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Mansoor MS, Mishra A, Lokhat D, Meikap BC. Application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) as a predictive tool for the removal of pharmaceutical from wastewater streams using biochar: a multifunctional technology for environment sustainability. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2024; 59:40-53. [PMID: 38525556 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2024.2329033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates biochar as an attractive option for removing pharmaceuticals from wastewater streams utilizing data from various literature sources and also explores the sensitivity of the characteristics and implementation of biochar. ANN 1 was designed to determine the optimal biochar characteristics (Surface Area, Pore Volume) to achieve the maximum percentage removal of pharmaceuticals in wastewater streams. ANN 2 was developed to identify the optimal biomass feedstock composition, pyrolysis conditions (temperature and time), and chemical activation (acid or base) to produce the optimal biochar from ANN 1. ANN 3 was developed to investigate the effectiveness of the biochar produced in ANN 1 and 2 in removing dye from water. Biomass feedstock with a high lignin content and high volatile matter at a high pyrolysis temperature, whether using an acid or base, achieves a high mesopore volume and high surface area. The biochar with the highest surface area and mesopore volume achieved the highest removal percentage. Regardless of hydrophobicity conditions, at low dosages (0.2), a high surface area and pore volume are required for a high percent removal. And with a higher dosage, a lower surface area and pore volume is necessary to achieve a high percent removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Saleem Mansoor
- Discipline of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Howard College Campus, University of Kwazulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Asmita Mishra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Parala Maharaja Engineering College (PMEC), Berhampur, India
| | - David Lokhat
- Discipline of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Howard College Campus, University of Kwazulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - B C Meikap
- Discipline of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Howard College Campus, University of Kwazulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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Khumalo SPG, Lokhat D, Sewpersad A. Preparation and Use of Iron on Carbon Foam for Removal of Organic Dye from Water: Batch Studies. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6350. [PMID: 37834487 PMCID: PMC10573314 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The presence of dyes in effluents from textile industries has a detrimental effect on aquatic ecosystems as it hinders the process of photosynthesis by reducing the penetration of sunlight. The adsorption capacity of a carbon foam-based iron oxide sorbent obtained from natural sources for the removal of organic methylene blue (MB) dye from water was investigated. The adsorption capacities were examined by batch experiments, wherein the impacts of varying iron content, sorbent dosage, contact time, dye concentration, and characterization were assessed. The physical characteristics and surface morphology of the synthesized carbon foam were also investigated. The carbon precursor and iron oxide precursor were coalesced within a singular container and subjected to carbonization process. This resulted in the formation of a porous structure that is capable of effectively providing support to the iron oxide particles. The carbon foam produced is a self-assembled formation that possesses the characteristic shape and underlying network structure reminiscent of bread. As the number of nanoparticles went up, so did the number of active sites. At elevated temperatures, the interactions between the dye molecules were enhanced, resulting in a more efficient process of dye removal. The magnetite sample exhibited endothermic adsorption, and all other samples exhibited exothermic adsorption. The adsorption of MB onto iron supported by carbon foam did not exhibit intraparticle diffusion as the only rate-limiting step for all samples. The adsorption rate was governed by a multistep elementary reaction mechanism in which multiple processes occurred simultaneously. The experimental data in this study may be accurately modeled by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 > 0.96). Additionally, the Freundlich isotherm best describes the adsorption equilibrium, which is supported by the outstanding fit of data to the model (R2 > 0.999). The findings suggest that the utilization of a natural carbon foam as a support for an immobilized iron oxide sorbent demonstrates considerable effectiveness in the removal of methylene dye from industrial effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siphesihle Praise-God Khumalo
- School of Engineering, Discipline of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (D.L.); (A.S.)
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Alhafiz Mohammed A, Lokhat D. Process intensification through the application of centrifugal field: An experimental study of absorption processes using the falling film microreactor. Chem Eng Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2023.118574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Khumalo SPG, Lokhat D, Anwar CJT, Reddy H. Synthesis of Iron on Carbon Foam for Use in the Removal of Phenol from Aqueous Solutions. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031272. [PMID: 36770937 PMCID: PMC9920164 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential use of magnetic nanopowder for phenol adsorption mobilised on natural grain carbon foam from an aqueous solution was studied. Phenolic compounds are priority pollutants with high toxicity even at low concentrations. A magnetic nanopowder was synthesised by dissolving an iron sponge in nitric acid to produce iron nitrate, which was added to a natural grain mixture with flour as the main ingredient. The synthesised carbon foam was investigated for the effects of initial concentration, time, and TEM (transmission electron microscopy) characterisation. The phenol adsorption increased as the iron content of the carbon foam and the initial concentration increased. A kinetic study showed that the phenol adsorption data adequately covered all the carbon foam samples tested using an equation corresponding to a pseudo-first order chemical reaction. The Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin equations were tested for modelling the adsorption isotherms at equilibrium, and it was concluded that the Temkin model fit the experimental data adequately. Due to its exceptional physical and chemical properties, carbon magnetic nanopowder is regarded as an outstanding pollutant absorber in environmental investigations. R2 values derived from the pseudo-first-order model exceed 0.99. R2 > 0.94 indicates that the Freundlich isotherm provides the best fit to the equilibrium data.
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Lokhat D, Brijlal S, Naidoo DE, Premraj C, Kadwa E. Synthesis of Size-and-Shape-Controlled Iron Oxide Nanoparticles via Coprecipitation and In Situ Magnetic Separation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Lokhat
- Reactor Technology Research Group, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban4041, South Africa
| | - Sonal Brijlal
- Reactor Technology Research Group, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban4041, South Africa
| | - Durante Emil Naidoo
- Reactor Technology Research Group, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban4041, South Africa
| | - Cémaine Premraj
- Reactor Technology Research Group, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban4041, South Africa
| | - Ebrahim Kadwa
- Reactor Technology Research Group, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban4041, South Africa
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Maharaj C, Lokhat D, Rawatlal R. Oxidation of carbon monoxide over supported nickel oxide catalyst: kinetic model development and identification. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajce.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Awoyale AA, Lokhat D, Okete P. Investigation of the effects of pretreatment on the elemental composition of ash derived from selected Nigerian lignocellulosic biomass. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21313. [PMID: 34716374 PMCID: PMC8556286 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00672-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is an important source of renewable energy and a potential replacement for fossil fuels. In this work, the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) method was used to analyze the elemental composition of raw and pretreated lignocellulosic biomass of cassava peels, corn cobs, rice husks, sugarcane bagasse, yam peels, and mixtures of cassava peels and yam peels, corn cobs and rice husks and all five biomass samples combined. The influence of particle size on elemental properties was investigated by screening the selected biomass into two size fractions, of an average of 300 and 435 µm, respectively. The total concentration of Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Sn, Ni, Br, Mo, Ba, Hg, and Pb were determined for each of the biomass samples before and after the different pretreatments adopted in this study. From the results of the analysis, there was a significant reduction in the concentration of calcium in all the analyzed biomass after the alkaline pretreatment with rice husks biomass having the lowest concentration of 66 ppm after the alkaline pretreatment. The sulfur content of the acid pretreated biomass increased considerably which is likely due to the sulfuric acid used for the acid pretreatment. The fact that a mixture of biomass feedstock affects the properties of the biomass after pretreatment was validated in the mixed biomass of cassava peels and yam peels biomass as an example. The concentration of Mg in the mixed biomass was 1441 ppm but was 200 ppm and 353 ppm in individual cassava peels and yam peels respectively. The results of this study demonstrated that pretreated mixtures of biomass have varied elemental compositions, which could be an important factor affecting downstream processes, especially if a hybrid feedstock is used in a large-scale application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeolu A Awoyale
- Reactor Technology Research Group, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. .,Petroleum and Natural Gas Processing Department, Petroleum Training Institute, Effurun, Nigeria.
| | - David Lokhat
- Reactor Technology Research Group, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Patrick Okete
- Petroleum and Natural Gas Processing Department, Petroleum Training Institute, Effurun, Nigeria
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Madlala NE, Eloka-Eboka AC, Lokhat D. Effect of Pith/Fiber Separation, Binders and Hybridization on Energy Density and Physical Properties of Bagasse Briquettes. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:1417-1427. [PMID: 34497183 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvements on energy density of loose biomass such as sugarcane feedstock is crucial in the technology of biomass energy conversion and generation. South Africa is one of the producers and refiners of sugarcane. High energy density of sugarcane bagasse biomass through separation and briquetting is imperative in developing adequate streams and quality energy generation from sugarcane upstream milling processes. Unseparated bagasse and separated fractions of fiber and pith possess energy contents of about: 16.14 MJ/kg, 17.73 MJ/kg and 15.74 MJ/kg respectively. Fiber fractions have high energy content than bagasse and pith which demonstrates that pith fraction from bagasse lowers energy density. However, the use of starch and PVA (Polyvinyl Alcohol) as binders during briquetting contributed no significant difference in the overall energy density of the biomass briquettes produced. In the same vein, the addition of 50% charcoal as the hybrid component significantly improves the energy density and the physical properties of briquettes, biomass fractions of bagasse, fiber and pith to: 19.43 MJ/kg, 19.57 MJ/kg and 18.37 MJ/kg respectively. Fiber fraction remains the biomass fraction with highest energy content as compared to other fractions. After briquetting and drying of briquettes to moisture content below 12%, there was a significant improvement on the burning rate, briquetting, binder, hybridization which does improve the biomass briquettes characteristics. Separation of bagasse is crucial under certain conditions since there are no significance differences in the energy density of bagasse fractions. However, the use of PVA and charcoal does pose the necessity of bagasse separation from its fractions for briquetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkosinathi E Madlala
- Discipline of Chemical Engineering, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal
| | | | - David Lokhat
- Discipline of Chemical Engineering, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal
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Inyang V, Lokhat D. Butyric Acid Reactive Extraction Using Trioctylamine in 1-Decanol: Response Surface Methodology Parametric Optimization Technique. Arab J Sci Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-020-05255-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Awoyale AA, Lokhat D. Hybridization of Selected Nigerian Lignocellulosic Biomass Feedstocks for Bioethanol Production: Modeling and Optimization of Pretreatment and Fermentation Process Parameters Using Response Surface Methodology. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:1013-1026. [PMID: 34121032 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, hybridized feedstocks (mixtures of biomass) of cassava peels plus yam peels, as well as corn cobs plus rice husks biomass, were optimized using the response surface methodology centered on the statistical design of experiments (DOE) of the Box-Behnken design (BBD), to produce bioethanol. The feedstocks were locally sourced, hybridized (mixed), pretreated, and fermented before being distilled in a UOP3CC continuous distillation column. The BBD was applied using a 3-level, 3-factor process variables using pH, time, and particle size, and indicated as X1, X2, and X3, respectively. The bioethanol yield from the two hybridized biomass feedstocks was predicted by the developed quadratic polynomial models from BBD. For the hybridized biomass mixture of cassava peels plus yam peels, the optimal condition was statistically predicted as pH 5.00, fermentation time of 120.00 hours, and particle size of 362.5 microns, the predicted bioethanol yield under the optimal condition was 115.75 mL per 1500 g of hybridized biomass and the average volume of bioethanol obtained was 125.00 mL per 1500 g of biomass, which is within the projected range of the model equation, same applies to rice husks plus corn cobs hybridized biomass, but with a better prospect for bioethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeolu A Awoyale
- Reactor Technology Research Group, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal.,Petroleum and Natural Gas Processing Department, Petroleum Training Institute
| | - David Lokhat
- Reactor Technology Research Group, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal
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Adeleke VT, Adeniyi AA, Adeleke MA, Okpeku M, Lokhat D. The design of multiepitope vaccines from plasmids of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli against diarrhoea infection: Immunoinformatics approach. Infect Genet Evol 2021; 91:104803. [PMID: 33684568 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Diarrhoea infection is a major global health public problem and is caused by many organisms including diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes. The common problem with diarrhoea is the drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria, the most promising alternative means of preventing drug resistance is vaccination. However, there has not been any significant success in the prevention of diarrhoea caused by E. coli through vaccination. Epitope-based vaccine is gaining more attention due to its safety and specificity. Sequence variation of protective antigens of the pathogen has posed a new challenge in the development of epitope-based vaccines against the infection, leading to the necessity of multiepitope based design. In this study, immunoinformatics tools were used to design multiepitope vaccine candidates from plasmid genome sequences of multiple pathotypes of E. coli species involved in diarrhoea infections. The ability of the identified epitopes to be used as a cross-protect multiepitope vaccine was achieved by identifying conserved, immunogenic and antigenic peptides that can elicit CD4+ T-cell, CD8+ T-cell and B-cell and bind to MHC I and II HLA alleles. The molecular docking results of T-cell epitopes showed their well binding affinity to receptive protein and with a wider population coverage. The different multiepitope-based vaccines (MEVCs) candidates were constructed and based on the types of epitope linker they contained. The MEVCs exhibited very good binding interactions with the human immune receptor. Among multiepitope vaccines constructed, MEVC6, MEVCA and MEVCB are more promising as potential vaccine candidates for cross-protection against gastrointestinal infections according to the computational study. It is also hoped that after validation and testing, the predicted multiepitope-based vaccine candidates will probably resolve the challenge of immunological heterogeneity facing enteric vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria T Adeleke
- Discipline of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa.
| | - Adebayo A Adeniyi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Department of Industrial Chemistry, Federal University, Oye, Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Matthew A Adeleke
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, P/Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Moses Okpeku
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, P/Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - David Lokhat
- Discipline of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
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Inyang V, Lokhat D. Propionic acid recovery from dilute aqueous solution by emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) technique: optimization using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) experimental design. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2021.1890774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Inyang
- Reactor Technology Research Group, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - David Lokhat
- Reactor Technology Research Group, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Awoyale AA, Lokhat D. Experimental determination of the effects of pretreatment on selected Nigerian lignocellulosic biomass in bioethanol production. Sci Rep 2021; 11:557. [PMID: 33436682 PMCID: PMC7804122 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, five lignocellulosic biomass namely, corn cobs (Zea mays), rice husks (Oryza sativa), cassava peels (Manihot esculenta), sugar cane bagasse (Saccharum officinarum), and white yam peels (Dioscorea rotundata) of two mesh sizes of 300 and 425 microns and a combination of some and all of the biomass were pretreated using combined hydrothermal and acid-based, combined hydrothermal and alkali-based and hydrothermal only processes. The raw and pretreated biomass were also characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine the effects of the various pretreatments on the biomass being studied. The cellulose values of the raw biomass range from 25.8 wt% for cassava peels biomass to 40.0 wt% for sugar cane bagasse. The values of the cellulose content increased slightly with the pretreatment, ranging from 33.2 to 43.8 wt%. The results of the analysis indicate that the hydrothermal and alkaline-based pretreatment shows more severity on the different biomass being studied as seen from the pore characteristics results of corn cobs + rice husks biomass, which also shows that the combination of feedstocks can effectively improve the properties of the biomass in the bioethanol production process. The FTIR analysis also showed that the crystalline cellulose present in all the biomass was converted to the amorphous form after the pretreatment processes. The pore characteristics for mixed corn cobs and rice husks biomass have the highest specific surface area and pore volume of 1837 m2/g and 0.5570 cc/g respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeolu A Awoyale
- Reactor Technology Research Group, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
- Petroleum and Natural Gas Processing Department, Petroleum Training Institute, Effurun, Nigeria.
| | - David Lokhat
- Reactor Technology Research Group, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Abstract
Abstract
Falling film microreactors have contributed to the pursuit of process intensification strategies and have, over the years, been recognized for their potential in performing demanding reactions. In the last few decades, modifications in the measurement techniques and operational parameters of these microstructured devices have been the focus of many research studies with a common target on process improvement. In this work, we present a review dedicated to falling film microreactors, focusing on the recent advances in their design and operation, with particular emphasis on mass transfer enhancement. Analysis of the recent techniques for the measurement of mass transfer as well as the operational parameters used and their effect on the target objective, particularly in the liquid phase (being the limiting phase reactant), are included in the review. The relationship between the hydrodynamics of falling thin liquid films and the microreactor design, the discrepancies between measured and model results, the major challenges, and the future outlook for these promising microreactors are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alhafiz Mohammed
- Reactor Technology Research Group, Discipline of Chemical Engineering , University of KwaZulu-Natal , 238 Mazisi Kunene Road , ZA-Durban 4041 , Republic of South Africa
| | - David Lokhat
- Reactor Technology Research Group, Discipline of Chemical Engineering , University of KwaZulu-Natal , 238 Mazisi Kunene Road , ZA-Durban 4041 , Republic of South Africa
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Aziz ZAA, Ahmad A, Setapar SHM, Karakucuk A, Azim MM, Lokhat D, Rafatullah M, Ganash M, Kamal MA, Ashraf GM. Essential Oils: Extraction Techniques, Pharmaceutical And Therapeutic Potential - A Review. Curr Drug Metab 2019; 19:1100-1110. [PMID: 30039757 DOI: 10.2174/1389200219666180723144850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential oils are liquid extracts from aromatic plants, which have numerous applications in multiple industries. There are a variety of methods used for the extraction of essential oils, with each method exhibiting certain advantages and determining the biological and physicochemical properties of the extracted oils. Essential oils from different plant species contain more than 200 constituents which are comprised of volatile and non-volatile components. The application of essential oils as antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral agents is due to their effective and efficient properties, inter alia. METHOD Several advanced (supercritical fluid extraction, subcritical extraction liquid, solvent-free microwave extraction) and conventional (hydrodistillation, steam distillation, hydrodiffusion, solvent extraction) methods have been discussed for the extraction of essential oils. Advanced methods are considered as the most promising extraction techniques due to less extraction time, low energy consumption, low solvent used and less carbon dioxide emission. CONCLUSION This manuscript reviewed the major research studies in the field and discussed several research findings on the chemical composition of essential oils, methods of oil extraction, and application of these oils in pharmaceutical and therapeutic fields. These essential oils can be used as anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, and as skin permeation enhancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarith Asyikin Abdul Aziz
- Centre of Lipid Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Akil Ahmad
- Centre of Lipid Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu- Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.,School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang-11800, Malaysia
| | - Siti Hamidah Mohd Setapar
- Centre of Lipid Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.,Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.,SHE Empire Sdn Bhd., Bandar Baru Kangkar Pulai, 81300 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Alptug Karakucuk
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Etiler 06330, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Mohsin Azim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu- Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - David Lokhat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu- Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang-11800, Malaysia
| | - Magdah Ganash
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia.,Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lokhat
- University of KwaZulu-NatalSchool of Engineering King George V Avenue 4041 Durban South Africa
| | - Milan Carsky
- University of KwaZulu-NatalSchool of Engineering King George V Avenue 4041 Durban South Africa
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Aziz ZABA, Ahmad A, Mohd-Setapar SH, Hassan H, Lokhat D, Kamal MA, Ashraf GM. Recent Advances in Drug Delivery of Polymeric Nano-Micelles. Curr Drug Metab 2018; 18:16-29. [PMID: 27654898 DOI: 10.2174/1389200217666160921143616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In clinical studies, drugs with hydrophobic characteristic usually reflect low bioavailability, poor drug absorption, and inability to achieve the therapeutic concentration in blood. The production of poor solubility drugs, in abundance, by pharmaceutical industries calls for an urgent need to find the alternatives for resolving the above mentioned shortcomings. Poor water solubility drugs loaded with polymeric micelle seem to be the best alternative to enhance drugs solubility and bioavailability. Polymeric micelle, formed by self-assembled of amphiphilic block copolymers in aqueous environment, functioned as solubilizing agent for hydrophobic drug. This review discusses the fundamentals of polymeric micelle as drug carrier through representative literature, and demonstrates some applications in various clinical trials. The structure, characteristic, and formation of polymeric micelle have been discussed firstly. Next, this manuscript focuses on the potential of polymeric micelles as drug vehicle in oral, transdermal routes, and anti-cancer agent. Several results from previous studies have been reproduced in this review in order to prove the efficacy of the micelles in delivering hydrophobic drugs. Lastly, future strategies to broaden the application of polymeric micelles in pharmaceutical industries have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Siti Hamidah Mohd-Setapar
- Center of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research, Ibnu Sina Institute for Industrial and Scientific Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Chuo SC, Abd-Talib N, Mohd-Setapar SH, Hassan H, Nasir HM, Ahmad A, Lokhat D, Ashraf GM. Reverse micelle Extraction of Antibiotics using an Eco-friendly Sophorolipids Biosurfactant. Sci Rep 2018; 8:477. [PMID: 29323139 PMCID: PMC5765122 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18279-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse micelles extraction of erythromycin and amoxicillin were carried out using the novel Sophorolipids biosurfactant. By replacing commonly used chemical surfactants with biosurfactant, reverse micelle extraction can be further improved in terms of environmental friendliness and sustainability. A central composite experimental design was used to investigate the effects of solution pH, KCl concentration, and sophorolipids concentration on the reverse micelle extraction of antibiotics. The most significant factor identified during the reverse micelle extraction of both antibiotics is the pH of aqueous solutions. Best forward extraction performance for erythromycin was found at feed phase pH of approximately 8.0 with low KCl and sophorolipids concentrations. Optimum recovery of erythromycin was obtained at stripping phase pH around 10.0 and with low KCl concentration. On the other hand, best forward extraction performance for amoxicillin was found at feed phase pH around 3.5 with low KCl concentration and high sophorolipids concentration. Optimum recovery of erythromycin was obtained at stripping phase pH around 6.0 with low KCl concentration. Both erythromycin and amoxicillin were found to be very sensitive toaqueous phase pH and can be easily degraded outside of their stable pH ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing Chuong Chuo
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Norfahana Abd-Talib
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Hamidah Mohd-Setapar
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. .,Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. .,SHE Empire Sdn. Bhd., No. 44, Jalan Pulai Ria 2, Bandar Baru Kangkar Pulai, 81300, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Hashim Hassan
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Hasmida Mohd Nasir
- Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Akil Ahmad
- Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - David Lokhat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Lokhat D, Starzak M, Ramjugernath D. New Insights into the Kinetics of the Gas-Phase Oxidation of Hexafluoropropene. Progress in Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism 2017. [DOI: 10.3184/174751916x14764433065222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The gas-phase reaction of hexafluoropropene and molecular oxygen was investigated in a tubular flow reactor at 450 kPa and within a temperature range of 463–493 K using HFP/O2 mixtures containing 20–67% HFP on a molar basis. Capillary and packed column chromatography served as the main analytical technique. The reaction yielded HFPO, COF2, CF3COF, C2F4 and c-C3F6 as gas-phase products. High molecular weight oligomers were also formed. The oligomers were found to have a polyoxadifluoromethylene structure according to elemental and 19F NMR analysis. At 493 K HFP is proposed to undergo oxygen-mediated decomposition to difluorocarbene radicals, yielding greater quantities of difluorocarbene recombination products. Kinetic parameters for a revised model of the oxidation process were identified through least squares analysis of the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lokhat
- Reactor Technology Research Group, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Maciej Starzak
- Reactor Technology Research Group, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Deresh Ramjugernath
- Reactor Technology Research Group, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
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Lokhat D, Domah AK, Padayachee K, Baboolal A, Ramjugernath D. Gas–liquid mass transfer in a falling film microreactor: Effect of reactor orientation on liquid-side mass transfer coefficient. Chem Eng Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Prithipal R, Lokhat D, Govender N, Starzak M, Ramjugernath D. A kinetic study of the selective production of difluoromethoxymethane from chlorodifluoromethane. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lokhat D, Oliver M, Carsky M. Preparation of iron oxide nanocatalysts and application in the liquid phase oxidation of benzene. Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/pjct-2015-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A series of iron oxide nanocatalysts were prepared using an ultrasonically assisted co-precipitation technique. Molybdenum promoted Fe3O4 and Fe2O3 were prepared from the original materials by wet impregnation using a solution of ammonium molybdate. The catalysts were tested in the liquid phase oxidation of benzene at atmospheric pressure and at 60°C using molecular oxygen. Phenol yields between 7% and 14.5% were obtained. The major products were pyrogallol and catechol.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lokhat
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Engineering, Reactor Technology Research Group, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Mike Oliver
- Energy Engineering International, Durban, 3610, South Africa
| | - Milan Carsky
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Engineering, Reactor Technology Research Group, Durban 4041, South Africa
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Lokhat D, Ramjugernath D, Starzak M. Gas-phase equilibrium constants for the thermally initiated oxidation of hexafluoropropene with molecular oxygen. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Lokhat
- Reactor Technology Research Group, School of Engineering; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4041 South Africa
| | - Deresh Ramjugernath
- Reactor Technology Research Group, School of Engineering; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4041 South Africa
| | - Maciej Starzak
- Reactor Technology Research Group, School of Engineering; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4041 South Africa
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Lokhat D, Ramjugernath D, Starzak M. GAS-PHASE NON-CATALYTIC EPOXIDATION OF HEXAFLUOROPROPENE IN A TUBULAR REACTOR: OPTIMAL REACTION CONDITIONS. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2013.803079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lokhat D, Ramjugernath D, Starzak M. Simultaneous separation of perfluorocarbons and oxyfluorocarbons using capillary gas chromatography: analysis of the products of hexafluoropropene oxidation. J Anal Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934814010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lokhat
- Reactor Technology
Research Group, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Deresh Ramjugernath
- Reactor Technology
Research Group, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Maciej Starzak
- Reactor Technology
Research Group, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
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