1
|
Ren QF, Zhang RZ, Li XH, Cui HL. Regulating the electronic properties, quantum capacitance and photocatalytic activity of Sc 2CO 2 based on Y doping and strain. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:23201-23212. [PMID: 39189839 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01879f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
The doping of transition metals can effectively modulate the electronic structures and enhance the photocatalytic activity of MXenes. The electronic and photocatalytic properties, as well as the quantum capacitance of Sc2CO2-Y under biaxial strain, were studied by density functional theory. Sc2CO2-Y is a direct semiconductor and keeps its semiconductor character under strain. Sc2CO2-Y under tensile strain has higher photocatalytic activity than under compressive strain. In particular, Sc2CO2-Y at 2% strain has the slowest recombination rate of electrons and holes because of the largest . Sc2CO2-Y under strain is a potential cathode material. Its large potential keeps the character of cathode materials for Sc2CO2-Y under strain. Sc2CO2-Y under tensile strain has better conductivity, especially under 5% strain, due to having the largest Re (ε0). Sc2CO2-Y under strain can perform the HER, but fails to perform the OER at pH = 0, and tensile strain increases the reduction capacity of Sc2CO2-Y. Under strains from -2% to 2%, Sc2CO2-Y can perform the OER in an alkaline environment. Sc2CO2-Y is a good CO2 photocatalyst in acidic environments; the increase of pH value weakens the N2 reducing capacity of Sc2CO2-Y under strain. Its work function, charge transfer and optical properties are also explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Feng Ren
- College of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China.
| | - Rui-Zhou Zhang
- College of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China.
| | - Xiao-Hong Li
- College of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China.
- Provincial and Ministerial Co-construction of Collaborative Innovation Center for Non-Ferrous Metal New Materials and Advanced Processing Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Longmen Laboratory, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Hong-Ling Cui
- College of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li W, Yang S, Chen W, Yang J, Yu H, Lv R, Fu M. Free-standing and flexible polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate-polypyrrole electrodes based on interpenetrating network hydrogels. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 664:299-308. [PMID: 38479266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Flexible supercapacitors (FSCs) have attracted much attention due to their strong mechanical flexibility, wearability and portability, which greatly rely on the employed flexible electrodes. The conductive polymer hydrogels with excellent flexibility, processability and capacitive performance are one of the most promising candidates, which are still limited by their poor mechanical properties. Constructing robust interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) is an effective approach to promote their mechanical properties. Herein, interpenetrating polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-sodium alginate (SA)-polypyrrole (PPy) hydrogels are prepared by the freeze-thaw and in-situ polymerization method. The IPN structure composed of PVA and SA not only enhances the mechanical properties of hydrogels, but also provides substantial active sites for electrochemical reactions. Moreover, the hydrogen-bonding interaction between different components in the PVA-SA-PPy hydrogel boosts the charge/ion transfer. The optimal PVA-SA-PPy hydrogels show an elongation at break of 380 %, a tensile strength of 1.5 MPa, and a specific capacitance of 2646 mF cm-2 at 2 mA cm-2. The symmetric PVA-SA-PPy FSCs show an energy density of 96.7 μWh cm-2 at a power density of 999.9 μW cm-2, and the capacitance retention is 66.3 % after 10,000 cycles. These exceptional mechanical and electrochemical properties make the PVA-SA-PPy hydrogels a promising candidate for FSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Li
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Siyuan Yang
- College of Energy Storage Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Hao Yu
- College of Energy Storage Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Ruitao Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Min Fu
- College of Energy Storage Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li W, Chen W, Ma L, Yang J, Gao M, Wang K, Yu H, Lv R, Fu M. Robust double-network polyvinyl alcohol-polypyrrole hydrogels as high-performance electrodes for flexible supercapacitors. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 652:540-548. [PMID: 37607416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.08.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The growing demands of flexible and wearable electronic devices boost the rapid development of flexible supercapacitors (FSCs). Conductive hydrogels are considered to be one type of promising electrode materials for FSCs due to their good processability and electrochemical properties. However, the poor mechanical properties of conductive hydrogels hinder their practical applications. Building robust cross-linked network structures is a feasible way to enhance their mechanical properties. Herein, the double-network polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-polypyrrole (PPy) conductive hydrogels are synthesized by the freeze-thaw and in-situ polymerization method. The double-network structure not only enhances mechanical properties of the hydrogels, but also promotes their electrolyte ion transport. The maximum elongation at break of the optimized PVA-PPy hydrogels can reach 156.4%, and the specific capacitance is 1718.7 mF cm-2 at 0.5 mA cm-2. Furthermore, the energy densities of the symmetrical PVA-PPy FSCs are 46.7 and 13.3 μWh cm-2 at power densities of 200.0 and 2000.0 μW cm-2. Such excellent electrochemical performances and mechanical properties make the synthesized PVA-PPy hydrogels a promising candidate for FSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Li
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.
| | - Linzheng Ma
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.
| | - Meng Gao
- College of Energy Storage Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Kunhua Wang
- College of Energy Storage Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Hao Yu
- College of Energy Storage Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Ruitao Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Min Fu
- College of Energy Storage Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pérez-Torres A, González-Hernández M, Ortiz P, Cortés MT. Statistical Study of the Influence of Electrosynthesis Conditions on the Capacitance of Polypyrrole. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:15580-15595. [PMID: 35571838 PMCID: PMC9096924 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polypyrrole (PPy) is a promising material for the fabrication of flexible energy storage devices and much research has been published. However, no statistical tools have been used to relate PPy synthesis conditions to its energy storage performance, considering not only the main synthesis factors but also their interactions. In this work, we use a factorial design of experiments to evaluate the influence of two electropolymerization methods and three synthesis parameters on the energy storage capacity of PPy coatings. The polymers were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical tests showed that ClO4 --doped PPy exhibits higher capacitances than p-toluenesulfonate (pTS)-doped PPy, with a maximum capacitance of 353.75 ± 1.6 F g-1 at 1 A g-1. However, the pTS-doped PPy had better cycling stability, losing only 10% of its original energy storage capability after 5000 charge-discharge cycles at 1 A g-1. The best energy densities and power densities were 49.1 ± 0.2 Wh kg-1 and 2297 ± 15 W kg-1 (ClO4 --doped PPy) and 47.8 ± 1.5 Wh kg-1 and 2191 ± 91 W kg-1 (pTS-doped PPy), respectively, which indicates that through statistical tools, the optimal synthesis conditions are refined to take advantage of the energy storage properties of this polymer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pablo Ortiz
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de
los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - María T. Cortés
- Department
of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Patterson N, Ignaszak A. Thin carbon–polypyrrole composite materials for supercapacitor electrodes by novel bipolar electrochemical setup. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Patterson
- Department of Chemistry University of New Brunswick (UNB) Fredericton New Brunswick Canada
| | - Anna Ignaszak
- Department of Chemistry University of New Brunswick (UNB) Fredericton New Brunswick Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Delbecq F, Kondo T, Sugai S, Bodelet M, Mathon A, Paris J, Sirkia L, Lefebvre C, Jeux V. A study for the production of a polysaccharide based hydrogel ink composites as binder for modification of carbon paper electrodes covered with PEDOT:PSS. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
7
|
Von Tumacder D, Morávková Z, Minisy IM, Hromádková J, Bober P. Electropolymerized polypyrrole/safranin-O films: Capacitance enhancement. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
8
|
Tham GX, Subrata A, Fisher AC, Webster RD. Properties of electrochemically copolymerized aniline and melamine on functionalized multiwalled‐carbon nanotube film electrodes. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guo Xiong Tham
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
- Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Arnold Subrata
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
| | - Adrian C. Fisher
- Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore Singapore Singapore
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Richard D. Webster
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
- Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore Singapore Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang M, Nautiyal A, Du H, Li J, Liu Z, Zhang X, Wang R. Polypyrrole film based flexible supercapacitor: mechanistic insight into influence of acid dopants on electrochemical performance. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
10
|
Facile, Scalable, Eco-Friendly Fabrication of High-Performance Flexible All-Solid-State Supercapacitors. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10111247. [PMID: 30961172 PMCID: PMC6401692 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly porous freestanding supercapacitor electrode has been fabricated through a simple, inexpensive, bulk-scalable, and environmentally friendly method, without using any extra current collector, binder, or conducting additive. Benefiting from its unique micro-tubular hollow structure with a thin cell wall and large lumen, kapok fiber (KF) was used herein as a low-cost template for the successive growth of polypyrrole (PPy) through in situ chemical polymerization. This PPy-coated KF (KF@PPy) was blended with functionalized carbon nanotubes (f-CNTs) to form freestanding conductive films (KF@PPy/f-CNT) through a simple dispersion and filtration method. The hybrid film featuring the optimal composition exhibited an outstanding areal capacitance of 1289 mF cm−2 at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1. Moreover, an assembled all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitor featuring a PVA/H2SO4 gel electrolyte exhibited not only areal capacitances as high as 258 mF cm−2 (at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1) but also excellent cycling stability (97.4% of the initial capacitance after 2500 cycles). Therefore, this efficient, low-cost, scalable green synthesis strategy appears to be a facile and sustainable way of fabricating high-performance flexible supercapacitors incorporating a renewable cellulose material.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhou H, Zhai HJ, Zhi X. Enhanced electrochemical performances of polypyrrole/carboxyl graphene/carbon nanotubes ternary composite for supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
12
|
Zhou Q, Chang J, Jiang Y, Wei T, Sheng L, Fan Z. Fast charge rate supercapacitors based on nitrogen-doped aligned carbon nanosheet networks. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.08.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
13
|
Jian X, Yang HM, Li JG, Zhang EH, Cao LL, Liang ZH. Flexible all-solid-state high-performance supercapacitor based on electrochemically synthesized carbon quantum dots/polypyrrole composite electrode. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
14
|
Lu W, Liu M, Miao L, Zhu D, Wang X, Duan H, Wang Z, Li L, Xu Z, Gan L, Chen L. Nitrogen-containing ultramicroporous carbon nanospheres for high performance supercapacitor electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.04.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
15
|
Zhou H, Han G. One-step fabrication of heterogeneous conducting polymers-coated graphene oxide/carbon nanotubes composite films for high-performance supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
16
|
Shen L, Sun P, Zhao C, Tan S, Mai W. Tailorable pseudocapacitors for energy storage clothes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11733c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
All-solid-state tailorable supercapacitors based on flexible carbon nanotube (CNT)–polymer and CNT–metal oxide hybrid electrodes are successfully demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liuxue Shen
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Peng Sun
- Siyuan Laboratory
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials
- Department of Physics
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou
| | - Chuanxi Zhao
- Siyuan Laboratory
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials
- Department of Physics
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou
| | - Shaozao Tan
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Wenjie Mai
- Siyuan Laboratory
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials
- Department of Physics
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Su N. Improving Electrical Conductivity, Thermal Stability, and Solubility of Polyaniline-Polypyrrole Nanocomposite by Doping with Anionic Spherical Polyelectrolyte Brushes. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2015; 10:997. [PMID: 26209298 PMCID: PMC4514728 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-0997-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which anionic spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (ASPB) as dopant improved the performance of polyaniline-polypyrrole (PANI-PPy) nanocomposite was investigated. Different characterization and analytical methods including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that ASPB serving as dopant could improve the comprehensive properties of PANI-PPy nanocomposite. It was different from dopants such as SiO2, poly(sodium-p-styrenesulfonate) (PSS), and canonic spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (CSPB) which only enhanced the performance of PANI-PPy nanocomposite on one or two sides. The electrical conductivity of (PANI-PPy)/ASPB nanocomposite at room temperature was 8.3 S/cm, which was higher than that of PANI-PPy (2.1 S/cm), (PANI-PPy)/PSS (6.8 S/cm), (PANI-PPy)/SiO2 (7.2 S/cm), and (PANI-PPy)/CSPB (2.2 S/cm). Meanwhile, (PANI-PPy)/ASPB nanocomposite possessed enhanced thermal stability and good solubility. In addition, the effects of polymerization temperature, the molecular weight of grafted polyelectrolyte brushes, and storage time on electrical conductivity were discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Su
- School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Shanghai Publishing and Printing College, Shanghai, 200093, China,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
High Specific Capacitance of Polyaniline/Mesoporous Manganese Dioxide Composite Using KI-H2SO4 Electrolyte. Polymers (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/polym7101491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
19
|
Wang Y, Wei H, Lu Y, Wei S, Wujcik EK, Guo Z. Multifunctional Carbon Nanostructures for Advanced Energy Storage Applications. NANOMATERIALS 2015; 5:755-777. [PMID: 28347034 PMCID: PMC5312914 DOI: 10.3390/nano5020755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanostructures-including graphene, fullerenes, etc.-have found applications in a number of areas synergistically with a number of other materials. These multifunctional carbon nanostructures have recently attracted tremendous interest for energy storage applications due to their large aspect ratios, specific surface areas, and electrical conductivity. This succinct review aims to report on the recent advances in energy storage applications involving these multifunctional carbon nanostructures. The advanced design and testing of multifunctional carbon nanostructures for energy storage applications-specifically, electrochemical capacitors, lithium ion batteries, and fuel cells-are emphasized with comprehensive examples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Wang
- Integrated Composites Laboratory (ICL), Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37976, USA.
| | - Huige Wei
- Integrated Composites Laboratory (ICL), Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37976, USA.
| | - Yang Lu
- Materials Engineering and Nanosensor Laboratory (MEAN), Dan F. Smith Department of Chemical Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77710, USA.
| | - Suying Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77710, USA.
| | - Evan K Wujcik
- Materials Engineering and Nanosensor Laboratory (MEAN), Dan F. Smith Department of Chemical Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77710, USA.
| | - Zhanhu Guo
- Integrated Composites Laboratory (ICL), Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37976, USA.
| |
Collapse
|