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Adamou P, Harkou E, Hafeez S, Manos G, Villa A, Al-Salem SM, Constantinou A, Dimitratos N. Recent progress on sonochemical production for the synthesis of efficient photocatalysts and the impact of reactor design. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 100:106610. [PMID: 37806038 PMCID: PMC10568290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Sonochemical-assisted synthesis has flourished recently for the design of photocatalysts. The main power used is ultrasound that allows the nanomaterials shape and size modification and control. This review highlights the effect in formation mechanism by ultrasound application and the most common photocatalysts that were prepared via sonochemical techniques. Moreover, the challenge for the suitable reactor design for the synthesis of materials or for their photocatalytic evaluation is discussed since the most prominent reactor systems, batch, and continuous flow, has both advantages and drawbacks. This work summarises the significance of sonochemical synthesis for photocatalytic materials as a green technology that needs to be further investigated for the preparation of new materials and the scale up of developed reactor systems to meet industrial needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiota Adamou
- Department of Chemical Engineering Cyprus University of Technology, 57 Corner of Athinon and Anexartisias, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Eleana Harkou
- Department of Chemical Engineering Cyprus University of Technology, 57 Corner of Athinon and Anexartisias, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Sanaa Hafeez
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - George Manos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WCIE 7JE, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Alberto Villa
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - S M Al-Salem
- Environment & Life Sciences Research Centre, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait
| | - Achilleas Constantinou
- Department of Chemical Engineering Cyprus University of Technology, 57 Corner of Athinon and Anexartisias, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus.
| | - Nikolaos Dimitratos
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna, Italy; Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, University of Bologna, viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna, Italy.
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2
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Meinhardová V, Dubnová L, Drobná H, Matějová L, Kočí K, Čapek L. Role of lamp type in conventional batch and micro-photoreactor for photocatalytic hydrogen production. Front Chem 2023; 11:1271410. [PMID: 37799783 PMCID: PMC10548134 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1271410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of an irradiation source with a homogeneous distribution of irradiation in the volume of the reaction mixture belongs to the essential aspects of heterogeneous photocatalysis. First, the efficacy of six lamps with various radiation intensity and distribution characteristics is contrasted. The topic of discussion is the photocatalytic hydrogen production from a methanol-water solution in the presence of a NiO-TiO2 photocatalyst. The second section is focused on the potential of a micro-photoreactor system-the batch reactor with a micro-reactor with a circulating reaction mixture, in which the photocatalytic reaction takes place using TiO2 immobilized on borosilicate glass. Continuous photocatalytic hydrogen generation from a methanol-water solution is possible in a micro-photoreactor. This system produced 333.7 ± 21.1 µmol H2 (252.8 ± 16.0 mmol.m-2, the hydrogen formation per thin film area) in a reproducible manner during 168 h.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lada Dubnová
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czechia
| | - Helena Drobná
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czechia
| | - Lenka Matějová
- Institute of Environmental Technology, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava Poruba, Czechia
| | - Kamila Kočí
- Institute of Environmental Technology, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava Poruba, Czechia
| | - Libor Čapek
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czechia
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Yang Y, Liu L, Fang WH, Shen L, Chen X. Theoretical Exploration of Energy Transfer and Single Electron Transfer Mechanisms to Understand the Generation of Triplet Nitrene and the C(sp 3)-H Amidation with Photocatalysts. JACS AU 2022; 2:2596-2606. [PMID: 36465545 PMCID: PMC9709952 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic explorations and kinetic evaluations were performed based on electronic structure calculations at the CASPT2//CASSCF level of theory, the Fermi's golden rule combined with the Dexter model, and the Marcus theory to unveil the key factors regulating the processes of photocatalytic C(sp3)-H amidation starting from the newly emerged nitrene precursor of hydroxamates. The highly reactive nitrene was found to be generated efficiently via a triplet-triplet energy transfer process and to be benefited from the advantages of hydroxamates with long-range charge-transfer (CT) excitation from the N-centered lone pair to the 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl group. The properties of the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) state of photocatalysts, the functionalization of chemical moieties for substrates involved in the charge-transfer (CT) excitation, such as the electron-withdrawing trifluoromethyl group, and the energetic levels of singlet and triplet reaction pathways may regulate the reaction yield of C(sp3)-H amidation. Kinetic evaluations show that the triplet-triplet energy transfer is the main driving force of the reaction rather than the single electron transfer process. The effects of electronic coupling, molecular rigidity, and excitation energies on the energy transfer efficiency were further discussed. Finally, we investigated the inverted behavior of single-electron transfer, which is correlated unfavorably to the catalytic efficiency and amidation reaction. All theoretical explorations allow us to better understand the generation of nitrene with visible-light photocatalysts, to expand highly efficient substrate sources, and to broaden our scope of available photosensitizers for various cross-coupling reactions and the construction of N-heterocycles.
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Zhao S, Nie Y, Zhang W, Hu R, Sheng L, He W, Zhu N, Li Y, Ji D, Guo K. Microfluidic field strategy for enhancement and scale up of liquid–liquid homogeneous chemical processes by optimization of 3D spiral baffle structure. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Wang L, Huang Z, Yang X, Rogée L, Huang X, Zhang X, Lau SP. Review on optofluidic microreactors for photocatalysis. REV CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2021-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Four interrelated issues have been arising with the development of modern industry, namely environmental pollution, the energy crisis, the greenhouse effect and the global food crisis. Photocatalysis is one of the most promising methods to solve them in the future. To promote high photocatalytic reaction efficiency and utilize solar energy to its fullest, a well-designed photoreactor is vital. Photocatalytic optofluidic microreactors, a promising technology that brings the merits of microfluidics to photocatalysis, offer the advantages of a large surface-to-volume ratio, a short molecular diffusion length and high reaction efficiency, providing a potential method for mitigating the aforementioned crises in the future. Although various photocatalytic optofluidic microreactors have been reported, a comprehensive review of microreactors applied to these four fields is still lacking. In this paper, we review the typical design and development of photocatalytic microreactors in the fields of water purification, water splitting, CO2 fixation and coenzyme regeneration in the past few years. As the most promising tool for solar energy utilization, we believe that the increasing innovation of photocatalytic optofluidic microreactors will drive rapid development of related fields in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Bioengineering , State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) , Jinan 250353 , China
| | - Ziyu Huang
- Department of Bioengineering , State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) , Jinan 250353 , China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Department of Bioengineering , State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) , Jinan 250353 , China
| | - Lukas Rogée
- Department of Applied Physics , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , P.R. China
| | - Xiaowen Huang
- Department of Bioengineering , State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) , Jinan 250353 , China
| | - Xuming Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , P.R. China
| | - Shu Ping Lau
- Department of Applied Physics , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , P.R. China
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Sierra S, Gomez MV, Jiménez AI, Pop A, Silvestru C, Marín ML, Boscá F, Sastre G, Gómez-Bengoa E, Urriolabeitia EP. Stereoselective, Ruthenium-Photocatalyzed Synthesis of 1,2-Diaminotruxinic Bis-amino Acids from 4-Arylidene-5(4 H)-oxazolones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:3529-3545. [PMID: 35143202 PMCID: PMC8902759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c03092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The irradiation of
(Z)-2-phenyl-4-aryliden-5(4H)-oxazolones 1 in deoxygenated CH2Cl2 at 25 °C
with blue light (465 nm) in
the presence of [Ru(bpy)3](BF4)2 (5%
mole ratio) as a triplet photocatalyst promotes
the [2+2] photocycloaddition of the C=C bonds of the 4-arylidene
moiety, thus allowing the completely regio- and stereoselective formation
of cyclobutane-bis(oxazolone)s 2 as single stereoisomers.
Cyclobutanes 2 have been unambiguously characterized
as the μ-isomers and contain two E-oxazolones
coupled in an anti-head-to-head form. The use of
continuous-flow techniques in microreactors allows the synthesis of
cyclobutanes 2 in only 60 min, compared with the 24–48
h required in batch mode. Ring opening of the oxazolone heterocycle
in 2 with a base affords the corresponding 1,2-diaminotruxinic
bis-amino esters 3, which are also obtained selectively
as μ-isomers. The ruthenium complex behaves as a triplet photocatalyst,
generating the reactive excited state of the oxazolone via an energy-transfer
process. This reactive excited state has been characterized as a triplet
diradical 3(E/Z)-1* by laser flash photolysis (transient absorption spectroscopy).
This technique also shows that this excited state is the same when
starting from either (Z)- or (E)-oxazolones.
Density functional theory calculations show that the first step of
the [2+2] cycloaddition between 3(E/Z)-1* and (Z)-1 is formation of
the C(H)–C(H) bond and that (Z) to (E) isomerization takes place at the 1,4-diradical thus formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sierra
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, ISQCH (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Victoria Gomez
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ana I Jiménez
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, ISQCH (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alexandra Pop
- Department of Chemistry, Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Centre (SOOMCC), Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Silvestru
- Department of Chemistry, Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Centre (SOOMCC), Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Maria Luisa Marín
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (ITQ-UPV), Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Boscá
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (ITQ-UPV), Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Germán Sastre
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (ITQ-UPV), Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Gómez-Bengoa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV-EHU, Apdo. 1072, CP-20080 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Esteban P Urriolabeitia
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, ISQCH (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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7
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Sun W, Kayal S, Raimbach WAT, Sun XZ, Light ME, Hanson-Heine MWD, George MW, Harrowven DC. Wavelength dependent photoextrusion and tandem photo-extrusion reactions of ninhydrin bis-acetals for the synthesis of 8-ring lactones, benzocyclobutenes and orthoanhydrides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1546-1549. [PMID: 35014645 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06800h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ninhydrin bis-acetals give access to 8-ring lactones, benzocyclo-butenes and spirocyclic orthoanhydrides through photoextrusion and tandem photoextrusion reactions. Syntheses of fimbricalyxlactone B, isoshihunine and numerous biologically-relevant heterocycles show the value of the methods, while TA-spectroscopy and TD-DFT studies provide mechanistic insights on their wavelength dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Surajit Kayal
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | - Xue-Zhong Sun
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Mark E Light
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | | | - Michael W George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - David C Harrowven
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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8
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de Oliveira GX, Lira JODB, Riella HG, Soares C, Padoin N. Modeling and Simulation of Reaction Environment in Photoredox Catalysis: A Critical Review. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.788653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
From the pharmaceutical industry’s point of view, photoredox catalysis has emerged as a powerful tool in the field of the synthesis of added-value compounds. With this method, it is possible to excite the catalyst by the action of light, allowing electron transfer processes to occur and, consequently, oxidation and reduction reactions. Thus, in association with photoredox catalysis, microreactor technology and continuous flow chemistry also play an important role in the development of organic synthesis processes, as this technology offers high yields, high selectivity and reduced side reactions. However, there is a lack of a more detailed understanding of the photoredox catalysis process, and computational tools based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be used to deal with this and boost to reach higher levels of accuracy to continue innovating in this area. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of photoredox catalysis is provided, including the application of this technology for the synthesis of added-value chemicals in microreactors. Moreover, the advantages of the continuous flow system in comparison with batch systems are pointed out. It was also demonstrated how modeling and simulation using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be critical for the design and optimization of microreactors applied to photoredox catalysis, so as to better understand the reagent interactions and the influence of light in the reaction medium. Finally, a discussion about the future prospects of photoredox reactions considering the complexity of the process is presented.
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9
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Roider T, Frommknecht N, Höltzel A, Tallarek U. Device for automated screening of irradiation wavelength and intensity – investigation of the wavelength dependence of photoreactions with an arylazo sulfone in continuous flow. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00142j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A system allowing the automatic change of LED arrays (normalized to the number of emitted photons) is presented to study photochemical reactions in continuous flow for their wavelength dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Roider
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Frommknecht
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Höltzel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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10
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Radjagobalou R, Freitas VDDS, Blanco JF, Gros F, Dauchet J, Cornet JF, Loubiere K. A revised 1D equivalent model for the determination of incident photon flux density in a continuous-flow LED-driven spiral-shaped microreactor using the actinometry method with Reinecke’s salt. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00179-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Manning MA, Sun W, Light ME, Harrowven DC. A photochemical ring expansion of 6- to 8-membered nitrogen heterocycles by [1,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4556-4559. [PMID: 33956001 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00393c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A new route to azocines and benzoazocines from furopyridinones is described through a photochemically induced [1,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement. The method gives access to these 8-membered nitrogen heterocycles from dimethyl squarate in four stages and with excellent atom economy by sequencing thermal and photochemical ring expansion steps under continuous flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan A Manning
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Wei Sun
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Mark E Light
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - David C Harrowven
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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12
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Roibu A, Horn CR, Van Gerven T, Kuhn S. Photon Transport and Hydrodynamics in Gas‐Liquid Flow Part 2: Characterization of Bubbly Flow in an Advanced‐Flow Reactor. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anca Roibu
- KU Leuven Department of Chemical Engineering Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Clemens R. Horn
- Corning European Technology Center Corning S.A.S 7 bis avenue de Valvins CS 70156 Samois sur Seine, Avon France
| | - Tom Van Gerven
- KU Leuven Department of Chemical Engineering Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Simon Kuhn
- KU Leuven Department of Chemical Engineering Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
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14
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Thomson CG, Lee AL, Vilela F. Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow chemical reactors. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1495-1549. [PMID: 32647551 PMCID: PMC7323633 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The synergy between photocatalysis and continuous flow chemical reactors has shifted the paradigms of photochemistry, opening new avenues of research with safer and scalable processes that can be readily implemented in academia and industry. Current state-of-the-art photocatalysts are homogeneous transition metal complexes that have favourable photophysical properties, wide electrochemical redox potentials, and photostability. However, these photocatalysts present serious drawbacks, such as toxicity, limited availability, and the overall cost of rare transition metal elements. This reduces their long-term viability, especially at an industrial scale. Heterogeneous photocatalysts (HPCats) are an attractive alternative, as the requirement for the separation and purification is largely removed, but typically at the cost of efficiency. Flow chemical reactors can, to a large extent, mitigate the loss in efficiency through reactor designs that enhance mass transport and irradiation. Herein, we review some important developments of heterogeneous photocatalytic materials and their application in flow reactors for sustainable organic synthesis. Further, the application of continuous flow heterogeneous photocatalysis in environmental remediation is briefly discussed to present some interesting reactor designs that could be implemented to enhance organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Thomson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ai-Lan Lee
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Filipe Vilela
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS Scotland, United Kingdom
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15
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Secci F, Porcu S, Luridiana A, Frongia A, Ricci PC. Visible light promoted continuous flow photocyclization of 1,2-diketones. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:3684-3689. [PMID: 32352131 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00532k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The continuous flow Norrish-Yang photocyclization of 1,2-diketones has been developed and used for the synthesis of a large number of functionalized 2-hydroxycyclobutanones, under blue light irradiation and employing acetone as a solvent. This eco-friendly procedure represents a valid alternative to the reactions carried out in batches thus reducing the reaction times, the formation of secondary products and simplifying the purification steps. The use of differently substituted diketone compounds has allowed us to obtain a wide range of 2 and 3-functionalized cyclobutanones, thus allowing the evaluation of the scope and limitations of this procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Secci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.S. 554, bivio per Sestu, 09042, Monserrato (Ca), Italy.
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16
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Costa E Silva R, Oliveira da Silva L, de Andrade Bartolomeu A, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT. Recent applications of porphyrins as photocatalysts in organic synthesis: batch and continuous flow approaches. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:917-955. [PMID: 32461773 PMCID: PMC7214915 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we present relevant and recent applications of porphyrin derivatives as photocatalysts in organic synthesis, involving both single electron transfer (SET) and energy transfer (ET) mechanistic approaches. We demonstrate that these highly conjugated photosensitizers show increasing potential in photocatalysis since they combine both photo- and electrochemical properties which can substitute available metalloorganic photocatalysts. Batch and continuous-flow approaches are presented highlighting the relevance of enabling technologies for the renewal of porphyrin applications in photocatalysis. Finally, the reaction scale in which the methodologies were developed are highlighted since this is an important parameter in the authors' opinion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Costa E Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Luely Oliveira da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Marabá, PA, 68502-100, Brazil
| | | | - Timothy John Brocksom
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
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Watanabe H, Takemoto M, Adachi K, Okuda Y, Dakegata A, Fukuyama T, Ryu I, Wakamatsu K, Orita A. Syntheses of Diarylethenes by Perylene-catalyzed Photodesulfonylation from Ethenyl Sulfones. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Watanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Mai Takemoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Adachi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Okuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Aki Dakegata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Takahide Fukuyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Ilhyong Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kan Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Akihiro Orita
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
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19
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Review on microfluidic device applications for fluids separation and water treatment processes. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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20
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Lefebvre Q, Porta R, Millet A, Jia J, Rueping M. One Amine-3 Tasks: Reductive Coupling of Imines with Olefins in Batch and Flow. Chemistry 2020; 26:1363-1367. [PMID: 31777987 PMCID: PMC7027816 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their wide range of biological properties, γ-aminobutyric acid derivatives (GABA) have been extensively studied and found noteworthy industrial applications. However, atom-economical and efficient processes for their production are scarce and would greatly benefit from further investigations. Herein, we demonstrate that an iridium-based photocatalyst promotes the direct reductive cross-coupling of imines with olefins upon irradiation with visible light to give GABA derivatives in good yields and selectivities. We also stress the enabling triple role of tributylamine additive in this process, discuss the advantages of strategies based on proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) and demonstrate the scale-up of this reaction in continuous flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Lefebvre
- Institut of Organic ChemistryRWTH AachenLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Riccardo Porta
- Institut of Organic ChemistryRWTH AachenLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia Golgi 1920133MilanoItaly
| | - Anthony Millet
- Institut of Organic ChemistryRWTH AachenLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Jiaqi Jia
- Institut of Organic ChemistryRWTH AachenLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Magnus Rueping
- Institut of Organic ChemistryRWTH AachenLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)Thuwal23955-6900Saudi Arabia
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21
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CFD analysis of a luminescent solar concentrator-based photomicroreactor (LSC-PM) with feedforward control applied to the synthesis of chemicals under fluctuating light intensity. Chem Eng Res Des 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Nakano M, Morimoto T, Noguchi J, Tanimoto H, Mori H, Tokumoto SI, Koishi H, Nishiyama Y, Kakiuchi K. Accelerated Organic Photoreactions in Flow Microreactors under Gas-Liquid Slug Flow Conditions Using N2 Gas as an Unreactive Substance. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Momoe Nakano
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Tsumoru Morimoto
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Jiro Noguchi
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanimoto
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Hajime Mori
- Department of Chemical Industry, Industrial Technology Center of Wakayama Prefecture (WINTEC), 60 Ogura, Wakayama 649-6261, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Tokumoto
- Department of Chemical Industry, Industrial Technology Center of Wakayama Prefecture (WINTEC), 60 Ogura, Wakayama 649-6261, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Koishi
- Department of Chemical Industry, Industrial Technology Center of Wakayama Prefecture (WINTEC), 60 Ogura, Wakayama 649-6261, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nishiyama
- Department of Chemical Industry, Industrial Technology Center of Wakayama Prefecture (WINTEC), 60 Ogura, Wakayama 649-6261, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Kakiuchi
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
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23
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Rashmi Pradhan S, Colmenares-Quintero RF, Colmenares Quintero JC. Designing Microflowreactors for Photocatalysis Using Sonochemistry: A Systematic Review Article. Molecules 2019; 24:E3315. [PMID: 31547232 PMCID: PMC6767219 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of sonication for designing and fabricating reactors, especially the deposition of catalysts inside a microreactor, is a modern approach. There are many reports that prove that a microreactor is a better setup compared with batch reactors for carrying out catalytic reactions. Microreactors have better energy efficiency, reaction rate, safety, a much finer degree of process control, better molecular diffusion, and heat-transfer properties compared with the conventional batch reactor. The use of microreactors for photocatalytic reactions is also being considered to be the appropriate reactor configuration because of its improved irradiation profile, better light penetration through the entire reactor depth, and higher spatial illumination homogeneity. Ultrasound has been used efficiently for the synthesis of materials, degradation of organic compounds, and fuel production, among other applications. The recent increase in energy demands, as well as the stringent environmental stress due to pollution, have resulted in the need to develop green chemistry-based processes to generate and remove contaminants in a more environmentally friendly and cost-effective manner. It is possible to carry out the synthesis and deposition of catalysts inside the reactor using the ultrasound-promoted method in the microfluidic system. In addition, the synergistic effect generated by photocatalysis and sonochemistry in a microreactor can be used for the production of different chemicals, which have high value in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. The current review highlights the use of both photocatalysis and sonochemistry for developing microreactors and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaraj Rashmi Pradhan
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
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24
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Mohammed AA, Lokhat D. Mass transfer in falling film microreactors: measurement techniques and effect of operational parameters. REV CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2018-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Falling film microreactors have contributed to the pursuit of process intensification strategies and have, over the years, been recognized for their potential in performing demanding reactions. In the last few decades, modifications in the measurement techniques and operational parameters of these microstructured devices have been the focus of many research studies with a common target on process improvement. In this work, we present a review dedicated to falling film microreactors, focusing on the recent advances in their design and operation, with particular emphasis on mass transfer enhancement. Analysis of the recent techniques for the measurement of mass transfer as well as the operational parameters used and their effect on the target objective, particularly in the liquid phase (being the limiting phase reactant), are included in the review. The relationship between the hydrodynamics of falling thin liquid films and the microreactor design, the discrepancies between measured and model results, the major challenges, and the future outlook for these promising microreactors are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alhafiz Mohammed
- Reactor Technology Research Group, Discipline of Chemical Engineering , University of KwaZulu-Natal , 238 Mazisi Kunene Road , ZA-Durban 4041 , Republic of South Africa
| | - David Lokhat
- Reactor Technology Research Group, Discipline of Chemical Engineering , University of KwaZulu-Natal , 238 Mazisi Kunene Road , ZA-Durban 4041 , Republic of South Africa
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25
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Williams JD, Otake Y, Coussanes G, Saridakis I, Maulide N, Kappe CO. Towards a Scalable Synthesis of 2-Oxabicyclo[2.2.0]hex-5-en-3-one Using Flow Photochemistry. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019; 3:229-232. [PMID: 31423462 PMCID: PMC6686974 DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclobutene lactones hold great potential as synthetic building blocks, yet their preparation by photochemical rearrangement in batch can often be a bottleneck in synthetic studies. We report the use of flow photochemistry as a tool to enable a higher-throughput approach to the synthesis of 2-oxabicyclo[2.2.0]hex-5-en-3-one, which reduces reaction times from 24 h to 10 min. Accordingly, a significantly improved throughput of 144 mg/h (vs 14-21 mg/h in batch) was achieved. Scale-out experiments showed problematic reactor fouling and steps were taken to explore and minimize this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010 GrazAustria
| | - Yuma Otake
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010 GrazAustria
- Present address: Laboratory for Chemistry and Life ScienceInstitute of Innovative Research Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-kuYokohama226-8503Japan
| | - Guilhem Coussanes
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Strasse 381090ViennaAustria
| | - Iakovos Saridakis
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Strasse 381090ViennaAustria
| | - Nuno Maulide
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Strasse 381090ViennaAustria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010 GrazAustria
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26
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Ma L, Fang WH, Shen L, Chen X. Regulatory Mechanism and Kinetic Assessment of Energy Transfer Catalysis Mediated by Visible Light. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lishuang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuebo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Deng
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jisong Zhang
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Kai Wang
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Guangsheng Luo
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
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28
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Qiu M, Zha L, Song Y, Xiang L, Su Y. Numbering-up of capillary microreactors for homogeneous processes and its application in free radical polymerization. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00224j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Different numbered-up capillary microreactor systems were assembled with commercially available parts for homogeneous processes with significant variation of fluid properties (e.g., free radical polymerization), and statistical analysis was performed to reveal its flow distribution performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Li Zha
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Liang Xiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Yuanhai Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
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29
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Wyvratt BM, McMullen JP, Grosser ST. Multidimensional dynamic experiments for data-rich process development of reactions in flow. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00078j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of multidimensional dynamic flow experiments for reaction profiling and generation of an empirical surface response model for a Knoevenagel condensation reaction is described.
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30
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Czarnecki M, Wessig P. Scaling Up UV-Mediated Intramolecular Photodehydro-Diels–Alder Reactions Using a Homemade High-Performance Annular Continuous-Flow Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Czarnecki
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Pablo Wessig
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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31
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Continuous-Flow Microreactors for Polymer Synthesis: Engineering Principles and Applications. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 376:44. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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32
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33
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Wriedt B, Kowalczyk D, Ziegenbalg D. Experimental Determination of Photon Fluxes in Multilayer Capillary Photoreactors. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wriedt
- Ulm University Institute of Chemical Engineering Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Daniel Kowalczyk
- Ulm University Institute of Chemical Engineering Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Ulm University Institute of Chemical Engineering Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
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34
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Karjule N, Sharma MK, Nithyanandhan J, Kulkarni AA. Modulation of reactivity of singlet radical pair in continuous flow: Photo-Fries rearrangement. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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35
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Politano F, Oksdath-Mansilla G. Light on the Horizon: Current Research and Future Perspectives in Flow Photochemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Politano
- INFIQC-CONICET-UNC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Oksdath-Mansilla
- INFIQC-CONICET-UNC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
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36
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Shvydkiv O, Jähnisch K, Steinfeldt N, Yavorskyy A, Oelgemöller M. Visible-light photooxygenation of α-terpinene in a falling film microreactor. Catal Today 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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37
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Poscharny K, Fabry D, Heddrich S, Sugiono E, Liauw M, Rueping M. Machine assisted reaction optimization: A self-optimizing reactor system for continuous-flow photochemical reactions. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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38
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Fukuyama T, Fujita Y, Miyoshi H, Ryu I, Kao SC, Wu YK. Electron transfer-induced reduction of organic halides with amines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:5582-5585. [PMID: 29766164 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02445f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of a variety of organo halides was examined by using amines as a sacrificial hydrogen source. UV light-induced reduction of vinyl and aryl halides with triethylamine proceeded smoothly to give the corresponding reduced products. High temperature heating also caused the reduction and DABCO (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) also served as a good reducing reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Fukuyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
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39
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Mitsudo K, Kurimoto Y, Yoshioka K, Suga S. Miniaturization and Combinatorial Approach in Organic Electrochemistry. Chem Rev 2018; 118:5985-5999. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Mitsudo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuji Kurimoto
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yoshioka
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Seiji Suga
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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40
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Otake Y, Nakamura H, Fuse S. Recent advances in the integrated micro-flow synthesis containing photochemical reactions. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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41
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Escribà-Gelonch M, Noël T, Hessel V. Microflow High-p,T Intensification of Vitamin D 3 Synthesis Using an Ultraviolet Lamp. Org Process Res Dev 2018; 22:147-155. [PMID: 29503521 PMCID: PMC5828710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herewith a new process concept for synthesis is presented which combines both UV-photoirradiation and high-p,T intensification (photo-high-p,T) in continuous flow. The application of this procedure to Vitamin D3 synthesis promotes thermal shifting of the equilibrium from the reaction intermediate to the product. This is enabled by microreactors which allow operation under harsh conditions such as the high temperature used here. This provides, to our best knowledge, a new kind of process combination (novel process window). As a result, in less than 1 min, 42% conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol can be achieved giving a 17% yield and 40% selectivity of Vitamin D3. This approach enhances productivity by up to 2 orders of magnitude compared with the current capillary based vitamin D3 synthesis, because, under the microflow conditions, photochemistry can be performed at fairly high concentration and up to 20 times faster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Escribà-Gelonch
- Micro Flow Chemistry and
Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Micro Flow Chemistry and
Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Micro Flow Chemistry and
Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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42
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Mumtaz S, Robertson MJ, Oelgemöller M. Recent Advances in Photodecarboxylations Involving Phthalimides. Aust J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/ch18220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their favourable photophysical and electrochemical properties, phthalimides undergo a variety of highly efficient photodecarboxylation reactions. These transformations have been applied to the synthesis of macrocyclic compounds as well as bioactive addition adducts. N-Acetoxyphthalimides are versatile precursors to imidyl and alkyl radicals through photodecarboxylation and have subsequently been used for a variety of coupling reactions. The generally mild reaction conditions make these reactions attractive for green chemical applications. The process protocols were successfully transferred to novel photoreactor devices, among these falling film or continuous flow reactors.
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43
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Marinho BA, Martín de Vidales MJ, Mazur LP, Paulista L, Cristóvão RO, Mayer DA, Loureiro JM, Boaventura RAR, Dias MM, Lopes JCB, Vilar VJP. Application of a micro-meso-structured reactor (NETmix) to promote photochemical UVC/H2O2 processes – oxidation of As(iii) to As(v). Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:1179-1188. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00006a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A micro-meso-structured reactor (NETmix) was used for the first time to promote UVC/H2O2 processes.
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44
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Qiu JK, Shan C, Wang DC, Wei P, Jiang B, Tu SJ, Li G, Guo K. Metal-Free Radical-Triggered Selenosulfonation of 1,7-Enynes for the Rapid Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-ones in Batch and Flow. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201701118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Kai Qiu
- Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; 211816 Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Shan
- Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; 211816 Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - De-Cai Wang
- Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; 211816 Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wei
- Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; 211816 Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science; Jiangsu Normal University; Xuzhou 221116 People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Jiang Tu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science; Jiangsu Normal University; Xuzhou 221116 People's Republic of China
| | - Guigen Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Texas Tech University; Lubbock TX 79409-1061 USA
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Guo
- Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; 211816 Nanjing People's Republic of China
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45
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Anselmo M, Moni L, Ismail H, Comoretto D, Riva R, Basso A. Photocatalyzed synthesis of isochromanones and isobenzofuranones under batch and flow conditions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1456-1462. [PMID: 28845188 PMCID: PMC5550801 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Photocatalyzed reactions of 2-(alkoxycarbonyl)benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborates with various alkenes afforded isochromanones in good yields, according to a mechanism that was investigated. The advantage of using highly soluble esters rather than carboxylic acids as starting compounds became evident when the reactions were performed under flow conditions. On the other hand, when 2-vinylbenzoic acid derivatives were employed as reagents, isobenzofuranones were obtained together with unprecedented benzo[e][1,3]oxazepin-1(5H)-ones, with the latter derived from incorporation of the solvent (acetonitrile).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Anselmo
- Università degli Studi di Genova, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Via Dodecaneso 31, Genova, Italy
| | - Lisa Moni
- Università degli Studi di Genova, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Via Dodecaneso 31, Genova, Italy
| | - Hossny Ismail
- Università degli Studi di Genova, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Via Dodecaneso 31, Genova, Italy
| | - Davide Comoretto
- Università degli Studi di Genova, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Via Dodecaneso 31, Genova, Italy
| | - Renata Riva
- Università degli Studi di Genova, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Via Dodecaneso 31, Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Basso
- Università degli Studi di Genova, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Via Dodecaneso 31, Genova, Italy
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Ueda M, Imai N, Yoshida S, Yasuda H, Fukuyama T, Ryu I. Scalable Flow Synthesis of [6,6]-Phenyl-C61
-butyric Acid Methyl Ester (PCBM) using a Flow Photoreactor with a Sodium Lamp. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Ueda
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka Prefecture University; 599-8531 Sakai, Osaka Japan
| | - Naoyuki Imai
- Institute for Advanced & Core Technology; Showa Denko K.K; 267-0056 Chiba Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yoshida
- Institute for Advanced & Core Technology; Showa Denko K.K; 267-0056 Chiba Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yasuda
- Institute for Advanced & Core Technology; Showa Denko K.K; 267-0056 Chiba Japan
| | - Takahide Fukuyama
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka Prefecture University; 599-8531 Sakai, Osaka Japan
| | - Ilhyong Ryu
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka Prefecture University; 599-8531 Sakai, Osaka Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry; National Chiao Tung University; 30010 Hsinchu Taiwan
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Fuse S, Otake Y, Nakamura H. Integrated Micro-Flow Synthesis Based on Photochemical Wolff Rearrangement. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Fuse
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science; Institute of Innovative Research; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku 226-8503 Yokohama Japan
| | - Yuma Otake
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science; Institute of Innovative Research; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku 226-8503 Yokohama Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science; Institute of Innovative Research; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku 226-8503 Yokohama Japan
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48
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Sender M, Ziegenbalg D. Light Sources for Photochemical Processes - Estimation of Technological Potentials. CHEM-ING-TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201600191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Sender
- University of Stuttgart; Institute of Chemical Technology; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Dirk Ziegenbalg
- University of Stuttgart; Institute of Chemical Technology; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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Zhou Y, Chang H, Qi T. Gas–liquid two-phase flow in serpentine microchannel with different wall wettability. Chin J Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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50
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Yoshimi Y. Photoinduced electron transfer-promoted decarboxylative radical reactions of aliphatic carboxylic acids by organic photoredox system. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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