapy. CDNs can be synthesized either by enzymes or chemical catalysis. It is not known which of the routes is more sustainable as both routes have their advantages and disadvantages, such as a poor yield for the chemical synthesis and low titers for the biocatalytic synthesis. The synthesis routes were compared for the production of 200 g 2'3'-cGAMP based on laboratory data to assess the environmental impacts. The biocatalytic synthesis turned out to be superior to the chemical synthesis in all considered categories by at least one magnitude, for example, a global warming potential of 3055.6 kg CO2 equiv. for the enzymatic route and 56454.0 kg CO2 equiv. for the chemical synthesis, which is 18 times higher. This study demonstrates the value of assessment at an early development stage, when the choice between different routes is still possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Becker
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Dorota Markowska
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 213, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Siedentop R, Dziennus M, Lütz S, Rosenthal K. Debottlenecking of an In Vitro Enzyme Cascade Using a Combined Model‐ and Experiment‐Based Approach. CHEM-ING-TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202200170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Regine Siedentop
- TU Dortmund University Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Marlon Dziennus
- TU Dortmund University Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- TU Dortmund University Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Constructor University Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry Campus Ring 1 28759 Bremen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kinner A, Lütz S, Rosenthal K. Agar Plate‐Based Screening Approach for the Identification of Enzyme‐Catalyzed Oxidations. CHEM-ING-TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202200084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kinner
- TU Dortmund University Chair for Bioprocess Engineering Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- TU Dortmund University Chair for Bioprocess Engineering Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- TU Dortmund University Chair for Bioprocess Engineering Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rosenthal K, Bornscheuer UT, Lütz S. Cascades of Evolved Enzymes for the Synthesis of Complex Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208358. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering TU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Strasse 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis University of Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering TU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Strasse 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Menke MJ, Behr AS, Rosenthal K, Linke D, Kockmann N, Bornscheuer UT, Dörr M. Development of an Ontology for Biocatalysis. CHEM-ING-TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202200066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian J. Menke
- University of Greifswald Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Alexander S. Behr
- TU Dortmund University Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Laboratory of Equipment Design Emil-Figge-Strasse 68 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- TU Dortmund University Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Chair for Bioprocess Engineering Emil-Figge-Strasse 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - David Linke
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29A 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Norbert Kockmann
- TU Dortmund University Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Laboratory of Equipment Design Emil-Figge-Strasse 68 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- University of Greifswald Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Mark Dörr
- University of Greifswald Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wowra K, Hegel E, Scharf A, Grünberger A, Rosenthal K. Life Cycle Assessment for Early‐Stage Bioprocess Development: Current State and Future Perspective. CHEM-ING-TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202255332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Wowra
- DECHEMA e. V Biotechnology Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25 60486 Frankfurt Germany
| | - E. Hegel
- DECHEMA e. V Biotechnology Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25 60486 Frankfurt Germany
| | - A. Scharf
- DECHEMA e. V Biotechnology Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25 60486 Frankfurt Germany
| | - A. Grünberger
- Bielefeld University Multiscale Bioengineering, Faculty of Technology Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - K. Rosenthal
- TU Dortmund University Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Emil-Figge-Str. 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rosenthal K, Bornscheuer UT, Lütz S. Reaktionskaskaden evolvierter Enzyme zur Synthese komplexer Moleküle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Rosenthal
- Fakultät für Bio- und Chemieingenieurwesen Technische Universität Dortmund Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institut für Biochemie, Abt. Biotechnologie & Enzymkatalyse Universität Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Fakultät für Bio- und Chemieingenieurwesen Technische Universität Dortmund Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bullock A, Grossman J, Fakih M, Lenz H, Gordon M, Margolin K, Wilky B, Mahadevan D, Trent J, Bockorny B, Moser J, Balmanoukian A, Schlechter B, Ortuzar Feliu W, Rosenthal K, Bullock B, Stebbing J, Godwin J, O'Day S, Tsimberidou A, El-Khoueiry A. LBA O-9 Botensilimab, a novel innate/adaptive immune activator, plus balstilimab (anti-PD-1) for metastatic heavily pretreated microsatellite stable colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.04.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
|
13
|
Rolf J, Ngo ACR, Tischler D, Lütz S, Rosenthal K. Cell-free protein synthesis for the screening of novel azoreductases and their preferred electron donor. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200121. [PMID: 35593146 PMCID: PMC9401864 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Azoreductases are potent biocatalysts for the cleavage of azo bonds. Various gene sequences coding for potential azoreductases are available in databases, but many of their gene products are still uncharacterized. To avoid the laborious heterologous expression in a host organism, we developed a screening approach involving cell‐free protein synthesis (CFPS) combined with a colorimetric activity assay, which allows the parallel screening of putative azoreductases in a short time. First, we evaluated different CFPS systems and optimized the synthesis conditions of a model azoreductase. With the findings obtained, 10 azoreductases, half of them undescribed so far, were screened for their ability to degrade the azo dye methyl red. All novel enzymes catalyzed the degradation of methyl red and can therefore be referred to as azoreductases. In addition, all enzymes degraded the more complex and bulkier azo dye Brilliant Black and four of them also showed the ability to reduce p‐benzoquinone. NADH was the preferred electron donor for the most enzymes, although the synthetic nicotinamide co‐substrate analogue 1‐benzyl‐1,4‐dihydronicotinamide (BNAH) was also accepted by all active azoreductases. This screening approach allows accelerated identification of potential biocatalysts for various applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jascha Rolf
- TU Dortmund University: Technische Universitat Dortmund, Biochemical & Chemical Engineering, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, 44227, Dortmund, GERMANY
| | - Anna Christina Reyes Ngo
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum: Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, GERMANY
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum: Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, GERMANY
| | - Stephan Lütz
- TU Dortmund University: Technische Universitat Dortmund, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, GERMANY
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- TU Dortmund university, Bioprocessengineering, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, 44227, Dortmund, GERMANY
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kinner A, Nerke P, Siedentop R, Steinmetz T, Classen T, Rosenthal K, Nett M, Pietruszka J, Lütz S. Recent Advances in Biocatalysis for Drug Synthesis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10050964. [PMID: 35625702 PMCID: PMC9138302 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10050964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocatalysis is constantly providing novel options for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In addition to drug development and manufacturing, biocatalysis also plays a role in drug discovery and can support many active ingredient syntheses at an early stage to build up entire scaffolds in a targeted and preparative manner. Recent progress in recruiting new enzymes by genome mining and screening or adapting their substrate, as well as product scope, by protein engineering has made biocatalysts a competitive tool applied in academic and industrial spheres. This is especially true for the advances in the field of nonribosomal peptide synthesis and enzyme cascades that are expanding the capabilities for the discovery and synthesis of new bioactive compounds via biotransformation. Here we highlight some of the most recent developments to add to the portfolio of biocatalysis with special relevance for the synthesis and late-stage functionalization of APIs, in order to bypass pure chemical processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kinner
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (A.K.); (P.N.); (R.S.); (K.R.)
| | - Philipp Nerke
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (A.K.); (P.N.); (R.S.); (K.R.)
| | - Regine Siedentop
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (A.K.); (P.N.); (R.S.); (K.R.)
| | - Till Steinmetz
- Laboratory for Technical Biology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (T.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Thomas Classen
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Biotechnology (IBG-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (T.C.); (J.P.)
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (A.K.); (P.N.); (R.S.); (K.R.)
| | - Markus Nett
- Laboratory for Technical Biology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (T.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Biotechnology (IBG-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (T.C.); (J.P.)
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Located at Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (A.K.); (P.N.); (R.S.); (K.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-231-755-4764
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Grühn J, Behr AS, Eroglu TH, Trögel V, Rosenthal K, Kockmann N. From Coiled Flow Inverter to Stirred Tank Reactor – Bioprocess Development and Ontology Design. CHEM-ING-TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Grühn
- TU Dortmund University Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Lab of Equipment Design Emil-Figge-Straße 68 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Alexander S. Behr
- TU Dortmund University Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Lab of Equipment Design Emil-Figge-Straße 68 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Talha H. Eroglu
- TU Dortmund University Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Lab of Equipment Design Emil-Figge-Straße 68 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Valentin Trögel
- TU Dortmund University Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Lab of Equipment Design Emil-Figge-Straße 68 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- TU Dortmund University Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Chair for Bioprocess Engineering Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Norbert Kockmann
- TU Dortmund University Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Lab of Equipment Design Emil-Figge-Straße 68 44227 Dortmund Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bartsch T, Becker M, Rolf J, Rosenthal K, Lütz S. Biotechnological Production of Cyclic Dinucleotides - Challenges and Opportunities. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 119:677-684. [PMID: 34953086 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are widely used secondary signaling molecules in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. As strong agonists of the stimulator of interferon genes, they are of great interest for pharmaceutical applications. In particular, cyclic-GMP-AMP and related synthetic CDNs are promising candidates in pre-clinical work and even some in clinical phase 1 and 2 studies. The comparison of chemical and biocatalytic synthesis routes elucidated that biological CDN synthesis offers some advantages, such as shorter synthesis time, avoiding complex protective group chemistry, and the access to a new spectrum of CDNs. However, the synthesis of CDNs in preparative quantities is still a challenge, since the chemical synthesis of CDNs suffers from low yields and complex synthetic routes and the enzymatically catalyzed synthesis is limited by low product titers and process stability. We aim to review the latest discoveries and recent trends in chemical and biocatalytic synthesis of CDNs with a focus on the synthesis of a huge variety of CDN derivatives. We furthermore consider the most promising biotechnological processes for CDN production by evaluating key figures of the currently known processes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Bartsch
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Germany
| | - Martin Becker
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Germany
| | - Jascha Rolf
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Germany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kinner A, Rosenthal K, Lütz S. Identification and Expression of New Unspecific Peroxygenases - Recent Advances, Challenges and Opportunities. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:705630. [PMID: 34307325 PMCID: PMC8293615 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.705630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2004, the fungal heme-thiolate enzyme subfamily of unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs) was first described in the basidiomycete Agrocybe aegerita. As UPOs naturally catalyze a broad range of oxidative transformations by using hydrogen peroxide as electron acceptor and thus possess a great application potential, they have been extensively studied in recent years. However, despite their versatility to catalyze challenging selective oxyfunctionalizations, the availability of UPOs for potential biotechnological applications is restricted. Particularly limiting are the identification of novel natural biocatalysts, their production, and the description of their properties. It is hence of great interest to further characterize the enzyme subfamily as well as to identify promising new candidates. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the state of the art in identification, expression, and screening approaches of fungal UPOs, challenges associated with current protein production and screening strategies, as well as potential solutions and opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kinner
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schmitz LM, Kinner A, Althoff K, Rosenthal K, Lütz S. Investigation of Vitamin D 2 and Vitamin D 3 Hydroxylation by Kutzneria albida. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2266-2274. [PMID: 33647186 PMCID: PMC8359954 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The active vitamin D metabolites 25-OH-D and 1α,25-(OH)2 -D play an essential role in controlling several cellular processes in the human body and are potentially effective in the treatment of several diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The microbial synthesis of vitamin D2 (VD2 ) and vitamin D3 (VD3 ) metabolites has emerged as a suitable alternative to established complex chemical syntheses. In this study, a novel strain, Kutzneria albida, with the ability to form 25-OH-D2 and 25-OH-D3 was identified. To further improve the conversion of the poorly soluble substrates, several solubilizers were tested. 100-fold higher product concentrations of 25-OH-D3 and tenfold higher concentrations of 25-OH-D2 after addition of 5 % (w/v) 2-hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (2-HPβCD) were reached. Besides the single-hydroxylation products, the human double-hydroxylation products 1,25-(OH)2 -D2 and 1,25-(OH)2 -D3 and various other potential single- and double-hydroxylation products were detected. Thus, K. albida represents a promising strain for the biotechnological production of VD2 and VD3 metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marie Schmitz
- Chair for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Straße 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Alina Kinner
- Chair for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Straße 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Kirsten Althoff
- Chair for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Straße 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Chair for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Straße 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Chair for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Straße 6644227DortmundGermany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schmitz LM, Hageneier F, Rosenthal K, Busche T, Brandt D, Kalinowski J, Lütz S. Recombinant expression and characterization of novel P450s from Actinosynnema mirum. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 42:116241. [PMID: 34139548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are the major contributor in the metabolism of xenobiotics, including therapeutic agents. Thus, P450s find broad application in the pharmaceutical industry to synthesize metabolites of new active pharmaceutical ingredients in order to evaluate toxicity and pharmacokinetics. As an alternative to human hepatic P450s, microbial P450s offer several advantages, such as an easier and more efficient heterologous expression as well as higher stability under process conditions. Recently, the wild-type strain Actinosynnema mirum has been reported to catalyze hydroxylation reactions with high activity on a broad range of substrates. In this study, one of these substrates, ritonavir, was used to analyze the transcriptional response of the wild-type strain. Analysis of the differential gene expression pattern allowed the assignment of genes potentially responsible for ritonavir conversion. Heterologous expression of these candidates and activity testing led to the identification of a novel P450 that efficiently converts ritonavir resembling the activity of the human CYP3A4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marie Schmitz
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Felix Hageneier
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Microbial Genomic and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - David Brandt
- Microbial Genomic and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Microbial Genomic and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Rosenthal
- TU Dortmund University Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Becker M, Nikel P, Andexer JN, Lütz S, Rosenthal K. A Multi-Enzyme Cascade Reaction for the Production of 2'3'-cGAMP. Biomolecules 2021; 11:590. [PMID: 33923845 PMCID: PMC8073963 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-enzyme cascade reactions for the synthesis of complex products have gained importance in recent decades. Their advantages compared to single biotransformations include the possibility to synthesize complex molecules without purification of reaction intermediates, easier handling of unstable intermediates, and dealing with unfavorable thermodynamics by coupled equilibria. In this study, a four-enzyme cascade consisting of ScADK, AjPPK2, and SmPPK2 for ATP synthesis from adenosine coupled to the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) catalyzing cyclic GMP-AMP (2'3'-cGAMP) formation was successfully developed. The 2'3'-cGAMP synthesis rates were comparable to the maximal reaction rate achieved in single-step reactions. An iterative optimization of substrate, cofactor, and enzyme concentrations led to an overall yield of 0.08 mole 2'3'-cGAMP per mole adenosine, which is comparable to chemical synthesis. The established enzyme cascade enabled the synthesis of 2'3'-cGAMP from GTP and inexpensive adenosine as well as polyphosphate in a biocatalytic one-pot reaction, demonstrating the performance capabilities of multi-enzyme cascades for the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Becker
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany; (M.B.); (P.N.); (S.L.)
| | - Patrick Nikel
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany; (M.B.); (P.N.); (S.L.)
| | - Jennifer N. Andexer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany; (M.B.); (P.N.); (S.L.)
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany; (M.B.); (P.N.); (S.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Schwarz J, Hubmann G, Rosenthal K, Lütz S. Triaging of Culture Conditions for Enhanced Secondary Metabolite Diversity from Different Bacteria. Biomolecules 2021; 11:193. [PMID: 33573182 PMCID: PMC7911347 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the one strain many compounds (OSMAC) approach has been established for the activation of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), which mainly encode the enzymes of secondary metabolite (SM) biosynthesis pathways. These BGCs were successfully activated by altering various culture conditions, such as aeration rate, temperature, and nutrient composition. Here, we determined the biosynthetic potential of 43 bacteria using the genome mining tool antiSMASH. Based on the number of BGCs, biological safety, availability of deposited cultures, and literature coverage, we selected five promising candidates: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DSM7, Corallococcus coralloides DSM2259, Pyxidicoccus fallax HKI727, Rhodococcus jostii DSM44719, and Streptomyces griseochromogenes DSM40499. The bacteria were cultivated under a broad range of OSMAC conditions (nutrient-rich media, minimal media, nutrient-limited media, addition of organic solvents, addition of biotic additives, and type of culture vessel) to fully assess the biosynthetic potential. In particular, we investigated so far scarcely applied OSMAC conditions to enhance the diversity of SMs. We detected the four predicted compounds bacillibactin, desferrioxamine B, myxochelin A, and surfactin. In total, 590 novel mass features were detected in a broad range of investigated OSMAC conditions, which outnumber the predicted gene clusters for all investigated bacteria by far. Interestingly, we detected mass features of the bioactive compounds cyclo-(Tyr-Pro) and nocardamin in extracts of DSM7 and DSM2259. Both compounds were so far not reported for these strains, indicating that our broad OSMAC screening approach was successful. Remarkably, the infrequently applied OSMAC conditions in defined medium with and without nutrient limitation were demonstrated to be very effective for BGC activation and for SM discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephan Lütz
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (J.S.); (G.H.); (K.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rosenthal K, Becker M, Rolf J, Siedentop R, Hillen M, Nett M, Lütz S. Catalytic Promiscuity of cGAS: A Facile Enzymatic Synthesis of 2'-3'-Linked Cyclic Dinucleotides. Chembiochem 2020; 21:3225-3228. [PMID: 32633874 PMCID: PMC7754487 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a cytosolic DNA sensor that catalyzes the synthesis of the cyclic GMP-AMP dinucleotide 2'3'-cGAMP. 2'3'-cGAMP functions as inducer for the production of type I interferons. Derivatives of this important second messenger are highly valuable for pharmaceutical applications. However, the production of these analogues requires complex, multistep syntheses. Herein, human cGAS is shown to react with a series of unnatural nucleotides, thus leading to novel cyclic dinucleotides. Most substrate derivatives with modifications at the nucleobase, ribose, and the α-thio phosphate were accepted. These results demonstrate the catalytic promiscuity of human cGAS and its utility for the biocatalytic synthesis of cyclic dinucleotide derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringChair for Bioprocess EngineeringTU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Strasse 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Martin Becker
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringChair for Bioprocess EngineeringTU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Strasse 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Jascha Rolf
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringChair for Bioprocess EngineeringTU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Strasse 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Regine Siedentop
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringChair for Bioprocess EngineeringTU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Strasse 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Michael Hillen
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringChair for Bioprocess EngineeringTU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Strasse 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Markus Nett
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringLaboratory of Technical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Strasse 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringChair for Bioprocess EngineeringTU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Strasse 6644227DortmundGermany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rosenthal K, Rolf J, Becker M, Siedentop R, Lütz S. Cell‐free synthesis of enzymes for the production of pharmaceutically relevant molecules. CHEM-ING-TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202055130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Rosenthal
- TU Dortmund Lehrstuhl Bioprozesstechnik Emil-Figge-Str. 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - J. Rolf
- TU Dortmund Lehrstuhl Bioprozesstechnik Emil-Figge-Str. 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - M. Becker
- TU Dortmund Lehrstuhl Bioprozesstechnik Emil-Figge-Str. 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - R. Siedentop
- TU Dortmund Lehrstuhl Bioprozesstechnik Emil-Figge-Str. 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - S. Lütz
- TU Dortmund Lehrstuhl Bioprozesstechnik Emil-Figge-Str. 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Enzymes are versatile biocatalysts capable of performing selective reactions. The advantages of enzymes in comparison to classical chemistry including chemical catalysts are the generally milder process conditions and avoidance of harmful reactants. Their high selectivity and specificity are especially beneficial for the enzymatic synthesis of new products with potential applications in drug research. Therefore, in the past decades, the utilization of isolated enzymes or whole-cell biocatalysts has spread through a growing number of biotechnological industries. The applications comprise the production of chiral building blocks for the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industry, the enzymatic synthesis of drug metabolites for testing of toxicity, function, biological activity, degradation and the production of biocatalytically modified natural products, which all play a role in drug discovery. Especially Oreste Ghisalba's contributions, which paved the way for the industrial use of enzymes, will be considered in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Schwarz
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Radka Snajdrova
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Pharma AG, Lichtstrasse, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Kittelmann
- Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Lichtstrasse, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Schmitz LM, Schäper J, Rosenthal K, Lütz S. Front Cover: Accessing the Biocatalytic Potential for C−H‐Activation by Targeted Genome Mining and Screening (ChemCatChem 23/2019). ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201902102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marie Schmitz
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Straße 66 Dortmund 44227 Germany
| | - Jonas Schäper
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Straße 66 Dortmund 44227 Germany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Straße 66 Dortmund 44227 Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Straße 66 Dortmund 44227 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Schmitz LM, Rosenthal K, Lütz S. Recent advances in heme biocatalysis engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:3469-3475. [PMID: 31483477 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Heme enzymes have the potential to be widely used as biocatalysts due to their capability to perform a vast variety of oxidation reactions. In spite of their versatility, the application of heme enzymes was long time-limited for the industry due to their low activity and stability in large scale processes. The identification of novel natural biocatalysts and recent advances in protein engineering have led to new reactions with a high application potential. The latest creation of a serine-ligated mutant of BM3 showed an efficient transfer of reactive carbenes into C═C bonds of olefins reaching total turnover numbers of more than 60,000 and product titers of up to 27 g/L-1 . This prominent example shows that heme enzymes are becoming competitive to chemical syntheses while being already advantageous in terms of high yield, regioselectivity, stereoselectivity and environmentally friendly reaction conditions. Advances in reactor concepts and the influencing parameters on reaction performance are also under investigation resulting in improved productivities and increased stability of the heme biocatalytic systems. In this mini review, we briefly present the latest advancements in the field of heme enzymes towards increased reaction scope and applicability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marie Schmitz
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tabor DE, Oganesyan V, Keller AE, Yu L, McLaughlin RE, Song E, Warrener P, Rosenthal K, Esser M, Qi Y, Ruzin A, Stover CK, DiGiandomenico A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa PcrV and Psl, the Molecular Targets of Bispecific Antibody MEDI3902, Are Conserved Among Diverse Global Clinical Isolates. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1983-1994. [PMID: 30016475 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bispecific antibody MEDI3902, targeting the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type 3 secretion system (PcrV) and Psl exopolysaccharide, is currently in phase 2b development for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. We surveyed a diverse collection of isolates to study MEDI3902 epitope conservation and protective activity. Methods P. aeruginosa clinical isolates (n = 913) were collected from diverse patients and geographic locations during 2003-2014. We conducted whole-genome sequencing; performed PcrV and Psl expression analyses via immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively; performed crystallography to determine the MEDI3902 PcrV epitope, using anti-PcrV Fab and PcrV components (resolved at 2.8 Å); and evaluated MEDI3902 protective activity against select isolates in vitro and in vivo. Results Intact psl operon and pcrV genes were present in 94% and 99% of isolates, respectively, and 99.9% of isolates contained at least one of the genetic elements. Anti-Psl binding was confirmed in tested isolates harboring a complete Psl operon or lacking nonessential psl genes. We identified 46 PcrV variant sequences, and MEDI3902-PcrV contact residues were preserved. MEDI3902 maintained potent in vivo activity against various strains, including strains expressing only a single target. Conclusions Psl and PcrV are highly prevalent in global clinical isolates, suggesting MEDI3902 can mediate broad coverage against P. aeruginosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D E Tabor
- Translational Medicine, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - V Oganesyan
- Antibody Development and Protein Engineering, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - A E Keller
- Microbial Sciences, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - L Yu
- Biostatistics, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - R E McLaughlin
- Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - E Song
- Translational Medicine, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - P Warrener
- Microbial Sciences, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - K Rosenthal
- Antibody Development and Protein Engineering, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - M Esser
- Translational Medicine, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Y Qi
- Translational Medicine, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - A Ruzin
- Translational Medicine, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - C K Stover
- Microbial Sciences, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Schmitz LM, Schäper J, Rosenthal K, Lütz S. Accessing the Biocatalytic Potential for C−H‐Activation by Targeted Genome Mining and Screening. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marie Schmitz
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Straße 66 Dortmund 44227 Germany
| | - Jonas Schäper
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Straße 66 Dortmund 44227 Germany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Straße 66 Dortmund 44227 Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Straße 66 Dortmund 44227 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Oxidoreductases are enzymes with a high potential for organic synthesis, as their selectivity often exceeds comparable chemical syntheses. The biochemical cofactors of these enzymes need regeneration during synthesis. Several regeneration methods are available but the electrochemical approach offers an efficient and quasi mass-free method for providing the required redox equivalents. Electron transfer systems involving direct regeneration of natural and artificial cofactors, indirect electrochemical regeneration via a mediator, and indirect electroenzymatic cofactor regeneration via enzyme and mediator have been investigated. This chapter gives an overview of electroenzymatic syntheses with oxidoreductases, structured by the enzyme subclass and their usage of cofactors for electron relay. Particular attention is given to the productivity of electroenzymatic biotransformation processes. Because most electroenzymatic syntheses suffer from low productivity, we discuss reaction engineering concepts to overcome the main limiting factors, with a focus on media conductivity optimization, approaches to prevent enzyme inactivation, and the application of advanced cell designs. Graphical Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marie Schmitz
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rosenthal K, Becker M, Jünger M, Battling S, Lütz S. Enzymatische Synthese von zyklischen Dinukleotiden. CHEM-ING-TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201855324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Rosenthal
- TU Dortmund; Fakultät BCI Lehrstuhl Bioprozesstechnik; Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - M. Becker
- TU Dortmund; Fakultät BCI Lehrstuhl Bioprozesstechnik; Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - M. Jünger
- TU Dortmund; Fakultät BCI Lehrstuhl Bioprozesstechnik; Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - S. Battling
- TU Dortmund; Fakultät BCI Lehrstuhl Bioprozesstechnik; Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - S. Lütz
- TU Dortmund; Fakultät BCI Lehrstuhl Bioprozesstechnik; Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cridge H, MacLeod AG, Pachtinger GE, Mackin AJ, Sullivant AM, Thomason JM, Archer TM, Lunsford KV, Rosenthal K, Wills RW. Evaluation of SNAP cPL, Spec cPL, VetScan cPL Rapid Test, and Precision PSL Assays for the Diagnosis of Clinical Pancreatitis in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:658-664. [PMID: 29424454 PMCID: PMC5866996 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sensitivity, specificity, and agreement of 4 diagnostic assays (SNAP canine pancreatic lipase (cPL), specific cPL (Spec cPL), VetScan cPL Rapid Test, and Precision PSL) for pancreatitis in dogs have not been directly compared. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To determine the level of agreement among each of the 4 assays and a clinical suspicion score, level of agreement among the assays, and sensitivity and specificity of each assay in a clinically relevant patient group. ANIMALS Fifty client-owned dogs with clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease. METHODS Prospective study. History, physical examination, complete blood count, serum biochemistry, abdominal ultrasound examination, and the 4 diagnostic assays for pancreatitis were performed. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to determine the level of agreement between each assay and a clinical suspicion score determined by a panel of 5 board-certified veterinary internists. RESULTS The ICC between the clinical suspicion score and the 4 assays were SNAP cPL, 0.61; Spec cPL, 0.68; VetScan cPL Rapid Test, 0.68; and Precision PSL, 0.60. The sensitivities of the assays ranged from 73.9 to 100.0%, whereas the specificities were SNAP cPL, 71.1-77.8%; Spec cPL, 74.1-81.1%; VetScan cPL Rapid Test, 76.9-83.8%; and Precision PSL, 64.0-74.3%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE A good to excellent level of agreement was demonstrated among the 4 assays. The previously unreported sensitivity and specificity of the VetScan cPL Rapid Test were 73.9-83.3% and 76.9-83.8%, respectively. Results of any of the 4 diagnostic assays alone, in the absence of supporting clinical findings, are insufficient to establish a diagnosis of clinical pancreatitis in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Cridge
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS
| | - A G MacLeod
- Veterinary Specialty & Emergency Center, Levittown, Pennsylvania, PA
| | - G E Pachtinger
- Veterinary Specialty & Emergency Center, Levittown, Pennsylvania, PA
| | - A J Mackin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS
| | - A M Sullivant
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS
| | - J M Thomason
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS
| | - T M Archer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS
| | - K V Lunsford
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS
| | - K Rosenthal
- School of Veterinary Medicine, St Matthew's University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 32330, Grand Cayman KY1-1209, Cayman Islands, British West Indies
| | - R W Wills
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Microbial single cell analysis has led to discoveries that are beyond what can be resolved with population-based studies. It provides a pristine view of the mechanisms that organize cellular physiology, unbiased by population heterogeneity or uncontrollable environmental impacts. A holistic description of cellular functions at the single cell level requires analytical concepts beyond the miniaturization of existing technologies, defined but uncontrolled by the biological system itself. This review provides an overview of the latest advances in single cell technologies and demonstrates their potential. Opportunities and limitations of single cell microbiology are discussed using selected application-related examples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Rosenthal
- Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical & Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Verena Oehling
- Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical & Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Dusny
- Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zacuto AC, Pesavento PA, Hill S, McAlister A, Rosenthal K, Cherbinsky O, Marks SL. Intestinal Leiomyositis: A Cause of Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction in 6 Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 30:132-40. [PMID: 26608226 PMCID: PMC4913632 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal leiomyositis is a suspected autoimmune disorder affecting the muscularis propria layer of the gastrointestinal tract and is a cause of chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction in humans and animals. OBJECTIVE To characterize the clinical presentation, histopathologic features, and outcome of dogs with intestinal leiomyositis in an effort to optimize treatment and prognosis. ANIMALS Six client-owned dogs. METHODS Retrospective case series. Medical records were reviewed to describe signalment, clinicopathologic and imaging findings, histopathologic diagnoses, treatment, and outcome. All biopsy specimens were reviewed by a board-certified pathologist. RESULTS Median age of dogs was 5.4 years (range, 15 months-9 years). Consistent clinical signs included vomiting (6/6), regurgitation (2/6), and small bowel diarrhea (3/6). Median duration of clinical signs before presentation was 13 days (range, 5-150 days). Diagnostic imaging showed marked gastric distension with dilated small intestines in 4/6 dogs. Full-thickness intestinal biopsies were obtained in all dogs by laparotomy. Histopathology of the stomach and intestines disclosed mononuclear inflammation, myofiber degeneration and necrosis, and fibrosis centered within the region of myofiber loss in the intestinal muscularis propria. All dogs received various combinations of immunomodulatory and prokinetic treatment, antimicrobial agents, antiemetics, and IV fluids, but none of the dogs showed a clinically relevant improvement with treatment. Median survival was 19 days after diagnosis (range, 3-270 days). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Intestinal leiomyositis is a cause of intestinal pseudo-obstruction and must be diagnosed by full-thickness intestinal biopsy. This disease should be considered in dogs with acute and chronic vomiting, regurgitation, and small bowel diarrhea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Zacuto
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - P A Pesavento
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA
| | - S Hill
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital, San Diego, CA
| | | | | | - O Cherbinsky
- Atascadero Pet Hospital & Emergency Center, Atascadero, CA
| | - S L Marks
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pullankavumkal JR, Mangler M, Kissner L, Rosenthal K, Bestvater B, Lanowska M. Simultane beidseitige intramurale Extrauteringravidität nach ICSI mit Transfer von zwei Embryonen. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1388303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
|
36
|
Bartens A, Speiser D, Stiefel J, Rosenthal K, Lanowska M, Mangler M. Entwicklung SIMRA – Prospektive und randomisierende Therapieoptimierungsstudie zur Untersuchung der operativen Therapie bei Patientinnen mit Zervixfrühkarzinomen. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1388328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
|
37
|
Dusny C, Fritzsch F, Rosenthal K, Schmid A. Quantitative single cell analysis of isolated microbes in controlled microenvironments. N Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2014.05.1752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
38
|
Fritzsch FSO, Rosenthal K, Kampert A, Howitz S, Dusny C, Blank LM, Schmid A. Picoliter nDEP traps enable time-resolved contactless single bacterial cell analysis in controlled microenvironments. Lab Chip 2013; 13:397-408. [PMID: 23223864 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc41092c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present a lab-on-a-chip device, the Envirostat 2.0, which allows for the first time contactless cultivation of a single bacterial cell by negative dielectrophoresis (nDEP) in a precisely controllable microenvironment. Stable trapping in perfusing growth medium was achieved by a miniaturization of octupole electrode geometries, matching the dimensions of bacteria. Temperature sensitive fluorescent measurements showed that these reductions of microelectrode distances led to reduced Joule heating during cell manipulation. The presented miniaturization is not possible with conventional manufacturing processes. Therefore, we present a novel bonding technology, which permits miniaturization of 3D octupole electrode geometry with biocompatible materials. To exclude the influence of other cells and to enable sampling of perfusion medium from the isolated living bacterium under study, computer aided flow simulations were used to develop a microfluidic nDEP isolation procedure. The developed microchannel and microelectrode design integrates for the first time well characterized nDEP cell sorting mechanisms and time-resolved contactless single bacterial cell cultivation in a 1.7 picoliter bioreactor system. The cell type independent trapping is demonstrated with singularized Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum and other industrially relevant microbes. The static and precisely controlled microenvironment resulted in a consistent and significant faster growth compared to maximal growth rates observed on population level. Preventing the influence of surfaces and cell-cell interactions, the Envirostat 2.0 chip permits total microenvironmental control by the experimenter and therefore provides major opportunities for microfluidic based cell analysis of bacteria and small eukaryotes.
Collapse
|
39
|
Nanney AD, Adel JG, Smith TR, Chandler JP, Kimmell KT, Walter K, Zacharia BE, Deibert C, Malone HR, Sonabend AM, Neugut AI, Spencer B, Bruce JN, Wang Y, Li S, Zhang Z, Chen X, You G, Yang P, Yan W, Bao Z, Yao K, Liu Y, Wang L, Jiang T, Farhoud MK, Ruge MI, Brandes AA, Ermani M, Fioravanti A, Andreoli A, Pozzati E, Bacci A, Bartolini S, Poggi R, Crisi G, Franceschi E, Recinos PF, Grabowski MM, Nowacki AS, Thompson N, Vogelbaum MA, Sun P, Krueger D, Liu Z, Kohrman M, Dagens AB, Rachinger W, Kunz M, Eigenbrod S, Lutz J, Tonn JC, Kreth FW, Duong HT, Chaloner C, Bordo G, Eisenberg A, Rosenthal K, Sim MS, Boasberg P, Faries MB, Hamid O, Kelly DF, Kreth FW, Thon N, Simon M, Westphal M, Schackert G, Nikkhah G, Hentschel B, Pietsch T, Reifenberger G, Weller M, Tonn JC, Ironside S, Perry J, Tsao M, Mainprize T, Keith J, Laperrierre N, Paszat L, Sahgal A, Hoover JM, Nwojo M, Puffer R, Parney IF, Tanaka S, Nakada M, Hayashi Y, Hamada JI, Lee IY, Ekram T, Jain R, Scarpace L, Omodon M, Rock J, Rosenblum M, Kalkanis S, Amankulor NM, Kim JH, Tabar V, Peck KK, Holodny AI, Gutin PH, Kim CY, Kim YH, Kim T, Kim IK, Kim JW, Kim YH, Han JH, Park CK, Kim DG, Jung HW, Nonaka M, Bamba Y, Kanemura Y, Nakajima S. NEUROSURGICAL TREATMENTS. Neuro Oncol 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
40
|
Rosenthal K, Schmid A, Frick O, Dusny C, Fritzsch F. Quantitative Physiologie von bakteriellen Einzelzellen. CHEM-ING-TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201250287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
41
|
Kemper MJ, Gellermann J, Habbig S, Krmar RT, Dittrich K, Jungraithmayr T, Pape L, Patzer L, Billing H, Weber L, Pohl M, Rosenthal K, Rosahl A, Mueller-Wiefel DE, Dötsch J. Long-term follow-up after rituximab for steroid-dependent idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 27:1910-5. [PMID: 22076431 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with refractory steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS), treatment with rituximab has shown encouraging results; however, long-term follow-up data are not available. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of 37 patients (25 boys) with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome who were treated with rituximab (375 mg/m(2) given weekly for one to four courses). Long-term follow-up data (>2 years, median 36, range 24-92.8 months) are available for 29 patients (12 boys). RESULTS Twenty-six of 37 (70.3%) patients remained in remission after 12 months. Relapses occurred in 24 (64.8%) patients after a median of 9.6 (range 5.2-64.1) months. Time to first relapse was significantly shorter in patients receiving one or two compared to three or four initial infusions. In the 29 patients with long-term follow-up for >2 years, 12 (41%) patients remained in remission after the initial rituximab course for >24 months, 7 (24.1%) patients without further maintenance immunosuppression. Nineteen children received two to four repeated courses of rituximab increasing the total number of patients with long-term remission to 20 (69%), remission including 14 (48%) patients off immunosuppression. The proportion of patients with long-term remission was not related to the number of initial rituximab applications. No serious side effects were noted. CONCLUSION Rituximab is an effective treatment option in the short- and long-term control of treatment refractory SSNS. Further controlled studies are needed to address optimal patient selection, dose and safety of rituximab infusions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus J Kemper
- Pediatric Nephrology, University Children’s Hospital, Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
Rosenthal K, Smith SJ, Moss J, Schwenn R, Davis R, Cain-Martin L. Safe Baby university. Inj Prev 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/ip.2010.029215.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
44
|
Rosenthal K, Moss J, Schween R, Smith SJ, Langenburg S. Testing knowledge gain at car seat checks. Inj Prev 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/ip.2010.029215.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
45
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the key variables related to the environment, animal and owner that influence nuisance barking by dogs in a city with a subtropical climate. DESIGN AND POPULATION A case-control survey of dog owners in Brisbane, Queensland, was conducted using a questionnaire investigating key variables connected to nuisance barking. Owners of dogs exhibiting nuisance barking were obtained from a list of dogs being treated in a Brisbane behaviour clinic, and those of control dogs were selected from a telephone directory. RESULTS Univariate analysis showed that animal, owner and environmental factors all potentially influence the occurrence of nuisance barking. Multivariate analysis identified the following factors, with the relevant odds ratios (OR) as significant: age of the dog (young dog vs old dog, OR 11.2); multiple dogs in the household vs single (OR 5.6); origin of the dog (home bred vs obtained from breeder or friend, OR 4.0); type of dog, (herding vs other types, OR 3.2) and dog with access to the home vs dog without access (OR 2.5). CONCLUSION The greatest risk for nuisance barking occurs with a young dog of the herding type that is home bred and with access to the house in a multiple dog household.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N J Cross
- Centre for Animal Welfare and Ethics, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
The owners of 135 pet birds were surveyed by questionnaire to determine their birds' weekly food consumption. The birds were divided into six food groups on the basis of the amounts of seeds, formulated products and human food they consumed. The formulated products and seeds were analysed for their nutrient content by two independent laboratories, the nutrient content of the human foods was obtained from a standard nutrition reference, and each bird's nutrient intake was estimated. The dietary content of individual nutrients was then compared with the estimated maintenance requirements for pet birds. Birds consuming less than approximately 50 per cent of their diets as formulated products had inadequate intakes of vitamins A and D3, and calcium. Diets high in human food were low in protein, energy, vitamins and minerals. Diets high in seed were excessive in fat and deficient in vitamins A and D3, and calcium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Hess
- The Animal Medical Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Rosenthal K. Select new, safer i.v. therapy equipment. Nurs Manag (Harrow) 2001; 32:49-50. [PMID: 15103857 DOI: 10.1097/00006247-200104000-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Learn how to select i.v. therapy safety equipment that complies with the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act, which mandates the use of needlestick-prevention devices.
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Circulating CD8+ T lymphocyte numbers rise substantially following infection with HIV-1. This expanded CD8+ T cell population includes HIV-specific CTL and CTL that kill activated uninfected CD4+ lymphocytes. Experimental, epidemiological and clinical evidence supports the possibility that expansion of CD8+ CTL contributes to CD4+ T cell depletion and disease progression in human HIV infection. Therefore, modulation of CD8+ T cell numbers or of certain CD8+ CTL activated in HIV-infected individuals may be beneficial. It was found that 1F7, a mAb against an idiotype common to anti-HIV and anti-simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) antibodies, selectively inhibited both anti-HIV CTL and CTL against uninfected CD4+ T cells. Alloantigen-specific CTL and NK cells from either HIV-infected individuals or controls were unaffected by 1F7. Prolonged incubation of CD8+ T cells from HIV-infected individuals with 1F7 induces apoptosis, which was shown to be reflected functionally in reduced total CTL activity and in especially reduced CTL activity against uninfected CD4+ lymphocytes. The selective reactivity of 1F7 with certain CD8+ CTL could be applied towards the modulation of CD8+ T cell responses involved in AIDS pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Grant
- Immune Network Research Ltd, Vancouver, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Karlström A, Rosenthal K, Undén A. Study of the alkylation propensity of cations generated by acidolytic cleavage of protecting groups in Boc chemistry. J Pept Res 2000; 55:36-40. [PMID: 10667859 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.2000.00147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The alkylation of cysteine residue by different classes of carbonium ions, derived from the cleavage of side chain protective groups in anhydrous HF, was investigated. It was found that side chain protection as beta-2,4-dimethylpent-3-yl ester (Dmp) or 2,4-dimethylpent-3-yloxycarbonyl (Doc) groups resulted in more than seven-fold lower level of alkylated byproducts. This makes Dmp and Doc protection of amino acid side chain during solid phase synthesis particularly valuable in the synthesis of peptides containing cysteine residues or other functional groups prone to alkylation by carbonium ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Karlström
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neurotoxicology, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Rosenthal K, Lember J, Karelson E, Järv J. Activation of cAMP synthesis in rat brain cortical membranes by rubidium and cesium ions. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1998; 45:745-51. [PMID: 9713697 DOI: 10.1080/15216549800203152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rubidium and cesium chlorides accelerated cAMP synthesis in rat brain cortex membranes, while other alkali metal chlorides had no influence on the rate of this process. The effect was dose-dependent and yielded above 2-fold activation of adenylate cyclase. It has been shown that Rb+ and Cs+ influenced directly the catalytic subunit of the enzyme and did not substitute Mg2+ in formation of the metal-ATP complex in this reaction. The stimulatory effect of Rb+ was additive to the activation of adenylate cyclase by the half-maximal (0.3 microM) as well as by the saturating (10 microM) forskolin concentrations, pointing to the fact that these effectors activate different isoforms of the enzyme in rat brain cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Rosenthal
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|