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Zhang Y, Ma G, Wang S, Nian B, Hu Y. Study on the synthesis of pine sterol esters in solvent-free systems catalyzed by Candida rugosa lipase immobilized on hydrophobic macroporous resin. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:7849-7861. [PMID: 37467367 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pine sterol ester is a type of novel food source nutrient with great advantages in lowering blood cholesterol levels, inhibiting tumors, preventing prostate enlargement, and regulating immunity. Macroporous resins with large specific surface area, stable structures, and various functional groups (epoxy, amino, and octadecyl groups) have been selected for immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) to improve its stability and efficiency in the synthesis of pine sterol esters. A solvent-free strategy using oleic acid (substrate) as an esterification reaction medium is an important alternative for avoiding the use of organic solvents. RESULTS The immobilization conditions of CRL immobilized on several types of commercial macroporous resins were optimized. Fortunately, by adsorption (hydrophobic interaction), a high immobilization efficiency of CRL was obtained using macroporous resins with hydrophobic octadecyl groups with an immobilization efficiency of 86.5%, enzyme loading of 138.5 mg g-1 and enzyme activity of 34.7 U g-1 . The results showed that a 95.1% yield could be obtained with a molar ratio of oleic acid to pine sterol of 5:1, an enzyme amount of 6.0 U g-1 (relative to pine sterol mass) at 50 °C for 48 h. CONCLUSION The hydrophobic macroporous resin (ECR8806M) with a large specific surface area and abundant functional groups was used to achieve efficient immobilization of CRL. CRL@ECR8806M is an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of phytosterol esters and has the potential for further large-scale applications. Therefore, this simple, green, and low-cost strategy for lipase immobilization provides new possibilities for the high-efficiency production of pine sterol esters and other food source nutrients. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Guangzheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shushu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Binbin Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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Chen W, Wu Z, Peng R, Wu W, Li X, Cao D, Zhang Z, Niu K. Low-cost diatomite supported binary transition metal sulfates: an efficient reusable solid catalyst for biodiesel synthesis. RSC Adv 2023; 13:6002-6009. [PMID: 36816082 PMCID: PMC9936845 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07947j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a simple method of impregnation and then calcination, diatomite supported binary transition metal sulfates (Fe and Zr, designated as Fe2(SO4)3&Zr(SO4)2@diatomite) were prepared and used as a catalyst in the preparation of renewable biofuels. The synthesised Fe2(SO4)3&Zr(SO4)2@diatomite catalyst (Fe2(SO4)3 : Zr(SO4)2 : diatomite = 1 : 2 : 6, mass ratio) was thoroughly characterised using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, microbeam X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The results demonstrated that the sulfate was successfully loaded onto the diatomite with a uniform distribution. The N2 adsorption/desorption analysis indicated that the catalyst's specific surface area was 1.54 m2 g-1. The catalyst exhibited outstanding performance in the preparation of renewable biofuel (biodiesel) from waste fatty acids and the optimal parameters were methanol-to-oil 1.25 : 1, reaction temperature 70 °C, catalyst concentration 10 wt%, reaction time 4 h. The conversion was found to reach 98.90% under optimal parameters, which is better than that of Fe2(SO4)3·xH2O, Zr(SO4)2·4H2O, Fe2(SO4)3@diatomite and Zr(SO4)2@diatomite. Moreover, the catalyst can be recycled by simple filtration and reused for three cycles after regeneration without noticeable reduction in catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology Qinhuangdao China 066600
| | - Zhaoji Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology Qinhuangdao China 066600
| | - Ruoxue Peng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology Qinhuangdao China 066600
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology Qinhuangdao China 066600
| | - Xiaonan Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology Qinhuangdao China 066600
| | - Dan Cao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology Qinhuangdao China 066600
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology Qinhuangdao China 066600
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Active Components and Functions in Natural Products Qinhuangdao China 066600
| | - Kui Niu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology Qinhuangdao China 066600
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Active Components and Functions in Natural Products Qinhuangdao China 066600
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Parametric and kinetic study of simultaneous esterification and transesterification of model waste sunflower oil by using zirconium sulfate catalyst. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-022-02322-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Welter RA, Santana H, le ta Torre LG, Robertson MJ, Taranto OP, Oelgemöller M. Methyl oleate synthesis by TiO2‐photocatalytic esterification of oleic acid: optimisation by Response surface quadratic methodology, reaction kinetics and thermodynamics. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosilene Andrea Welter
- James Cook University College of Science and Engineering 1James Cook DriveDouglas 4814 Townsville AUSTRALIA
| | - Harrson Santana
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Campus Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz: Universidade Estadual de Campinas Engenharia Química Avenida Albert Einstein500Cidade UniversitáriaBarão Geraldo 13083-852 Campinas BRAZIL
| | - Lucimara Gaziola le ta Torre
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Campus Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz: Universidade Estadual de Campinas Engenharia Química 500Avenida Albert EinsteinCidade UniversitáriaBarão Geraldo 13083-852 Campinas BRAZIL
| | - Mark J. Robertson
- James Cook University College of Science and Engineering 1James Cook DriveDouglas 4811 Townsville AUSTRALIA
| | - Osvaldir Pereira Taranto
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Campus Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz: Universidade Estadual de Campinas Engenharia Quimica 500Avenida Albert EinsteinCidade UniversitáriaBarão Geraldo 13083-852 Campinas BRAZIL
| | - Michael Oelgemöller
- Hochschule Fresenius gGmbH: Hochschule Fresenius gGmbH Faculty of Chemistry and Biology 2Limburger Str D-65510 Idstein GERMANY
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Abstract
Lipases are versatile enzymes widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. They are green biocatalysts with a high potential for industrial use compared to traditional chemical methods. In recent years, lipases have been used to synthesize a wide variety of molecules of industrial interest, and extraordinary results have been reported. In this sense, this review describes the important role of lipases in the synthesis of phytosterol esters, which have attracted the scientific community’s attention due to their beneficial effects on health. A systematic search for articles and patents published in the last 20 years with the terms “phytosterol AND esters AND lipase” was carried out using the Scopus, Web of Science, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases, and the results showed that Candida rugosa lipases are the most relevant biocatalysts for the production of phytosterol esters, being used in more than 50% of the studies. The optimal temperature and time for the enzymatic synthesis of phytosterol esters mainly ranged from 30 to 101 °C and from 1 to 72 h. The esterification yield was greater than 90% for most analyzed studies. Therefore, this manuscript presents the new technological approaches and the gaps that need to be filled by future studies so that the enzymatic synthesis of phytosterol esters is widely developed.
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Han C, Wang R, Shu C, Li X, Li H, Gao X. The transesterification of ethylene glycol and 1,2-butanediol with dimethyl carbonate: reaction network and kinetic modeling. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00289b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction network for the reaction of ethylene glycol and 1,2-butanediol with dimethyl carbonate was investigated and kinetic parameters were obtained via experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrui Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Chang Shu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xingang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Hong Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xin Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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Heteropoly acids as supported solid acid catalysts for sustainable biodiesel production using vegetable oils: A Review. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Esterification of rosin with pentaerythritol produces rosin pentaerythritol ester (RPE) which is widely used in paint, coating, and pressure-sensitive and hot-melt adhesive industries. Although RPE has excellent valuable applications and has been industrially produced, studies on the reaction kinetics have not been widely reported in the present literature. This work proposed a kinetic study of RPE synthesis by including a series of consecutive reactions forming mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-ester with decarboxylation of rosin as a side reaction in the kinetics model. For esterification, the reaction rates were determined by the second-order kinetic model. The first-order kinetic order was proposed for decarboxylation. Kinetic experiments were performed at a temperature range of 260 °C to 290 °C. The initial molar ratio of pentaerythritol to rosin (in the mole of OH/COOH) used was between 0.8 and 1.2. A small amount of samples were withdrawn in certain time interval. The sample was analyzed to evaluate their acid and saponification number. Afterward, those experimental data were used to simulate and validate the proposed kinetic model. In general, the proposed model could capture the experimental data well. The resulting activation energies ranged from 65.81 to 129.13 kJ mol−1 for esterification and 233.00 kJ mol−1 for decarboxylation. This model also offers a new insight that correlates well with tetra-ester formation and the softening point.
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Chen S, Li J, Fu Z, Wei G, Li H, Zhang B, Zheng L, Deng Z. Enzymatic Synthesis of β-Sitosterol Laurate by Candida rugosa Lipase AY30 in the Water/AOT/Isooctane Reverse Micelle. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 192:392-414. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Li X, Zhang Q, Li H, Gao X. A Novel Process for the Production of Triethylene Glycol Di-2-ethylhexoate by Reactive Distillation Using a Sulfated Zirconia Catalyst. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qingyu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hong Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xin Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
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Active, Selective, and Recyclable Zr(SO4)2/SiO2 and Zr(SO4)2/Activated Carbon Solid Acid Catalysts for Esterification of Malic Acid to Dimethyl Malate. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10040384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The esterification of malic acid using traditional homogenous catalysts suffers from the difficulty in reuse of the catalyst and undesirable side reactions. In this work, Zr(SO4)2/SiO2 and Zr(SO4)2/activated carbon (AC) as solid acid catalysts were prepared for malic acid esterification with methanol. The conversion of malic acid over these two catalysts is comparable to that over H2SO4 and unsupported Zr(SO4)2∙4H2O catalysts; however; a 99% selectivity of dimethyl malate can be realized on these two supported catalysts, which is much higher than that of conventional H2SO4 (75%) and unsupported Zr(SO4)2∙4H2O (80%) catalysts, highlighting the critical role of AC and SiO2 supports in tuning the selectivity. We suggest that the surface hydroxyls of AC or lattice O2− ions from SiO2 donate electrons to Zr4+ in Zr(SO4)2/AC and Zr(SO4)2/SiO2 catalysts, which results in the increase in electron density on Zr4+. The enhanced electron density on Zr4+ reduces the degree of H delocalization from crystal water and then decreases the Brønsted acid strength. Consequently, the reduced Brønsted acid strength of Zr(SO4)2/AC and Zr(SO4)2/SiO2 catalysts suppresses the intermolecular dehydration side reaction. In addition, these two supported catalysts can be easily separated from the reaction system by simple filtration with almost no loss of activity.
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Mukhopadhyay P, Chakraborty R. Energy‐Efficient 2‐Ethylhexyl Acetate Synthesis with a Nano‐Sn‐Hydroxyapatite Photocatalyst. Chem Eng Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201900402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajat Chakraborty
- Jadavpur UniversityChemical Engineering Department 700032 Kolkata India
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13
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Yue C, Zhang P, Wu H, Fan M, Jiang P. Novel Brønsted‐Lewis Acid Heterogeneous Catalyst: Functionalized Imidazolium Ferric Salts@SBA‐15 for Efficient Production of Biodiesel. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengguang Yue
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi 214122 P. R. China
| | - Pingbo Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi 214122 P. R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi 214122 P. R. China
| | - Mingming Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi 214122 P. R. China
| | - Pingping Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi 214122 P. R. China
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Hussain Z, Kumar R. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Corncob-Based Solid Acid Catalyst for Biodiesel Production. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b02464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zakir Hussain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi 229304, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi 229304, India
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