1
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Wei S, Hartman T, Mourdikoudis S, Liu X, Wang G, Kovalska E, Wu B, Azadmanjiri J, Yu R, Chacko L, Dekanovsky L, Oliveira FM, Li M, Luxa J, Jamali Ashtiani S, Su J, Sofer Z. Reaction Mechanism and Performance of Innovative 2D Germanane-Silicane Alloys: Si xGe 1- xH Electrodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308955. [PMID: 38647404 PMCID: PMC11199986 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The adjustable structures and remarkable physicochemical properties of 2D monoelemental materials, such as silicene and germanene, have attracted significant attention in recent years. They can be transformed into silicane (SiH) and germanane (GeH) through covalent functionalization via hydrogen atom termination. However, synthesizing these materials with a scalable and low-cost fabrication process to achieve high-quality 2D SiH and GeH poses challenges. Herein, groundbreaking 2D SiH and GeH materials with varying compositions, specifically Si0.25Ge0.75H, Si0.50Ge0.50H, and Si0.75Ge0.25H, are prepared through a simple and efficient chemical exfoliation of their Zintl phases. These 2D materials offer significant advantages, including their large surface area, high mechanical flexibility, rapid electron mobility, and defect-rich loose-layered structures. Among these compositions, the Si0.50Ge0.50H electrode demonstrates the highest discharge capacity, reaching up to 1059 mAh g-1 after 60 cycles at a current density of 75 mA g-1. A comprehensive ex-situ electrochemical analysis is conducted to investigate the reaction mechanisms of lithiation/delithiation in Si0.50Ge0.50H. Subsequently, an initial assessment of the c-Li15(SixGe1- x)4 phase after lithiation and the a-Si0.50Ge0.50 phase after delithiation is presented. Hence, this study contributes crucial insights into the (de)lithiation reaction mechanisms within germanane-silicane alloys. Such understanding is pivotal for mastering promising materials that amalgamate the finest properties of silicon and germanium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangying Wei
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Chemistry and Technology PragueTechnická 5Prague 616628Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hartman
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Chemistry and Technology PragueTechnická 5Prague 616628Czech Republic
| | - Stefanos Mourdikoudis
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Chemistry and Technology PragueTechnická 5Prague 616628Czech Republic
| | - Xueting Liu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringXiangtan UniversityXiangtan411105China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringXiangtan UniversityXiangtan411105China
| | - Evgeniya Kovalska
- Department of EngineeringFaculty of Environment, Science and EconomyUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4PYUnited Kingdom
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Chemistry and Technology PragueTechnická 5Prague 616628Czech Republic
| | - Jalal Azadmanjiri
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Chemistry and Technology PragueTechnická 5Prague 616628Czech Republic
| | - Ruizhi Yu
- Institute of Micro/Nano Materials and DevicesNingbo University of TechnologyNingbo315211China
| | - Levna Chacko
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Chemistry and Technology PragueTechnická 5Prague 616628Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Dekanovsky
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Chemistry and Technology PragueTechnická 5Prague 616628Czech Republic
| | - Filipa M. Oliveira
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Chemistry and Technology PragueTechnická 5Prague 616628Czech Republic
| | - Min Li
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Chemistry and Technology PragueTechnická 5Prague 616628Czech Republic
- School of PhysicsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Jan Luxa
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Chemistry and Technology PragueTechnická 5Prague 616628Czech Republic
| | - Saeed Jamali Ashtiani
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Chemistry and Technology PragueTechnická 5Prague 616628Czech Republic
- Department of Physical ChemistryUniversity of Chemistry and Technology PragueTechnická 5Prague 616628Czech Republic
| | - Jincang Su
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringXiangtan UniversityXiangtan411105China
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Chemistry and Technology PragueTechnická 5Prague 616628Czech Republic
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2
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Mikhaylov AA, Medvedev AG, Grishanov DA, Fazliev TM, Chernyshev V, Mel’nik EA, Tripol’skaya TA, Lev O, Prikhodchenko PV. Electrochemical Behavior of Reduced Graphene Oxide Supported Germanium Oxide, Germanium Nitride, and Germanium Phosphide as Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Obtained from Highly Soluble Germanium Oxide. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076860. [PMID: 37047833 PMCID: PMC10095334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Germanium and germanium-based compounds are widely used in microelectronics, optics, solar cells, and sensors. Recently, germanium and its oxides, nitrides, and phosphides have been studied as active electrode materials in lithium- and sodium-ion battery anodes. Herein, the newly introduced highly soluble germanium oxide (HSGO) was used as a versatile precursor for germanium-based functional materials. In the first stage, a germanium-dioxide-reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite was obtained by complete precipitation of GeO2 nanoparticles on the GO from an aqueous solution of HSGO and subsequent thermal treatment in argon at low temperature. The composition of the composite, GeO2-rGO (20 to 80 wt.% of crystalline phase), was able to be accurately determined by the HSGO to GO ratio in the initial solution since complete deposition and precipitation were achieved. The chemical activity of germanium dioxide nanoparticles deposited on reduced graphene oxide was shown by conversion to rGO-supported germanium nitride and phosphide phases. The GeP-rGO and Ge3N4-rGO composites with different morphologies were prepared in this study for the first time. As a test case, composite materials with different loadings of GeO2, GeP, and Ge3N4 were evaluated as lithium-ion battery anodes. Reversible conversion–alloying was demonstrated in all cases, and for the low-germanium loading range (20 wt.%), almost theoretical charge capacity based on the germanium content was attained at 100 mA g−1 (i.e., 2595 vs. 2465 mAh g−1 for Ge3N4 and 1790 vs. 1850 mAh g−1 for GeP). The germanium oxide was less efficiently exploited due to its lower conversion reversibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A. Mikhaylov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii prosp. 31, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander G. Medvedev
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii prosp. 31, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Grishanov
- The Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Timur M. Fazliev
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii prosp. 31, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasilii Chernyshev
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii prosp. 31, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A. Mel’nik
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii prosp. 31, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana A. Tripol’skaya
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii prosp. 31, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ovadia Lev
- The Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
- The Harvey M. Krueger Family Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Petr V. Prikhodchenko
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii prosp. 31, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Rodriguez JR, Belman C, Aguirre SB, Simakov A, Aguila SA, Ponce-Pérez R, Guerrero-Sánchez J, Guadalupe Moreno M, Sauceda D, Pol VG. Reversible Lithium-Ion Storage in h-Bi2Ge3O9-Based Anode: Experimental and Theoretical Studies. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Du A, Li H, Chen X, Han Y, Zhu Z, Chu C. Recent Research Progress of Silicon‐Based Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Du
- School of Automotive Studies Tongji University Shanghai 201804 P.R.China
| | - Hang Li
- School of Automotive Studies Tongji University Shanghai 201804 P.R.China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- School of Automotive Studies Tongji University Shanghai 201804 P.R.China
| | - Yeyang Han
- School of Automotive Studies Tongji University Shanghai 201804 P.R.China
| | - Zhongpan Zhu
- School of Automotive Studies Tongji University Shanghai 201804 P.R.China
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering Tongji University Shanghai 201804 P.R.China
| | - Chuanchuan Chu
- School of Automotive Studies Tongji University Shanghai 201804 P.R.China
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5
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Lanjapalli VVK, Lin FJ, Liou S, Hosseini S, Huang CL, Chen YS, Li YY. Semi-infused lithium anode for advanced Li metal batteries. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.139976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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6
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Kulova TL, Skundin AM. Germanium in Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Batteries (A Review). RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193521110057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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New insights into the selective and systematic preparation of arylgermanium hydrides. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Wang S, Ma W, Yang W, Bai Q, Gao H, Peng Z, Zhang Z. Formation, lithium storage properties, and mechanism of nanoporous germanium fabricated by dealloying. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:184702. [PMID: 34773946 DOI: 10.1063/5.0067237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Germanium (Ge) has become a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity and decent electron/ion conductivity, but it exhibits inferior lifespan caused by dramatic volume variations during the (de)lithiation process. Herein, hierarchically, nanoporous Ge (np-Ge) was fabricated by the combination of selective phase corrosion with chemical dealloying. As an anode for LIBs, the np-Ge electrode exhibits marvelous cycling stability with capacity retentions of 1060.0 mA h g-1 at 0.2 A g-1 and 767.1 mA h g-1 at 1 A g-1 after 100 cycles. Moreover, the electrode shows excellent rate capability with a capacity retention of 844.2 mA h g-1 at 5 A g-1. Noticeably, the (de)lithiation mechanisms of np-Ge and porous Si-Ge (p-Si6Ge4) were unveiled by operando X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhen Wang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 17923, Jinan 250061, People's Republic of China
| | - Wensheng Ma
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 17923, Jinan 250061, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 17923, Jinan 250061, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingguo Bai
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 17923, Jinan 250061, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Gao
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 17923, Jinan 250061, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangquan Peng
- Laboratory of Advanced Spectro-electrochemistry and Li-ion Batteries, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 17923, Jinan 250061, People's Republic of China
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9
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Zhou J, Huang P, Hao Q, Zhang L, Liu H, Xu C, Yu J. Ag Nanoparticles Anchored on Nanoporous Ge Skeleton as
High‐Performance
Anode for Lithium‐ion Batteries. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering University of Jinan Jinan Shandong 250022 China
| | - Peng Huang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering University of Jinan Jinan Shandong 250022 China
| | - Qin Hao
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering University of Jinan Jinan Shandong 250022 China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Preparation and Measurement of Building Materials University of Jinan Jinan Shandong 250022 China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering University of Jinan Jinan Shandong 250022 China
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials Shandong University Jinan Shandong 250100 China
| | - Caixia Xu
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering University of Jinan Jinan Shandong 250022 China
| | - Jinghua Yu
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering University of Jinan Jinan Shandong 250022 China
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10
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Gavrilin I, Kudryashova Y, Kuz'mina A, Kulova T, Skundin A, Emets V, Volkov R, Dronov A, Borgardt N, Gavrilov S. High-rate and low-temperature performance of germanium nanowires anode for lithium-ion batteries. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Sosa AN, González I, Trejo A, Miranda Á, Salazar F, Cruz-Irisson M. Effects of lithium on the electronic properties of porous Ge as anode material for batteries. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:2653-2662. [PMID: 32936470 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the need of improvement of energy storage has led to the development of Lithium batteries with porous materials as electrodes. Porous Germanium (pGe) has shown promise for the development of new generation Li-ion batteries due to its excellent electronic, and chemical properties, however, the effect of lithium in its properties has not been studied extensively. In this contribution, the effect of surface and interstitial Li on the electronic properties of pGe was studied using a first-principles density functional theory scheme. The porous structures were modeled by removing columns of atoms in the [001] direction and the surface dangling bonds were passivated with H atoms, and then replaced with Li atoms. Also, the effect of a single interstitial Li in the Ge was analyzed. The transition state and the diffusion barrier of the Li in the Ge structure were studied using a quadratic synchronous transit scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Israel González
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ESIME-Culhuacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Trejo
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ESIME-Culhuacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Álvaro Miranda
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ESIME-Culhuacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Fernando Salazar
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ESIME-Culhuacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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12
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Hafner T, Torvisco A, Traxler M, Wolf M, Uhlig F. Selective Chlorination of Germanium Hydrides. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hafner
- Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9/IV 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Ana Torvisco
- Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9/IV 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Michael Traxler
- Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9/IV 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Melanie Wolf
- Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9/IV 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Frank Uhlig
- Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9/IV 8010 Graz Austria
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13
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Zhou X, Li T, Cui Y, Meyerson ML, Weeks JA, Mullins CB, Jin Y, Shin H, Liu Y, Zhu L. Blade-Type Reaction Front in Micrometer-Sized Germanium Particles during Lithiation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:47574-47579. [PMID: 32985874 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the lithium transport mechanism in micrometer-sized germanium (Ge) particles, in situ focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy was used to monitor the structural evolution of individual Ge particles during lithiation. Our results show that there are two types of reaction fronts during lithiation, representing the differences of reactions on the surface and in bulk. The cross-sectional SEM images and transmission electron microscopy characterizations show that the interface between amorphous LixGe and Ge has a wedge shape because of the higher Li transport rate on the surface of the particle. The blade-type reaction front is formed at the interface of the amorphous LixGe and crystalline Ge and is attributed to the large strain at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Zhou
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tianyi Li
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Melissa L Meyerson
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jason A Weeks
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - C Buddie Mullins
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Hosop Shin
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Yuzi Liu
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Likun Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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14
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Moon GD. Yolk-Shell Nanostructures: Syntheses and Applications for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E675. [PMID: 32260228 PMCID: PMC7221814 DOI: 10.3390/nano10040675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Yolk-shell nanostructures have attracted tremendous research interest due to their physicochemical properties and unique morphological features stemming from a movable core within a hollow shell. The structural potential for tuning inner space is the focal point of the yolk-shell nanostructures in a way that they can solve the long-lasted problem such as volume expansion and deterioration of lithium-ion battery electrodes. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the design, synthesis, and battery anode applications of yolk-shell nanostructures. The synthetic strategies for yolk-shell nanostructures consist of two categories: templating and self-templating methods. While the templating approach is straightforward in a way that the inner void is formed by removing the sacrificial layer, the self-templating methods cover various different strategies including galvanic replacement, Kirkendall effect, Ostwald ripening, partial removal of core, core injection, core contraction, and surface-protected etching. The battery anode applications of yolk-shell nanostructures are discussed by dividing into alloying and conversion types with details on the synthetic strategies. A successful design of yolk-shell nanostructures battery anodes achieved the improved reversible capacity compared to their bare morphologies (e.g., no capacity retention in 300 cycles for Si@C yolk-shell vs. capacity fading in 10 cycles for Si@C core-shell). This review ends with a summary and concluding remark yolk-shell nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon Dae Moon
- Dongnam Regional Division, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Busan 46938, Korea
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15
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Zhou Y, Li Y, Wang Q, Wang Q, Du R, Zhang M, Sun X, Zhang X, Kang L, Jiang F. Ultrasmall MoS
3
Loaded GO Nanocomposites as High‐Rate and Long‐Cycle‐Life Anode Materials for Lithium‐ and Sodium‐Ion Batteries. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhou
- School of Environmental and Materials EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005 PR China
| | - Yanyan Li
- School of Environmental and Materials EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005 PR China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- School of Environmental and Materials EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005 PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Environmental and Materials EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005 PR China
| | - Rong Du
- School of Environmental and Materials EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005 PR China
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Environmental and Materials EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005 PR China
| | - Xueqin Sun
- School of Environmental and Materials EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005 PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- School of Environmental and Materials EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005 PR China
| | - Litao Kang
- School of Environmental and Materials EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005 PR China
| | - Fuyi Jiang
- School of Environmental and Materials EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005 PR China
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16
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Sepúlveda A, Speulmanns J, Vereecken PM. Bending impact on the performance of a flexible Li 4Ti 5O 12-based all-solid-state thin-film battery. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2018; 19:454-464. [PMID: 29868149 PMCID: PMC5974753 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1468199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The growing demand of flexible electronic devices is increasing the requirements of their power sources. The effect of bending in thin-film batteries is still not well understood. Here, we successfully developed a high active area flexible all-solid-state battery as a model system that consists of thin-film layers of Li4Ti5O12, LiPON, and Lithium deposited on a novel flexible ceramic substrate. A systematic study on the bending state and performance of the battery is presented. The battery withstands bending radii of at least 14 mm achieving 70% of the theoretical capacity. Here, we reveal that convex bending has a positive effect on battery capacity showing an average increase of 5.5%, whereas concave bending decreases the capacity by 4% in contrast with recent studies. We show that the change in capacity upon bending may well be associated to the Li-ion diffusion kinetic change through the electrode when different external forces are applied. Finally, an encapsulation scheme is presented allowing sufficient bending of the device and operation for at least 500 cycles in air. The results are meant to improve the understanding of the phenomena present in thin-film batteries while undergoing bending rather than showing improvements in battery performance and lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philippe M. Vereecken
- Imec, Leuven, Belgium
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Sun X, Lu X, Huang S, Xi L, Liu L, Liu B, Weng Q, Zhang L, Schmidt OG. Reinforcing Germanium Electrode with Polymer Matrix Decoration for Long Cycle Life Rechargeable Lithium Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:38556-38566. [PMID: 29043779 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Germanium is a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries because of its high theoretical specific capacity and low operation voltage. However, a significant challenge in using Ge-based anodes is the large volume variation during cycling that causes pulverization and capacity fade. Despite intense studies in the past decade, unsatisfactory cycling stability of the Ge-based electrodes still impedes their widespread applications. In this study, we demonstrate a high-performance electrode through the synergistic combination of a high-capacity Ge film grown on a three-dimensional current collector and an in situ formed poly(vinylidene fluoride)-hexafluoropropene/SiO2 protective layer. Specifically, the polymer matrix is in continuous contact with the surface of the Ge shell, which provides improved mechanical and ionic transport properties. As a highlight, we present impressive cycling stability over 3000 cycles at 1 C rate with a capacity retention as high as 95.7%. Furthermore, the LiCoO2-Ge full battery operates at an average voltage of 3.3 V at 0.5 C and maintains good electrochemical performance, suggesting great potential for applications in energy storage and conversion devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Sun
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden) , Helmholtzstrasse 20, Dresden 01069, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Technische Universität Chemnitz , Reichenhainer Strasse 70, Chemnitz 09107, Germany
| | - Xueyi Lu
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden) , Helmholtzstrasse 20, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Shaozhuan Huang
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden) , Helmholtzstrasse 20, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Lixia Xi
- College of Material Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Yudao Street 29, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China
| | - Lixiang Liu
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden) , Helmholtzstrasse 20, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Bo Liu
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden) , Helmholtzstrasse 20, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Qunhong Weng
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden) , Helmholtzstrasse 20, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Lin Zhang
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden) , Helmholtzstrasse 20, Dresden 01069, Germany
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover , Appelstrasse 2, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden) , Helmholtzstrasse 20, Dresden 01069, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Technische Universität Chemnitz , Reichenhainer Strasse 70, Chemnitz 09107, Germany
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18
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Stokes K, Geaney H, Flynn G, Sheehan M, Kennedy T, Ryan KM. Direct Synthesis of Alloyed Si 1-xGe x Nanowires for Performance-Tunable Lithium Ion Battery Anodes. ACS NANO 2017; 11:10088-10096. [PMID: 28902493 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the formation of high capacity Li-ion battery anodes from Si1-xGex alloy nanowire arrays that are grown directly on stainless steel current collectors, in a single-step synthesis. The direct formation of these Si1-xGex nanowires (ranging from Si0.20Ge0.80 to Si0.67Ge0.33) represents a simple and efficient processing route for the production of Li-ion battery anodes possessing the benefits of both Si (high capacity) and Ge (improved rate performance and capacity retention). The nanowires were characterized through SEM, TEM, XRD and ex situ HRSEM/HRTEM. Electrochemical analysis was conducted on these nanowires, in half-cell configurations, with capacities of up to 1360 mAh/g (Si0.67Ge0.33) sustained after 250 cycles and in full cells, against a commercial cathode, where capacities up to 1364 mAh/g (Si0.67Ge0.33) were retained after 100 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Killian Stokes
- Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick , Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Hugh Geaney
- Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick , Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Grace Flynn
- Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick , Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Martin Sheehan
- Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick , Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Tadhg Kennedy
- Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick , Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick , Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
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19
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Lahiri A, Borisenko N, Olschewski M, Pulletikurthi G, Endres F. Anomalous electroless deposition of less noble metals on Cu in ionic liquids and its application towards battery electrodes. Faraday Discuss 2017; 206:339-351. [PMID: 28936506 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00121e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Electroless deposition can be triggered by the difference in the redox potentials between two metals in an electrolyte. In aqueous electrochemistry, galvanic displacement takes place according to the electrochemical series wherein a more noble metal can displace a less noble metal. Herein we show anomalous behaviour in ionic liquids wherein less noble metals such as Fe and Sb were deposited on Cu at temperatures from 25 to 60 °C. Fe formed spherical structures whereas Cu2Sb/Sb formed nanoplates. A multistep process during the electroless deposition of Sb on Cu took place which was discerned from in situ XPS, and mass spectrometry. In situ AFM was also used to understand the nucleation and growth process of the galvanic displacement reaction. Subsequently, the Cu2Sb/Sb nanoplates were also tested as the anode for both Li-ion and Na-ion batteries. Thus, it is shown that the electrochemistry in ionic liquids significantly differs from aqueous electrolytes and opens up new routes for material synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Lahiri
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str 6, 38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
| | - Natalia Borisenko
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str 6, 38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
| | - Mark Olschewski
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str 6, 38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
| | - Giridhar Pulletikurthi
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str 6, 38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
| | - Frank Endres
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str 6, 38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
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20
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Kim GT, Kennedy T, Brandon M, Geaney H, Ryan KM, Passerini S, Appetecchi GB. Behavior of Germanium and Silicon Nanowire Anodes with Ionic Liquid Electrolytes. ACS NANO 2017; 11:5933-5943. [PMID: 28530820 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical behavior of binder-free, germanium and silicon nanowires as high-capacity anode materials for lithium-ion battery systems is investigated in an ionic liquid electrolyte. Cyclic voltammetry, cycling tests, and impedance spectroscopy reveal a highly reversible lithium alloying/dealloying process, as well as promising compatibility between the Ge and Si materials and the electrolyte components. Reversible capacities of 1400 and 2200 mA h g-1 are delivered by the Ge and Si anodes, respectively, matching the values exhibited in conventional organic solutions. Furthermore, impressive extended cycling performance is obtained in comparison to previous research on Li alloying anodes in ionic liquids, with capacity retention overcoming 50% for Si after 500 cycles and 67% for Ge after 1000 cycles, at a current rate of 0.5C. This stable long-term cycling arises due to the ability of the electrolyte formulation to promote the transformation of the nanowires into durable porous network structures of Ge or Si nanoligaments, which can withstand the extreme volume changes associated with lithiation/delithiation. Remarkable capacity is exhibited also by composite Ge and Si nanowire electrodes. Preliminary tests with lithium cobalt oxide cathodes clearly demonstrate the feasibility of Ge and Si nanowires in full batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guk-Tae Kim
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tadhg Kennedy
- Materials and Surface Science Institute and the Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick , V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Michael Brandon
- Materials and Surface Science Institute and the Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick , V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Hugh Geaney
- Materials and Surface Science Institute and the Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick , V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Materials and Surface Science Institute and the Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick , V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Giovanni B Appetecchi
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technology, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Materials and Physicochemical Processes Laboratory , Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
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21
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Wu S, Han C, Iocozzia J, Lu M, Ge R, Xu R, Lin Z. Germaniumbasierte Nanomaterialien für wiederaufladbare Batterien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Songping Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou City Guangdong 510641 China
| | - Cuiping Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332 USA
| | - James Iocozzia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332 USA
| | - Mingjia Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou City Guangdong 510641 China
| | - Rongyun Ge
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou City Guangdong 510641 China
| | - Rui Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou City Guangdong 510641 China
| | - Zhiqun Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332 USA
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22
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Wu S, Han C, Iocozzia J, Lu M, Ge R, Xu R, Lin Z. Germanium-Based Nanomaterials for Rechargeable Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7898-922. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Songping Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou city Guangdong province 510641 China
| | - Cuiping Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332 USA
| | - James Iocozzia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332 USA
| | - Mingjia Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou city Guangdong province 510641 China
| | - Rongyun Ge
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou city Guangdong province 510641 China
| | - Rui Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou city Guangdong province 510641 China
| | - Zhiqun Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332 USA
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23
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Nolan BM, Chan EK, Zhang X, Muthuswamy E, van Benthem K, Kauzlarich SM. Sacrificial Silver Nanoparticles: Reducing GeI2 To Form Hollow Germanium Nanoparticles by Electroless Deposition. ACS NANO 2016; 10:5391-5397. [PMID: 27096547 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b01604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the electroless deposition of Ge onto sacrificial Ag nanoparticle (NP) templates to form hollow Ge NPs. The formation of AgI is a necessary component for this reaction. Through a systematic study of surface passivating ligands, we determined that tri-n-octylphosphine is necessary to facilitate the formation of hollow Ge NPs by acting as a transport agent for GeI2 and the oxidized Ag(+) cation (i.e., AgI product). Annular dark-field (ADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imaging of incomplete reactions revealed Ag/Ge core/shell NPs; in contrast, completed reactions displayed hollow Ge NPs with pinholes which is consistent with the known method for dissolution of the nanotemplate. Characterization of the hollow Ge NPs was performed by transmission electron microscopy, ADF-STEM, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, UV-vis spectrophotometry, and Raman spectroscopy. The galvanic replacement reaction of Ag with GeI2 offers a versatile method for controlling the structure of Ge nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley M Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Eric K Chan
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Xinming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Elayaraja Muthuswamy
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Klaus van Benthem
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Susan M Kauzlarich
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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24
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Qin J, Cao M. Multidimensional Germanium-Based Materials as Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:1169-81. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinwen Qin
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science; Ministry of Education of China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials; Department of Chemistry; Beijing Institution of Technology; Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Minhua Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science; Ministry of Education of China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials; Department of Chemistry; Beijing Institution of Technology; Beijing 100081 P. R. China
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25
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Engineering Heteromaterials to Control Lithium Ion Transport Pathways. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18482. [PMID: 26686655 PMCID: PMC4685276 DOI: 10.1038/srep18482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Safe and efficient operation of lithium ion batteries requires precisely directed flow of lithium ions and electrons to control the first directional volume changes in anode and cathode materials. Understanding and controlling the lithium ion transport in battery electrodes becomes crucial to the design of high performance and durable batteries. Recent work revealed that the chemical potential barriers encountered at the surfaces of heteromaterials play an important role in directing lithium ion transport at nanoscale. Here, we utilize in situ transmission electron microscopy to demonstrate that we can switch lithiation pathways from radial to axial to grain-by-grain lithiation through the systematic creation of heteromaterial combinations in the Si-Ge nanowire system. Our systematic studies show that engineered materials at nanoscale can overcome the intrinsic orientation-dependent lithiation, and open new pathways to aid in the development of compact, safe, and efficient batteries.
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26
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Kennedy T, Bezuidenhout M, Palaniappan K, Stokes K, Brandon M, Ryan KM. Nanowire Heterostructures Comprising Germanium Stems and Silicon Branches as High-Capacity Li-Ion Anodes with Tunable Rate Capability. ACS NANO 2015; 9:7456-7465. [PMID: 26125966 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b02528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the rational design of a high-capacity Li-ion anode material comprising Ge nanowires with Si branches. The unique structure provides an electrode material with tunable properties, allowing the performance to be tailored for either high capacity or high rate capability by controlling the mass ratio of Si to Ge. The binder free Si-Ge branched nanowire heterostructures are grown directly from the current collector and exhibit high capacities of up to ∼1800 mAh/g. Rate capability testing revealed that increasing the Ge content within the material boosted the performance of the anode at fast cycling rates, whereas a higher Si content was optimal at slower rates of charge and discharge. Using ex-situ electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping, the composition of the material is shown to be transient in nature, transforming from a heterostructure to a Si-Ge alloy as a consequence of repeated lithiation and delithiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadhg Kennedy
- †Materials and Surface Science Institute, and ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Michael Bezuidenhout
- †Materials and Surface Science Institute, and ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kumaranand Palaniappan
- †Materials and Surface Science Institute, and ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Killian Stokes
- †Materials and Surface Science Institute, and ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Michael Brandon
- †Materials and Surface Science Institute, and ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- †Materials and Surface Science Institute, and ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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27
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Sher Shah MSA, Muhammad S, Park JH, Yoon WS, Yoo PJ. Incorporation of PEDOT:PSS into SnO2/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite anodes for lithium-ion batteries to achieve ultra-high capacity and cyclic stability. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra15913f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A conducting polymer matrix of PEDOT:PSS is incorporated into SnO2/reduced graphene oxide composite for increasing the stability of lithium-ion battery anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shoaib Muhammad
- Department of Energy Science
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon 440-746
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyeok Park
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon 440-746
- Republic of Korea
- Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology
| | - Won-Sub Yoon
- Department of Energy Science
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon 440-746
- Republic of Korea
| | - Pil J. Yoo
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon 440-746
- Republic of Korea
- Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology
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28
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Wang H, Wu P, Qu M, Si L, Tang Y, Zhou Y, Lu T. Highly Reversible and Fast Lithium Storage in Graphene-Wrapped SiO2Nanotube Network. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Gu M, Yang H, Perea DE, Zhang JG, Zhang S, Wang CM. Bending-induced symmetry breaking of lithiation in germanium nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:4622-4627. [PMID: 25025296 DOI: 10.1021/nl501680w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
From signal transduction of living cells to oxidation and corrosion of metals, mechanical stress intimately couples with chemical reactions, regulating these biological and physiochemical processes. The coupled effect is particularly evident in the electrochemical lithiation/delithiation cycling of high-capacity electrodes, such as silicon (Si), where on the one hand lithiation-generated stress mediates lithiation kinetics and on the other the electrochemical reaction rate regulates stress generation and mechanical failure of the electrodes. Here we report for the first time the evidence on the controlled lithiation in germanium nanowires (GeNWs) through external bending. Contrary to the symmetric core-shell lithiation in free-standing GeNWs, we show bending the GeNWs breaks the lithiation symmetry, speeding up lithaition at the tensile side while slowing down at the compressive side of the GeNWs. The bending-induced symmetry breaking of lithiation in GeNWs is further corroborated by chemomechanical modeling. In the light of the coupled effect between lithiation kinetics and mechanical stress in the electrochemical cycling, our findings shed light on strain/stress engineering of durable high-rate electrodes and energy harvesting through mechanical motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Gu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory and §Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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