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Black AP, Sorrentino A, Fauth F, Yousef I, Simonelli L, Frontera C, Ponrouch A, Tonti D, Palacín MR. Synchrotron radiation based operando characterization of battery materials. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1641-1665. [PMID: 36819848 PMCID: PMC9931056 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04397a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation based techniques are powerful tools for battery research and allow probing a wide range of length scales, with different depth sensitivities and spatial/temporal resolutions. Operando experiments enable characterization during functioning of the cell and are thus a precious tool to elucidate the reaction mechanisms taking place. In this perspective, the current state of the art for the most relevant techniques (scattering, spectroscopy, and imaging) is discussed together with the bottlenecks to address, either specific for application in the battery field or more generic. The former includes the improvement of cell designs, multi-modal characterization and development of protocols for automated or at least semi-automated data analysis to quickly process the huge amount of data resulting from operando experiments. Given the recent evolution in these areas, accelerated progress is expected in the years to come, which should in turn foster battery performance improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P Black
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
| | - Andrea Sorrentino
- CELLS - ALBA Synchrotron 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain
| | - François Fauth
- CELLS - ALBA Synchrotron 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain
| | - Ibraheem Yousef
- CELLS - ALBA Synchrotron 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain
| | - Laura Simonelli
- CELLS - ALBA Synchrotron 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain
| | - Carlos Frontera
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
| | - Alexandre Ponrouch
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
| | - Dino Tonti
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
| | - M Rosa Palacín
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
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2
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Kitta M, Yoshii K, Murai K, Sano H. Optical Study of the Surface Film Formed during Li-Metal Deposition and Dissolution Investigated by Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:28370-28377. [PMID: 35679602 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The features of the electrode surface film during Li-metal deposition and dissolution cycles are essential for understanding the mechanism of the negative electrode reaction in Li-metal battery cells. The physical and chemical property changes of the interface during the initial stages of the reaction should be investigated under operando conditions. In this study, we focused on the changes in the optical properties of the electrode surface film of the negative electrode of a Li-metal battery. Cu-based electrochemical surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (EC-SPR) was applied because of its high sensitivity to optical phenomena on the electrode surface and its stability against Li-metal deposition. The feature of SPR reflectance dip depends on the optical properties of the electrode surface; namely, the wavelength and depth of the reflectance dip directly connected the refractive index and extinction coefficient (color of electrode surface film), which was confirmed by reflectance simulation. In the operando EC-SPR experiment, various changes in optical properties were clearly observed during the cycles. In particular, the change in the extinction coefficient was more remarkable at the second process than the first process of Li-metal deposition. By electrochemical quartz-crystal microbalance (EQCM) measurements, surface film formation was confirmed during the first Li-metal deposition process. The remarkable change in the extinction coefficient is based on the color change of the surface film, which is caused by the chemical condition change during Li-metal deposition cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Kitta
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy, Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yoshii
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy, Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Kensuke Murai
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Hikaru Sano
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy, Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
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3
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Shadike Z, Tan S, Lin R, Cao X, Hu E, Yang XQ. Engineering and characterization of interphases for lithium metal anodes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1547-1568. [PMID: 35282617 PMCID: PMC8826631 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06181j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithium metal is a very promising anode material for achieving high energy density for next generation battery systems due to its low redox potential and high theoretical specific capacity of 3860 mA h g-1. However, dendrite formation and low coulombic efficiency during cycling greatly hindered its practical applications. The formation of a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the lithium metal anode (LMA) holds the key to resolving these problems. A lot of techniques such as electrolyte modification, electrolyte additive introduction, and artificial SEI layer coating have been developed to form a stable SEI with capability to facilitate fast Li+ transportation and to suppress Li dendrite formation and undesired side reactions. It is well accepted that the chemical and physical properties of the SEI on the LMA are closely related to the kinetics of Li+ transport across the electrolyte-electrode interface and Li deposition behavior, which in turn affect the overall performance of the cell. Unfortunately, the chemical and structural complexity of the SEI makes it the least understood component of the battery cell. Recently various advanced in situ and ex situ characterization techniques have been developed to study the SEI and the results are quite interesting. Therefore, an overview about these new findings and development of SEI engineering and characterization is quite valuable to the battery research community. In this perspective, different strategies of SEI engineering are summarized, including electrolyte modification, electrolyte additive application, and artificial SEI construction. In addition, various advanced characterization techniques for investigating the SEI formation mechanism are discussed, including in situ visualization of the lithium deposition behavior, the quantification of inactive lithium, and using X-rays, neutrons and electrons as probing beams for both imaging and spectroscopy techniques with typical examples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sha Tan
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY USA
| | - Ruoqian Lin
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY USA
| | - Xia Cao
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA USA
| | - Enyuan Hu
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY USA
| | - Xiao-Qing Yang
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY USA
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4
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Velesco-Velez JJ, Bernsmeier D, Jones T, Zeller P, Carbonio EA, Chuang CH, Falling L, Streibel V, Mom R, Hammud A, Haevecker M, Arrigo R, Stotz E, Lunkenbein T, Knop-Gericke A, Kraehnert R, Schlögl R. The rise of the electrochemical NAPXPS operated in the soft X-ray regime exemplified in the oxygen evolution reaction on IrOx electrocatalysts. Faraday Discuss 2022; 236:103-125. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00114k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoelectron spectroscopy offers detailed information about of the electronic structure and chemical composition of surfaces owing to the short distance that the photoelectrons can escape from a dense medium. Unfortunately,...
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5
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Flavell W. Spiers Memorial Lecture: Prospects for photoelectron spectroscopy. Faraday Discuss 2022; 236:9-57. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00071g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An overview is presented of recent advances in photoelectron spectroscopy, focussing on advances in in situ and time-resolved measurements, and in extending the sampling depth of the technique. The future...
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6
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Velasco-Vélez JJ, Carbonio EA, Chuang CH, Hsu CJ, Lee JF, Arrigo R, Hävecker M, Wang R, Plodinec M, Wang FR, Centeno A, Zurutuza A, Falling LJ, Mom RV, Hofmann S, Schlögl R, Knop-Gericke A, Jones TE. Surface Electron-Hole Rich Species Active in the Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12524-12534. [PMID: 34355571 PMCID: PMC8397309 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Iridium and ruthenium and their oxides/hydroxides are the best
candidates for the oxygen evolution reaction under harsh acidic conditions
owing to the low overpotentials observed for Ru- and Ir-based anodes
and the high corrosion resistance of Ir-oxides. Herein, by means of
cutting edge operando surface and bulk sensitive
X-ray spectroscopy techniques, specifically designed electrode nanofabrication
and ab initio DFT calculations, we were able to reveal
the electronic structure of the active IrOx centers (i.e., oxidation state) during electrocatalytic oxidation
of water in the surface and bulk of high-performance Ir-based catalysts.
We found the oxygen evolution reaction is controlled by the formation
of empty Ir 5d states in the surface ascribed to the formation of
formally IrV species leading to the appearance of electron-deficient
oxygen species bound to single iridium atoms (μ1-O
and μ1-OH) that are responsible for water activation
and oxidation. Oxygen bound to three iridium centers (μ3-O) remains the dominant species in the bulk but do not participate
directly in the electrocatalytic reaction, suggesting bulk oxidation
is limited. In addition a high coverage of a μ1-OO
(peroxo) species during the OER is excluded. Moreover, we provide
the first photoelectron spectroscopic evidence in bulk electrolyte
that the higher surface-to-bulk ratio in thinner electrodes enhances
the material usage involving the precipitation of a significant part
of the electrode surface and near-surface active species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Jesús Velasco-Vélez
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany.,Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Emilia A Carbonio
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195, Germany.,Helmholtz-Center Berlin for Materials and Energy, BESSY II, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Cheng-Hao Chuang
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Jhih Hsu
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Fu Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Rosa Arrigo
- School of Sciences, University of Salford, Environment and Life, Cockcroft building, M5 4WT, Manchester, U.K
| | - Michael Hävecker
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany.,Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Ruizhi Wang
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Milivoj Plodinec
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195, Germany.,Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Feng Ryan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Placa, London WC1E7JE, U.K
| | | | | | - Lorenz J Falling
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Rik Valentijn Mom
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Stephan Hofmann
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany.,Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Axel Knop-Gericke
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany.,Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Travis E Jones
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195, Germany
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7
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Kitta M, Murai K, Yoshii K, Sano H. Electrochemical Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy for Investigation of the Initial Process of Lithium Metal Deposition. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11160-11170. [PMID: 34260226 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The initial process of Li-metal electrodeposition on the negative electrode surface determines the charging performance of Li-metal secondary batteries. However, minute depositions or the early processes of nucleation and growth of Li metal are generally difficult to detect under operando conditions. In this study, we propose an optical diagnostic approach to address these challenges. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy coupled with electrochemical operation is a promising technique that enables the ultrasensitive detection of the initial stage of Li-metal electrodeposition. The SPR is excited in a thin copper film deposited on a glass substrate, which also serves as a current collector enabling electrochemical Li-metal deposition. For a propylene carbonate (PC)-based Li-ion battery electrolyte, under both cyclic voltammetry and constant-current operation, Li-metal deposition is readily detected by changes in the SPR absorption dip in the reflectance spectrum. Electrochemical SPR is highly sensitive to metal deposition, with a demonstrated capability of detecting an average thickness of approximately 0.1 nm, corresponding to a few atomic layers of Li. To identify the growth mechanism, the SPR reflectance spectra of various possible Li-metal deposition processes were simulated. Comparison of the simulated spectra with the experimental data found good agreement with the well-known nucleation and growth model for Li-metal deposition from PC-based electrolytes. The demonstrated operando electrochemical SPR measurement should be a valuable tool for basic research on the initial Li-metal deposition process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Kitta
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy, Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Kensuke Murai
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yoshii
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy, Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Hikaru Sano
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy, Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
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8
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Kitta M. In-Operando Detection of the Physical Property Changes of an Interfacial Electrolyte during the Li-Metal Electrode Reaction by Atomic Force Microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:9701-9708. [PMID: 32790312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The physical properties of an interfacial electrolyte near the electrode surface essentially affect the electrochemical behavior of the Li metal negative electrode. Therefore, probing the interfacial electrolyte under in-operando conditions is highly desired to determine the true electrochemical interface and electrode performance. In this study, dissipation recording by force-distance analysis based on atomic force microscopy was applied for the first time to address these challenges and a notable performance was observed during this study. The energy dissipation of the cantilever during the force curve motion is an important indicator to evaluate the conditions of the interfacial electrolyte because the solution drag is based on the physical properties of the electrolyte. In the in-operando electrochemical experiments of the Li metal electrode with a tetraglyme-based electrolyte, the dissipation energy clearly changed corresponding to the charge-discharge reaction. Recording the dissipation based on the force-distance analysis coupled with electrochemical operation improved the understanding of the actual characteristics of the electrochemical interface based on the direct measurement of the physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Kitta
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy, Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
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9
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Schnadt J, Knudsen J, Johansson N. Present and new frontiers in materials research by ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:413003. [PMID: 32438360 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab9565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this topical review we catagorise all ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy publications that have appeared between the 1970s and the end of 2018 according to their scientific field. We find that catalysis, surface science and materials science are predominant, while, for example, electrocatalysis and thin film growth are emerging. All catalysis publications that we could identify are cited, and selected case stories with increasing complexity in terms of surface structure or chemical reaction are discussed. For thin film growth we discuss recent examples from chemical vapour deposition and atomic layer deposition. Finally, we also discuss current frontiers of ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy research, indicating some directions of future development of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schnadt
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan Knudsen
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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10
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Velasco-Velez JJ, Mom RV, Sandoval-Diaz LE, Falling LJ, Chuang CH, Gao D, Jones TE, Zhu Q, Arrigo R, Roldan Cuenya B, Knop-Gericke A, Lunkenbein T, Schlögl R. Revealing the Active Phase of Copper during the Electroreduction of CO 2 in Aqueous Electrolyte by Correlating In Situ X-ray Spectroscopy and In Situ Electron Microscopy. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2020; 5:2106-2111. [PMID: 32551364 PMCID: PMC7296532 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The variation in the morphology and electronic structure of copper during the electroreduction of CO2 into valuable hydrocarbons and alcohols was revealed by combining in situ surface- and bulk-sensitive X-ray spectroscopies with electrochemical scanning electron microscopy. These experiments proved that the electrified interface surface and near-surface are dominated by reduced copper. The selectivity to the formation of the key C-C bond is enhanced at higher cathodic potentials as a consequence of increased copper metallicity. In addition, the reduction of the copper oxide electrode and oxygen loss in the lattice reconstructs the electrode to yield a rougher surface with more uncoordinated sites, which controls the dissociation barrier of water and CO2. Thus, according to these results, copper oxide species can only be stabilized kinetically under CO2 reduction reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Jesus Velasco-Velez
- Department
of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute
for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Rik V. Mom
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Luis-Ernesto Sandoval-Diaz
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Lorenz J. Falling
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Cheng-Hao Chuang
- Department
of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
| | - Dunfeng Gao
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber-Institute
of the Max-Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute
of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Travis E. Jones
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Qingjun Zhu
- Department
of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute
for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Rosa Arrigo
- School of
Science, Engineering and Environment, University
of Salford, 314 Cockcroft
Building, M5 4 WT Manchester, U.K.
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber-Institute
of the Max-Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Knop-Gericke
- Department
of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute
for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Thomas Lunkenbein
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department
of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute
for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195, Germany
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11
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Dumont JH, Spears AJ, Hjelm RP, Hawley M, Maurya S, Li D, Yuan G, Watkins EB, Kim YS. Unusually High Concentration of Alkyl Ammonium Hydroxide in the Cation-Hydroxide-Water Coadsorbed Layer on Pt. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:1825-1831. [PMID: 31820621 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between a catalyst and electrolyte have paramount importance for the performance of electrochemical devices. Here, we present the cation-hydroxide-water coadsorption on the Pt surface by a rotating disk electrode and neutron reflectometry. The rotating disk electrode experiments show that the current density of Pt rapidly dropped at hydrogen oxidation potentials due to tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH)-water coadsorption. Subsequent neutron reflectometry in 0.1 M TMAOD/D2O reveals that the thickness of the coadsorbed layer increased to 18 Å after 10.5 h exposure at 0.1 V vs reverse hydrogen electrode (RHE). The scattering length density analysis revealed that the TMAOD to water ratio in the coadsorbed layer was 4.5, which was significantly higher than the reportedly highest TMAOH concentration in aqueous solution. Finally, we discuss the potential impact of the coadsorbed layer on the performance and durability of alkaline membrane fuel cells, which sheds light on the material design of high-performance alkaline electrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Dumont
- MPA-11: Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - André J Spears
- MPA-11: Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Rex P Hjelm
- National Security Education Center , Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico Consortium , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
- Fuel Cell Research Center , Korea Institute of Energy Research , Daejeon 34129 , Korea
| | - Marilyn Hawley
- National Security Education Center , Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico Consortium , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
- Fuel Cell Research Center , Korea Institute of Energy Research , Daejeon 34129 , Korea
| | - Sandip Maurya
- MPA-11: Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Dongguo Li
- MPA-11: Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Guangcui Yuan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Erik B Watkins
- MPA-11: Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Yu Seung Kim
- MPA-11: Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
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12
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Prabhakaran V, Lang Z, Clotet A, Poblet JM, Johnson GE, Laskin J. Controlling the Activity and Stability of Electrochemical Interfaces Using Atom-by-Atom Metal Substitution of Redox Species. ACS NANO 2019; 13:458-466. [PMID: 30521751 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular-level properties of electrochemically active ions at operating electrode-electrolyte interfaces (EEI) is key to the rational development of high-performance nanostructured surfaces for applications in energy technology. Herein, an electrochemical cell coupled with ion soft landing is employed to examine the effect of "atom-by-atom" metal substitution on the activity and stability of well-defined redox-active anions, PMo xW12- xO403- ( x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, or 12) at nanostructured ionic liquid EEI. A striking observation made by in situ electrochemical measurements and further supported by theoretical calculations is that the substitution of only one to three tungsten atoms by molybdenum atoms in the PW12O403- anions results in a substantial spike in their first reduction potential. Specifically, PMo3W9O403- showed the highest redox activity in both in situ electrochemical measurements and as part of a functional redox supercapacitor device, making it a "super-active redox anion" compared with all other PMo xW12- xO403- species. Electronic structure calculations showed that metal substitution in PMo xW12- xO403- causes the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) to protrude locally, making it the "active site" for reduction of the anion. Several critical factors contribute to the observed trend in redox activity including (i) multiple isomeric structures populated at room temperature, which affect the experimentally determined reduction potential; (ii) substantial decrease of the LUMO energy upon replacement of W atoms with more-electronegative Mo atoms; and (iii) structural relaxation of the reduced species produced after the first reduction step. Our results illustrate a path to achieving superior performance of technologically relevant EEIs in functional nanoscale devices through understanding of the molecular-level electronic properties of specific electroactive species with "atom-by-atom" precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateshkumar Prabhakaran
- Physical Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Zhongling Lang
- Department de Quı́mica Fı́sica Inorgànica , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Marcel·lí Domingo 1 , Tarragona 43007 , Spain
| | - Anna Clotet
- Department de Quı́mica Fı́sica Inorgànica , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Marcel·lí Domingo 1 , Tarragona 43007 , Spain
| | - Josep M Poblet
- Department de Quı́mica Fı́sica Inorgànica , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Marcel·lí Domingo 1 , Tarragona 43007 , Spain
| | - Grant E Johnson
- Physical Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
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Su P, Prabhakaran V, Johnson GE, Laskin J. In Situ Infrared Spectroelectrochemistry for Understanding Structural Transformations of Precisely Defined Ions at Electrochemical Interfaces. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10935-10942. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Su
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | | | - Grant E. Johnson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Avdeev MV, Bodnarchuk VI, Petrenko VI, Gapon IV, Tomchuk OV, Nagorny AV, Ulyanov VA, Bulavin LA, Aksenov VL. Neutron time-of-flight reflectometer GRAINS with horizontal sample plane at the IBR-2 reactor: Possibilities and prospects. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774517060025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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In situ solid-state electrochemistry of mass-selected ions at well-defined electrode-electrolyte interfaces. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:13324-13329. [PMID: 27821731 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1608730113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular-level understanding of electrochemical processes occurring at electrode-electrolyte interfaces (EEIs) is key to the rational development of high-performance and sustainable electrochemical technologies. This article reports the development and application of solid-state in situ thin-film electrochemical cells to explore redox and catalytic processes occurring at well-defined EEIs generated using soft-landing (SL) of mass- and charge-selected cluster ions. In situ cells with excellent mass-transfer properties are fabricated using carefully designed nanoporous ionic liquid membranes. SL enables deposition of pure active species that are not obtainable with other techniques onto electrode surfaces with precise control over charge state, composition, and kinetic energy. SL is, therefore, demonstrated to be a unique tool for studying fundamental processes occurring at EEIs. Using an aprotic cell, the effect of charge state ([Formula: see text]) and the contribution of building blocks of Keggin polyoxometalate (POM) clusters to redox processes are characterized by populating EEIs with POM anions generated by electrospray ionization and gas-phase dissociation. Additionally, a proton-conducting cell has been developed to characterize the oxygen reduction activity of bare Pt clusters (Pt30 ∼1 nm diameter), thus demonstrating the capability of the cell for probing catalytic reactions in controlled gaseous environments. By combining the developed in situ electrochemical cell with ion SL we established a versatile method to characterize the EEI in solid-state redox systems and reactive electrochemistry at precisely defined conditions. This capability will advance the molecular-level understanding of processes occurring at EEIs that are critical to many energy-related technologies.
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