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Zhang Y, Chen H, Sun H, Liu Z, Lei B, Wu B, Feng Y. Separation of lignin derivatives from hemp fiber using supercritical CO 2, ethanol, and water at different temperatures. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130390. [PMID: 38403228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The process of lignin extraction often involves intricate chemical transformations, influencing its potential for high-value utilization. By investigating the process of lignin derivatives extraction from hemp fibers using supercritical CO2, ethanol, and water, we identified the relationship between the chemical structure of lignin derivatives and temperature. This discovery contributes to controlling the chemical structure of lignin derivatives through temperature modulation. We observed that lignin derivatives extracted within the temperature range of 100-120 °C exhibited the lowest average molecular weight and polydispersity index, presenting a disordered microstructure with the highest hydroxyl content. Lignin derivatives extracted between 140 and 160 °C showed an increase in average molecular weight and polydispersity index, decreased hydroxyl content, and a gradual transformation of microstructure into spherical particles. At 180 °C, the average molecular weight and polydispersity index of lignin derivatives decreased, the microstructure of lignin derivatives showed fewer spherical particles, while its hydroxyl content exhibited a partial recovery. Chemical analysis revealed a lower degree of condensation in lignin derivatives at 100-120 °C. Between 120 and 160 °C, the degree of condensation increased. At 180 °C, extensive degradation occurred in lignin derivatives. This research advances innovative techniques for lignin derivative separation, contributing to their utilization in higher-value applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Zhang
- The National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; National Industrial Innovation Center of Polymer Materials Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Huan Chen
- The National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; National Industrial Innovation Center of Polymer Materials Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hang Sun
- The National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; National Industrial Innovation Center of Polymer Materials Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zengquan Liu
- The National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; National Industrial Innovation Center of Polymer Materials Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bo Lei
- The National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; National Industrial Innovation Center of Polymer Materials Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bo Wu
- The National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; National Industrial Innovation Center of Polymer Materials Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yanhong Feng
- The National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; National Industrial Innovation Center of Polymer Materials Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Noppawan P, Lanctôt AG, Magro M, Navarro PG, Supanchaiyamat N, Attard TM, Hunt AJ. High pressure systems as sustainable extraction and pre-treatment technologies for a holistic corn stover biorefinery. BMC Chem 2021; 15:37. [PMID: 34051832 PMCID: PMC8164268 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-021-00762-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This mini-review assesses supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extraction and high-pressure carbon dioxide pre-treatment technologies for valorisation of corn stover agricultural residues with particular focus on showing how these can aid in the creation of a holistic biorefineries. Corn stover is currently the largest source of agriculture residues in the USA, as such there is significant potential for exploitation to yield valuable chemicals. ScCO2 extraction could lead to the recovery of a variety of different chemicals which include flavonoids, sterols, steroid ketones, hydrocarbons, saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, fatty alcohols, phenolics and triterpenoids. Importantly, recent studies have not only demonstrated that supercritical extraction can be utilized for the recovery of plant lipids for use in consumer products, including nutraceuticals and personal care, but the processing of treated biomass can lead to enhanced yields and recovery of other products from biorefinery processes. Despite the great potential and opportunities for using scCO2 and high-pressure systems in a biorefinery context their real-world application faces significant challenges to overcome before it is widely applied. Such challenges have also been discussed in the context of this mini-review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakin Noppawan
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Adrienne Gallant Lanctôt
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Maria Magro
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Pablo Gil Navarro
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Nontipa Supanchaiyamat
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Thomas M Attard
- RX Extraction Ltd., Unit 10, Rowen Trade Estate, Neville Road, Bradford, BD4 8TQ, UK.
| | - Andrew J Hunt
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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Badgujar KC, Dange R, Bhanage BM. Recent advances of use of the supercritical carbon dioxide for the biomass pre-treatment and extraction: A mini-review. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Li H, Wu H, Yu Z, Zhang H, Yang S. CO 2 -Enabled Biomass Fractionation/Depolymerization: A Highly Versatile Pre-Step for Downstream Processing. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:3565-3582. [PMID: 32285649 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is inevitably subject to fractionation and depolymerization processes for enhanced selectivity toward specific products, in most cases prior to catalytic upgrading of the three main fractions-cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Among the developed pretreatment techniques, CO2 -assisted biomass processing exhibits some unique advantages such as the lowest critical temperature (31.0 °C) with moderate critical pressure, low cost, nontoxicity, nonflammability, ready availability, and the addition of acidity, alongside easy recovery by pressure release. This Review showcases progress in the study of sub- or supercritical CO2 -mediated thermal processing of lignocellulosic biomass-the key pre-step for downstream conversion processes. The auxo-action of CO2 in biomass pretreatment and fractionation, along with the involved variables, direct degradation of untreated biomass in CO2 by gasification, pyrolysis, and liquefaction with relevant conversion mechanisms, and CO2 -enabled depolymerization of lignocellulosic fractions with representative reaction pathways are summarized. Moreover, future prospects for the practical application of CO2 -assisted up- and downstream biomass-to-bioproduct conversion are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P.R. China
| | - Hongguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P.R. China
| | - Zhaozhuo Yu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P.R. China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P.R. China
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P.R. China
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Escobar ELN, da Silva TA, Pirich CL, Corazza ML, Pereira Ramos L. Supercritical Fluids: A Promising Technique for Biomass Pretreatment and Fractionation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:252. [PMID: 32391337 PMCID: PMC7191036 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomasses are primarily composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin and these biopolymers are bonded together in a heterogeneous matrix that is highly recalcitrant to chemical or biological conversion processes. Thus, an efficient pretreatment technique must be selected and applied to this type of biomass in order to facilitate its utilization in biorefineries. Classical pretreatment methods tend to operate under severe conditions, leading to sugar losses by dehydration and to the release of inhibitory compounds such as furfural (2-furaldehyde), 5-hydroxy-2-methylfurfural (5-HMF), and organic acids. By contrast, supercritical fluids can pretreat lignocellulosic materials under relatively mild pretreatment conditions, resulting in high sugar yields, low production of fermentation inhibitors and high susceptibilities to enzymatic hydrolysis while reducing the consumption of chemicals, including solvents, reagents, and catalysts. This work presents a review of biomass pretreatment technologies, aiming to deliver a state-of-art compilation of methods and results with emphasis on supercritical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estephanie Laura Nottar Escobar
- Applied Kinetics and Thermodynamics Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Thiago Alessandre da Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center in Applied Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Cleverton Luiz Pirich
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center in Applied Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marcos Lúcio Corazza
- Applied Kinetics and Thermodynamics Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Luiz Pereira Ramos
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center in Applied Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Ghayur A, Verheyen TV. Modelling a biorefinery concept producing carbon fibre-polybutylene succinate composite foam. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.115169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Liu D, Yan X, Si M, Deng X, Min X, Shi Y, Chai L. Bioconversion of lignin into bioplastics by Pandoraea sp. B-6: molecular mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:2761-2770. [PMID: 30484053 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3785-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a byproduct in the pulp and paper industry and is considered as a promising alternative for the provision of energy and chemicals. Currently, the efficient valorization of lignin is a challenge owing to its polymeric structure complexity. Here, we present a platform for bio-converting Kraft lignin (KL), to polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) by Pandoraea sp. B-6 (hereafter B-6). Depolymerization of KL by B-6 was first confirmed, and > 40% KL was degraded by B-6 in the initial 4 days. Characterization of PHA showed that up to 24.7% of PHA accumulated in B-6 grown in 6-g/L KL mineral medium. The composition, structure, and thermal properties of the produced PHA were analyzed, revealing that 3-hydroxybutyrate was the only monomer and that PHA was comparable with the commercially available bioplastics. Moreover, the genomic analysis illustrated three core enzymatic systems for lignin depolymerization including laccases, peroxidases, and Fenton-reaction enzymes; five catabolic pathways for LDAC degradation and a gene cluster consisting of bktB, phaR, phaB, phaA, and phaC genes involved in PHA biosynthesis. Accordingly, a basic model for the process from lignin depolymerization to PHA production was constructed. Our findings provide a comprehensive perspective for lignin valorization and bio-material production from waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Mengying Si
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xinhui Deng
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xiaobo Min
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Liyuan Chai
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China.
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Wu K, Feng G, Liu Y, Liu C, Zhang X, Liu S, Liang B, Lu H. Enhanced hydrolysis of mechanically pretreated cellulose in water/CO 2 system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 261:28-35. [PMID: 29653331 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study promotion of ball milling and CO2 assistance on cellulose hydrolysis kinetics in water medium. Kinetic behaviors were analyzed based on first-order and shrinking core models. The results showed that cellulose hydrolysis is enhanced by ball milling and CO2 assistance. Ball milling reduced crystallinity and particle size of cellulose, resulting in high cellulose conversion, while hydrolysis promoted by CO2 assistance was weaker. Double-layer hydrolysis was observed for ball-milled cellulose, and rate constant in active layer is higher. Based on double-layer shrinking core model (DL-SCM), activation energy of cellulose conversion decreased from 73.6 to 39.8 kJ/mol when ball milling and CO2 assistance were applied. Hydrolysis active layer was about 0.9 μm, representing activated thickness of ball-milled cellulose. Hydrolysis promotion by crystallinity and particle size reduction was distinguished via DL-SCM, and crystal evolution possesses greater improvement than particle size decrease on hydrolysis of ball-milled cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejing Wu
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China
| | - Guangrong Feng
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China
| | - Changjun Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xingyilong Zhang
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China
| | - Shijie Liu
- Department of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Bin Liang
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Houfang Lu
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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Wang X, Guo Y, Zhou J, Sun G. Structural changes of poplar wood lignin after supercritical pretreatment using carbon dioxide and ethanol–water as co-solvents. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26122a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To delineate structural changes of lignin after SCEP, enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (EHL) in poplar chips, lignin in pretreated residues (SCEP-RL), lignin in liquors (SCEP-DL) were isolated and analyzed by GPC, 13C-, 31P-, 2D-HSQC-NMR and TGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering
- Dalian Polytechnic University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Yanzhu Guo
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering
- Dalian Polytechnic University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Jinghui Zhou
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering
- Dalian Polytechnic University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Guangwei Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering
- Dalian Polytechnic University
- Dalian
- China
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Sun S, Sun S, Cao X, Sun R. The role of pretreatment in improving the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 199:49-58. [PMID: 26321216 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic materials are among the most promising alternative energy resources that can be utilized to produce cellulosic ethanol. However, the physical and chemical structure of lignocellulosic materials forms strong native recalcitrance and results in relatively low yield of ethanol from raw lignocellulosic materials. An appropriate pretreatment method is required to overcome this recalcitrance. For decades various pretreatment processes have been developed to improve the digestibility of lignocellulosic biomass. Each pretreatment process has a different specificity on altering the physical and chemical structure of lignocellulosic materials. In this paper, the chemical structure of lignocellulosic biomass and factors likely affect the digestibility of lignocellulosic materials are discussed, and then an overview about the most important pretreatment processes available are provided. In particular, the combined pretreatment strategies are reviewed for improving the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose and realizing the comprehensive utilization of lignocellulosic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoni Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shaolong Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xuefei Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Runcang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Maroušek J, Hašková S, Zeman R, Váchal J, Vaníčková R. Nutrient Management in Processing of Steam-Exploded Lignocellulose Phytomass. Chem Eng Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201400341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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