Facilitating effects of the synergy with zero-valent iron and peroxysulfate on the sludge anaerobic fermentation system: Combined biological enzyme, microbial community and fermentation mechanism assessment

This study evaluated a synergetic waste activated sludge treatment strategy with environmentally friendly zero-valent iron nanoparticles (Fe0) and peroxysulfate. To verify the feasibility of the synergistic treatment, Fe0, peroxysulfate, and the mixture of peroxysulfate and Fe0 (synergy treatment) were added to different sludge fermentation systems. The study demonstrated that the synergy treatment fermentation system displayed remarkable hydrolysis performance with 435.50 mg COD/L of protein and 197.67 mg COD/L of polysaccharide, which increased 1.13-2.85 times (protein) and 1.12-1.49 times (polysaccharide) for other three fermentation system. Additionally, the synergy treatment fermentation system (754.52 mg COD/L) exhibited a well acidification performance which was 1.35-41.73 times for other systems (18.08-557.27 mg COD/L). The synergy treatment fermentation system had a facilitating effect on the activity of protease, dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase, which guaranteed the transformation of organic matter. Results also indicated that Comamonas, Soehngenia, Pseudomonas, and Fusibacter were enriched in synergy treatment, which was beneficial to produce SCFAs. The activation of Fe0 on peroxysulfate promoting electron transfer, improving the active groups, and increasing the enrichment of functional microorganisms showed the advanced nature of synergy treatment. These results proved the feasibility of synergy treatment with Fe0 and peroxysulfate to enhance waste activated sludge anaerobic fermentation.

Abnormal energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in depressed adolescents associated with childhood maltreatment: A targeted metabolite analysis

The purpose of this study was to explore the metabolomic differences between Major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy individuals among adolescents and the association between childhood maltreatment (CM) and differentially abundant metabolites. The exploratory study included 40 first-episode drug-naïve adolescents with MDD and 20 healthy volunteers. We used the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-13) to assess the severity of depression and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) to assess the presence of childhood maltreatment. The plasma samples from all participants were collected for targeted metabolomics analysis using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‒MS/MS) methods. Spearman correlation was applied to analyse the correlations between clinical variables and metabolites. We found 11 increased metabolites and 37 decreased metabolites that differed between adolescents with MDD and healthy individuals. Pathway enrichment analysis of differentially abundant metabolites showed abnormalities in energy metabolism and oxidative stress in MDD. Importantly, we found that creatine, valine, isoleucine, glutamic acid and pyroglutamic acid were negatively correlated with the BDI-13, while isocitric acid, fatty acid and acylcarnitine were negatively associated with CTQ, and 4-hydroxyproline was positively related to CTQ in adolescents with MDD. These studies provide new ideas for the pathogenesis and potential treatment of adolescents with MDD.

Preparation, characterization, pharmacokinetics and ulcerative colitis treatment of hyperoside-loaded mixed micelles

At present, ulcerative colitis (UC) has become a global disease due to its high incidence. Hyperoside (HYP) is a naturally occurring flavonoid compound with many pharmacological effects. This study aimed to develop HYP-loaded mixed micelles (HYP-M) to improve oral bioavailability of HYP and to evaluate its therapeutic effect on UC. The prepared HYP-M exhibited stable physical and chemical properties, smaller particle size (PS) (21.48 ± 1.37 nm), good polydispersity index (PDI = 0.178 ± 0.013), negative Zeta potential (ZP) (- 20.00 ± 0.48 mV) and high entrapment rate (EE) (89.59 ± 2.03%). In vitro release and in vivo pharmacokinetic results showed that HYP-M significantly increased the releasing rate of HYP, wherein its oral bioavailability was 4.15 times higher than that of free HYP. In addition, HYP-M was more effective in the treatment of UC than free HYP. In conclusion, HYP-M could serve as a novel approach to improve bioavailability and increase anti-UC activity of HYP.

Preparation, characterisation, and pharmacodynamic study of myricetin pH-sensitive liposomes

AIMS

Myricetin (MYR) was incorporated into pH-sensitive liposomes in order to improve its bioavailability and anti-hyperuricemic activity.

METHODS

The MYR pH-sensitive liposomes (MYR liposomes) were prepared using thin film dispersion method, and assessed by particle size (PS), polydispersed index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), encapsulation efficiency, drug loading, and in vitro release rate. Pharmacokinetics and anti-hyperuricemic activities were also evaluated.

RESULTS

The PS, PDI, ZP, encapsulation efficiency, and drug loading of MYR liposomes were 184.34 ± 1.05 nm, 0.215 ± 0.005, -38.46 ± 0.30 mV, 83.42 ± 1.07%w/w, and 6.20 ± 0.31%w/w, respectively. The release rate of MYR liposomes was higher than free MYR, wherein the cumulative value responded to pH. Besides, the Cmax of MYR liposomes was 4.92 ± 0.20 μg/mL. The level of uric acid in the M-L-H group (200 mg/kg) was reduced by 54.74%w/v in comparison with the model group.

CONCLUSION

MYR liposomes exhibited pH sensitivity and could potentially enhance the oral bioavailability and anti-hyperuricemic efficacy of MYR.

A novel perspective for exploring the relationship between cerebral small vessel disease and deep medullary veins with automatic segmentation

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to establish an intelligent segmentation algorithm to count the number of deep medullary veins (DMVs) and analyze the relationship between DMVs and imaging markers of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD).

METHODS

DMVs on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of patients with CSVD were counted by intelligent segmentation and manual counting. The dice coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to evaluate their consistency and correlation. Structural MR images were used to assess imaging markers and total burden of CSVD. A multivariate linear regression model was used to evaluate the correlation between the number of DMVs counted by intelligent segmentation and imaging markers of CSVD, including white matter hyperintensities of the presumed vascular origin, lacune, perivascular spaces, cerebral microbleeds, and total CSVD burden.

RESULTS

A total of 305 patients with CSVD were enrolled. An intelligent segmentation algorithm was established to calculate the number of DMVs, and it was validated and tested. The number of DMVs counted intelligently significantly correlated with the manual counting method (r = 0.761, P< 0.001). The number of smart-counted DMVs negatively correlated with the imaging markers and total burden of CSVD (P< 0.001), and the correlation remained after adjusting for age and hypertension (P< 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The proposed intelligent segmentation algorithm, which was established to count DMVs, can provide objective and quantitative imaging information for the follow-up of patients with CSVD. DMVs are involved in CSVD pathogenesis and a likely new imaging marker for CSVD.

Isoliquiritigenin Containing PH Sensitive Micelles for Enhanced Anti-Colitis Activity

Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) is known to have a variety of pharmacological activities, but its poor water solubility limits its application. In order to improve the bioavailability of ISL and its anti-colitis activity, this study aims to develop an effective drug delivery system loaded with ISL. In this study, ISL pH-sensitive micelles (ISL-M) were prepared by thin film hydration method. The micellar size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), electrokinetic potential (ζ-potential), drug loading (DL), encapsulation rate (EE) and other physical parameters were characterized. The storage stability of ISL-M was tested, release in vitro and pharmacokinetic studies in rats were performed, and the anti-inflammatory effect of ISL-M on ulcerative colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was evaluated. The results showed that PS, PDI, ZP, EE% and DL% of ISL-M were 151.15±1.04 nm, 0.092±0.014, -31.32±0.721 mV, 93.97±1.53 % and 8.42±0.34 %, respectively. Compared with unformulated ISL (F-ISL), the cumulative release rate of ISL-M in the three different media was significantly increased and showed a certain pH sensitivity. The area under drug curve (AUC0-t) and peak concentration (Cmax) of ISL-M group were 2.94 and 4.06 times higher than those of ISL group. In addition, ISL-M is expected to develop new methods for increasing the bioavailability and anti-inflammatory activity of ISL.

Effects of root-applied biochar on soil nitrogen transformation and root nitrogen metabolism of cucumber seedlings in facility continuous cropping soils

The problem of soil barrier caused by excessive accumulation of nitrogen is common in continuous cropping soil of facility agriculture. To investigate the modulating effects of biochar amendment on soil nitrogen transformation in greenhouse continuous cropping systems, we conducted a pot experiment with two treatments, no biochar addition (CK) and 5% biochar addition (mass ratio). We analyzed the effects of biochar addition on soil microbial community structure, abundances of genes functioning in nitrogen cycling, root growth and nitrogen metabolism-related genes expressions of cucumber seedlings. The results showed that biochar addition significantly increased plant height, root dry mass, total root length, root surface area, and root volume of cucumber seedlings. Rhizosphere environment was improved, which enhanced root nitrogen absorption by inducing the up-regulation of genes expressions related to plant nitrogen metabolism. Biochar addition significantly increased soil microbial biomass nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and nitrite nitrogen contents. The abundances of bacteria that involved in nitrogen metabolism, including Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Rhizobiales (soil nitrogen-fixing bacteria), were also significantly improved in the soil. The abundances of genes functioning in soil nitrification and nitrogen assimilation reduction, and the activities of enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolisms such as hydroxylamine dehydrogenase, nitronate monooxygenase, carbonic anhydrase were increased. In summary, biochar addition improved soil physicochemical properties and microbial community, and affected soil nitrogen cycling through promoting nitrification and nitrogen assimilation. Finally, nitrogen adsorption capacity and growth of cucumber plant was increased.

The prognostic value of LAYN in HPV-related head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and its influence on immune cell infiltration

BACKGROUND

HPV-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) exhibits different characteristics from HPV-negative tumors in terms of tumor development, clinical features, treatment response, and prognosis. Layilin (LAYN), which contains homology with C-type lectins, plays a critical role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. However, the prognostic value of LAYN and the relationship between LAYN and immune infiltration levels in HPV-related HNSCC patients still require a comprehensive understanding. Herein, we aimed to assess the prognostic value of LAYN and to investigate its underlying immunological function in HPV-related HNSCC.

METHODS

Through various bioinformatics methods, we analyzed the data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) databases to explore the potential underlying oncogenic impression of LAYN, including the relevance of LAYN to survival outcomes, clinicopathological factors, immune cell infiltration, and immune marker sets in HPV-related HNSCC. The expression levels of LAYN and HPV were also verified in HNSCC patient tissues.

RESULTS

LAYN was differentially expressed in a variety of tumors. The expression of LAYN in HNSCC was significantly higher than that in adjacent normal tissues (P < 0.0001), and high expression of LAYN was correlated with poor overall survival (OS) in HNSCC patients (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 1.3, P = 0.035). Moreover, LAYN expression level in HPV-positive HNSCC patients was significantly lower than that in HPV-negative patients, with HPV-positive HNSCC patients displaying a trend of favorable prognosis. In addition, the relationship between LAYN expression and immune infiltration levels in HPV-positive HNSCC group was less tightly correlated than that in HPV-negative HNSCC group, and there was a strong relationship between LAYN expression and markers of M2 macrophage (P < 0.001) and exhausted T cells (P < 0.05) in HPV-negative HNSCC. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis suggested that LAYN potentially influenced tumor progression through HPV infection and other cancer-related pathways.

CONCLUSIONS

LAYN might contribute to tumorigenesis via its positive correlation with immune checkpoint molecules and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Our study might provide a novel prognostic biomarker and latent therapeutic target for the treatment of HPV-related HNSCC.

Monochasma savatieri Franch. protects against acute lung injury via α7nAChR-TLR4/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway based on integrated pharmacology analysis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a life-threatening condition with high morbidity and mortality, underscoring the urgent need for novel treatments. Monochasma savatieri Franch. (LRC) is commonly used clinically to treat wind-heat cold, bronchitis, acute pneumonia and acute gastroenteritis. However, its role in the treatment of ALI and its mechanism of action are still unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to demonstrate the pharmacological effects and underlying mechanisms of LRC extract, and provide important therapeutic strategies and theoretical basis for ALI.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, a research paradigm of integrated pharmacology combining histopathological analysis, network pharmacology, metabolomics, and biochemical assays was used to elucidate the mechanisms underlaying the effects of LRC extract on LPS-induced ALI in BALB/c mice.

RESULTS

The research findings demonstrated that LRC extract significantly alleviated pathological damage in lung tissues and inhibited apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells, and the main active components were luteolin, isoacteoside, and aucubin. Lung tissue metabolomic and immunohistochemical methods confirmed that LRC extract could restore metabolic disorders in ALI mice by correcting energy metabolism imbalance, activating cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP), and inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

This study showed that LRC extract inhibited the occurrence and development of ALI inflammation by promoting the synthesis of antioxidant metabolites, balancing energy metabolism, activating CAP and suppressing the α7nAChR-TLR4/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway. In addition, our study provided an innovative research model for exploring the effective ingredients and mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the protective effects of LRC extract in LPS-induced ALI mice.

In vitro drug screening models derived from different PC12 cell lines for exploring Parkinson's disease based on electrochemical signals of catecholamine neurotransmitters

Gold nanostructures and a Nafion modified screen-printed carbon electrode (Nafion/AuNS/SPCE) were developed to assess the cell viability of Parkinson's disease (PD) cell models. The electrochemical measurement of cell viability was reflected by catecholamine neurotransmitter (represented by dopamine) secretion capacity, followed by a traditional tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay for confirmation. Due to the  capacity to synthesize, store, and release catecholamines as well as their unlimited homogeneous proliferation, and ease of manipulation, pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells were used for PD cell modeling. Commercial low-differentiated and highly-differentiated PC12 cells, and home-made nerve growth factor (NGF) induced low-differentiated PC12 cells (NGF-differentiated PC12 cells) were included in the modeling. This approach achieved sensitive and rapid determination of cellular modeling and intervention states. Notably, among the three cell lines, NGF-differentiated PC12 cells displayed the enhanced neurotransmitter secretion level accompanied with attenuated growth rate, incremental dendrites in number and length that were highly resemble with neurons. Therefore, it was selected as the PD-tailorable modeling cell line. In short, the electrochemical sensor can be used to sensitively determine the biological function of neuron-like PC12 cells with negligible destruction and to explore the protective and regenerative impact of various substances on nerve cell model.

Insight into the potentiality of nano zero-valent iron on enhancing the nitrite accumulation and phosphorus removal performance of endogenous partial denitrification systems

Endogenous partial denitrification (EPD) has drawn a lot of interest due to its abundant nitrite (NO2--N) accumulation capacity. However, the poor phosphate (PO43--P) removal rate of EPD restricts its promotion and application. In this study, the potentiality of various nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) concentrations (0, 20, 40, and 80 mg/L) on NO2--N accumulation and PO43--P removal in EPD systems had been investigated. Results showed that nZVI improved NO2--N accumulation and PO43--P removal, with the greatest nitrate-to-nitrite transformation ratio (NTR) and PO43--P removal rate of 97.74 % and 64.76 % respectively at the optimum nZVI level (80 mg/L). Microbial community analysis also proved that nZVI had a remarkable influence on the microbial community of EPD. Candidatus_Competibacter was contribute to NO2--N accumulation which was enriched from 24.74 % to 40.02 %. The enrichment of Thauera, Rhodobacteraceae, Pseudomonas were contributed to PO43--P removal. The chemistry of nZVI not only compensated for the deficiency of biological PO43--P removal, but also enhanced NO2--N enrichment. Therefore, nZVI had the huge potentiality to improve the operational performance of the EPD system.

Rosmarinic Acid Activates the Nrf2/ARE Signaling Pathway via the miR-25-3p/SIRT6 Axis to Inhibit Vascular Remodeling

The vital pathological processes in intimal hyperplasia include aberrant vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation, migration, and phenotypic switching. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a natural phenolic acid compound. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of RA in neointimal hyperplasia is still unclear. Our analysis illustrated that miR-25-3p mimics significantly enhanced PDGF-BB-mediated VSMCs proliferation, migration, and phenotypic switching while RA partially weakened the effect of miR-25-3p. Mechanistically, we found that miR-25-3p directly targets sirtuin (SIRT6). The suppressive effect of the miR-25-3p inhibitor on PDGF-BB-induced VSMCs proliferation, migration, and phenotypic switch was partially eliminated by SIRT6 knockdown. The suppression of the PDGF-BB-stimulated Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway that was activated by the miR-25-3p inhibitor was exacerbated by the SIRT6 knockdown. In in vivo experiments, RA reduced the degree of intimal hyperplasia while miR-25-3p agomir partially reversed the suppressive effect of RA in vascular remodeling. Our results indicate that RA activates the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway via the miR-25-3p/SIRT6 axis to inhibit vascular remodeling.

Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge total saponins ameliorate diabetic cardiomyopathy by modifying the PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α pathway to restore glycolytic metabolism

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) belongs to the category of "Xiaoke disease" according to the symptoms, and "stasis-heat" is the main pathogenesis of DCM. The Chinese medicine Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge (AAB), as a representative of heat-clearing and engendering fluid, is often used clinically in the treatment of DCM. Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge total saponins (RATS) are the main bioactive components of AAB, the modern pharmacologic effects of RATS are anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and cardioprotective. However, the potential protective mechanisms of RATS against DCM remain largely undiscovered.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The primary goal of this study was to explore the effect of RATS on DCM and its mechanism of action.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Streptozotocin and a high-fat diet were used to induce DCM in rats. UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS was used to determine the chemical components of RATS. The degenerative alterations and apoptotic cells in the heart were assessed by HE staining and TUNEL. Network pharmacology was used to anticipate the probable targets and important pathways of RATS. The alterations in metabolites and main metabolic pathways in heart tissue were discovered using 1 H-NMR metabolomics. Ultimately, immunohistochemistry was used to find critical pathway protein expression.

RESULTS

First of all, UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS analysis showed that RATS contained 11 active ingredients. In animal experiments, we found that RATS lowered blood glucose and lipid levels in DCM rats, and alleviated cardiac pathological damage, and decreased cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Furthermore, the study found that RATS effectively reduced inflammatory factor release and the level of oxidative stress. Mechanistically, RATS downregulated the expression levels of PI3K, AKT, HIF-1α, LDHA, and GLUT4 proteins. Additionally, glycolysis was discovered to be a crucial pathway for RATS in the therapy of DCM.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that the protective effect of RATS on DCM may be attributed to the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α pathway and the correction of glycolytic metabolism.

Spring Design of Triboelectric Nanogenerator with MXene-Modified Interface for Fluid Energy Harvesting and Water Level Monitoring

The introduction of two-dimensional materials with high capacitance that are dielectric into the triboelectric interface is critical for the development of a highly efficient triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) due to its excellent electrical conductivity and versatile surface chemistry. This paper reports a spring-structured multilayer TENG (S-TENG), where a Nb2CTx MXene-PVDF composite was chosen as the triboelectric electrode for increasing the dielectric and surface charge density. The intense electrostatic interaction of the strong hydrogen bonds between anions on the MXene surface and hydrogen atoms of PVDF chains not only creates a dipole in responding to the applied electric field but also promotes the formation of a piezoelectric phase and induces a strong interface coupling effect. Consequently, an output power enhancement of 300% was shown in comparison with pure PVDF, and a spring-like design with a multilayer structure further increases the space utilization and contact area and presents an output voltage of 420 V, a current density of 1.47 mA/m2, and a maximal output power density of 619 mW/m2. In addition, the as-prepared S-TENG can serve as both a fluid energy harvester on an urban river and a real-time monitor to realize the automatic alarm of water level warning.

From Body Monitoring to Biomolecular Sensing: Current Progress and Future Perspectives of Triboelectric Nanogenerators in Point-of-Care Diagnostics

In the constantly evolving field of medical diagnostics, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) stand out as a groundbreaking innovation for simultaneously harnessing mechanical energy from micromovements and sensing stimuli from both the human body and the ambient environment. This advancement diminishes the dependence of biosensors on external power sources and paves the way for the application of TENGs in self-powered medical devices, especially in the realm of point-of-care diagnostics. In this review, we delve into the functionality of TENGs in point-of-care diagnostics. First, from the basic principle of how TENGs effectively transform subtle physical movements into electrical energy, thereby promoting the development of self-powered biosensors and medical devices that are particularly advantageous for real-time biological monitoring. Then, the adaptable design of TENGs that facilitate customization to meet individual patient needs is introduced, with a focus on their biocompatibility and safety in medical applications. Our in-depth analysis also covers TENG-based biosensor designs moving toward exceptional sensitivity and specificity in biomarker detection, for accurate and efficient diagnoses. Challenges and future prospects such as the integration of TENGs into wearable and implantable devices are also discussed. We aim for this review to illuminate the burgeoning field of TENG-based intelligent devices for continuous, real-time health monitoring; and to inspire further innovation in this captivating area of research that is in line with patient-centered healthcare.

The association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure and neuropsychiatric manifestations in perimenopausal women: A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Increasing evidence shows that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure may adversely affect human health. However, the links between combined exposure to PAHs and neuropsychiatric manifestations in perimenopausal women remain unclear.

METHODS

To explore these relationships further, we used the data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) of the 2005-2012 cycles. After filtering, five hundred forty-seven perimenopausal women aged 45-55 years were included in our analysis. Eight PAHs metabolites were measured to represent PAHs exposure in the body. In our study, depression, sleep disorders, and frequent mental distress (FMD) were used to describe the neuropsychiatric manifestations. Because of the bivariate correlations among PAHs compounds, principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to achieve the dimension reduction process of PAHs compounds. To figure out if there is a relationship between urinary PAH metabolites and outcomes, multiple logistic regression, restricted cubic splines (RCS), and the Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were used.

RESULTS

The findings showed that urinary PAHs concentrations in a certain range were related to neuropsychiatric manifestations. In detail, the results of logistic regressions, RCS, and BKMR all indicated that urinary PAHs were positively correlated with depression. In addition, the results of principal components regression and RCS showed associations between urinary PAHs and the risk of FMD or sleep disorders, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Exposure to PAHs was linked to neuropsychiatric manifestations in perimenopausal women, but more pertinent researches are required to understand the connections fully.

Anti-aging activities of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. crude polysaccharide in Caenorhabditis elegans based on gut microbiota and metabonomic analysis

Aging is a degenerative progress, accompanied by oxidative damage, metabolic disorders and intestinal flora imbalance. Natural macromolecular polysaccharides have shown excellent anti-aging and antioxidant properties, while maintaining metabolic and intestinal homeostasis. The molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, infrared spectrum and other chemical structure information of four Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharides (RG50, RG70, RG90, RGB) were determined, and their free radical scavenging ability was assessed. Molecular weight and monosaccharide composition analysis exhibited that RG50 (2-72 kDa), RG70 (3.2-37 kDa), RG70 (3-42 kDa), and RGB (3.1-180 kDa) were heteropolysaccharide with significant different monosaccharide species and molar ratios. We found that RG70 had the best antioxidant activity in vitro and RG70 could enhance the antioxidant enzyme system of Caenorhabditis elegans, diminished lipofuscin and reactive oxygen species levels, up-regulate the expression of daf-16, skn-1 and their downstream genes, and down-regulate the expression of age-1. Metabolomics results showed that RG70 mainly influenced glycine, serine and threonine metabolism and citric acid cycle. 16S rRNA sequencing showed that RG70 significantly up-regulated the abundance of Lachnospiraceae_NK4B4_group, which were positively correlated with amino acid metabolism and energy cycling. These results suggest that RG70 may delay aging by enhancing antioxidant effects, affecting probiotics and regulating key metabolic pathways.

Polystyrene size-dependent impacts on microbial decomposers and nutrient cycling in streams

The particle size of plastic is one of the most important factors influencing its ecotoxicity, but we are unclear about the effect of polystyrene (PS) particle size on microbial decomposers and consequent nutrient cycling in streams. Here, using microcosm experiments, we assessed how three PS sizes (50 nm, 1 μm, and 20 μm) influenced the process and consequences of leaf litter decomposition. Under acute exposure to 1 μm and 20 μm PS, fungal biomass significantly decreased, but microbial biomass significantly increased, indicating compensations may work between fungi and other microbial decomposers. After chronic exposure to 50 nm and 1 μm PS, the leaf decomposition rate decreased by 19.27 % and 15.22 %, respectively, due to the reduced microbial enzyme activity, fungal diversity, and dominance of Anguillospora. As a result, the regeneration of nutrients, especially phosphorus, was significantly depressed, which might influence the primary productivity of streams. Therefore, our results suggest that nanoscale PS has a greater impact on microbial activity, thus affecting their functioning in leaf litter decomposition and consequent nutrient cycling. The findings provide a data support for the risk assessment of plastic pollution in freshwater systems.

Direct in situ measurements of electrical properties of solid-electrolyte interphase on lithium metal anodes

The solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) critically governs the performance of rechargeable batteries. An ideal SEI is expected to be electrically insulative to prevent persistently parasitic reactions between the electrode and the electrolyte and ionically conductive to facilitate Faradaic reactions of the electrode. However, the true nature of the electrical properties of the SEI remains hitherto unclear due to the lack of a direct characterization method. Here we use in situ bias transmission electron microscopy to directly measure the electrical properties of SEIs formed on copper and lithium substrates. We reveal that SEIs show a voltage-dependent differential conductance. A higher rate of differential conductance induces a thicker SEI with an intricate topographic feature, leading to an inferior Coulombic efficiency and cycling stability in Li∣∣Cu and Li∣∣LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 cells. Our work provides insight into the targeted design of the SEI with desired characteristics towards better battery performance.

Validity and Cutoff Score of the Autism Mental Status Exam for an Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis in Chinese Children

The Autism Mental Status exam (AMSE) has demonstrated excellent sensitivity and specificity in Western high-risk population with suspected autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the AMSE in a sample of high-risk Chinese children, and to determine the optimal cutoff score of the Chinese version of the AMSE in supporting ASD diagnosis. 66 young children aged from 2 to 11 years with suspected ASD were enrolled in the present study. A diagnosis of ASD or non-ASD was determined by a Best Estimate Diagnosis protocol according to the DSM-5 criteria. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to assess the validity of the AMSE and search for the most effective cutoff score. The ROC curve analysis yields the area under the ROC curve of 0.98 which represents excellent diagnostic accuracy. Findings indicate the optimal cutoff score of the Chinese version of the AMSE was estimated as 6, producing the highest sensitivity of 98% and a specificity of 87%. Preliminary findings of the study suggest the AMSE has promising psychometric properties as an assessment tool for identifying ASD symptoms and supporting diagnostic decision-making in high-risk Chinese children population.

Enhancing Anticancer Efficacy of Formononetin Microspheres via Microfluidic Fabrication

Formononetin is a flavonoid compound with anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its low solubility limits its clinical use. We employed microfluidic technology to prepare formononetin-loaded PLGA-PEGDA microspheres (Degradable polymer PLGA, Crosslinking agent PEGDA), which can encapsulate and release drugs in a controlled manner. We optimized and characterized the microspheres, and evaluated their antitumor effects. The microspheres had uniform size, high drug loading efficiency, high encapsulation efficiency, and stable release for 35 days. They also inhibited the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. The antitumor mechanism involved the induction of reactive oxygen species and modulation of Bcl-2 family proteins. These findings suggested that formononetin-loaded PLGA-PEGDA microspheres, created using microfluidic technology, could be a novel drug delivery system that can overcome the limitations of formononetin and enhance its antitumor activity.

Optimal exercise combinations for patients with diabetes

OBJECTIVES

Exercise is a key way to control the blood glucose, which can improve blood lipids and blood pressure, reduce glycated hemoglobin levels, and increase insulin sensitivity. It is of great significance for maintaining blood glucose homeostasis. This study aims to explore the optimal exercise combinations suitable for diabetic patients, and to provide scientific and effective personalized exercise guidance for diabetic patients.

METHODS

The physical examination data and questionnaire results of were collected from the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University. The study was involved in 3 867 diabetes from January, 2020 to December, 2021. The basic information and living habits were obtained through questionnaires. The fasting blood samples were collected to measure the levels of total cholesterol (TCh), triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and fasting blood glucose. Physical measurements included height, weight, waistline, hipline, and blood pressure. Categorical variables were tested using chi-square tests, and continuous variables were tested using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the relationship between exercise behaviors (frequency, duration, and intensity), years of exercise, diet habits, medicine, and fasting blood glucose. The relationship between different exercise behaviors and various indexes (BMI, blood pressure, blood lipids, blood glucose) was analyzed by multiple rising sun rose plots. The polar thermal diagram showed the relationship of exercise behaviors with the best expected effect.

RESULTS

Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test showed that there were significant differences in other indexes except LDL-C (P=0.681) among groups with different exercise behaviors (all P<0.01). The multiple rising sun rose plots showed that diabetic patients who did moderate to high intensity exercise more than 5 times a week for more than 30 min each time had a healthier BMI, blood lipid levels, blood glucose levels, and blood pressure. Polar thermal diagram showed that low-intensity exercise once or twice a week requires 30 to 60 min or more of exercise to achieve the desired results. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that frequency (β=-0.208, 95% CI -0.356 to -0.059, P=0.006), duration (β=-0.227, 95% CI -0.387 to -0.066, P=0.006), intensity of exercise (β=-0.110, 95% CI -0.218 to -0.002, P=0.046), diet habits (β=0.462, 95% CI 0.295 to 0.556, P<0.001) and medicine (β=-0.520, 95% CI -0.720 to -0.312, P<0.001) were correlated with fasting blood glucose.

CONCLUSIONS

Moderate to high intensity exercise for more than 30 min and 5 times a week is the most beneficial combination for diabetes. Low exercise intensity should be combined with higher exercise frequency and longer exercise time to achieve the desired effect. With the increase of exercise intensity, the relationship between low exercise frequency and long exercise time is weakened.

Localized high-concentration electrolytes get more localized through micelle-like structures

Liquid electrolytes in batteries are typically treated as macroscopically homogeneous ionic transport media despite having a complex chemical composition and atomistic solvation structures, leaving a knowledge gap of the microstructural characteristics. Here, we reveal a unique micelle-like structure in a localized high-concentration electrolyte, in which the solvent acts as a surfactant between an insoluble salt in a diluent. The miscibility of the solvent with the diluent and simultaneous solubility of the salt results in a micelle-like structure with a smeared interface and an increased salt concentration at the centre of the salt-solvent clusters that extends the salt solubility. These intermingling miscibility effects have temperature dependencies, wherein a typical localized high-concentration electrolyte peaks in localized cluster salt concentration near room temperature and is used to form a stable solid-electrolyte interphase on a Li metal anode. These findings serve as a guide to predicting a stable ternary phase diagram and connecting the electrolyte microstructure with electrolyte formulation and formation protocols of solid-electrolyte interphases for enhanced battery cyclability.

Long-term ozone exposure is negatively associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate in Chinese middle-aged and elderly adults

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an inflammatory disease characterized by the deterioration of renal function, which imposes a significant burden on the healthcare system. In the recent decades, the ageing of the population and the increase of ozone pollution have accelerated. However, epidemiological associations between long-term ozone exposure and renal function in susceptible populations are understudied. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association of 1 y ozone exposure with renal function among the older adults in Xiamen City, China. We recruited 6024 eligible participants with a median age of 65.00 years, estimated their ozone exposure data, and collected questionnaires on demographic status and lifestyle factors as well as information on healthcare access. A generalized linear model was used to assess the association. An increase of 10 μg/m3 of 1 y ozone exposure was negatively associated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) [-3.12 (95% CI: -4.76, -1.48)]. The associations were stronger in men, non-smokers, and those with hypertension or T2DM. Clinical indicators of high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and total cholesterol were the main mediators to regulate the ozone-renal function association. Our results suggested that long-term ozone exposure is a potential risk factor for renal function in Chinese middle-aged and elderly adults.

Iron-inhibited autophagy via transcription factor ZFP27 in Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a challenge because of the ageing of the population and the disease's complicated pathogenesis. Accumulating evidence showed that iron and autophagy were involved in PD. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism and role of iron and autophagy in PD are not yet elucidated. In the present study, it was shown that PD mice had significant motor dysfunction, increased iron content, less dopamine neurons and more α-synuclein accumulation in the substantia nigra. Meanwhile, PD mice treated with deferoxamine exhibited less iron content, relieved the dyskinesia and had a significant increase in dopamine neurons and a significant decrease in α-synuclein. Autophagy induced by LC3 was inhibited in PD models with iron treatment. Following verification showed that iron aggregation restrained insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and transcription factor zinc finger protein 27 (ZFP27) in PD models. In addition, LC3-induced autophagy flux was reduced with ZFP27 knockdown. Furthermore, ZFP27 affected autophagy by regulating LC3 promoter activity. These data suggest that iron deposition inhibits IGF2 and ZFP27 to reduce LC3-induced autophagy, and ultimately decrease dopamine neurons, accelerating PD progression. Our findings provide a novel insight that ZFP27-mediated iron-related autophagy and IGF2 may activate the downstream kinase gene to trigger autophagy in the PD model.

Built-In Piezoelectric Nanogenerators Promote Sustainable and Flexible Supercapacitors: A Review

Energy storage devices such as supercapacitors (SCs), if equipped with built-in energy harvesters such as piezoelectric nanogenerators, will continuously power wearable electronics and become important enablers of the future Internet of Things. As wearable gadgets become flexible, energy items that can be fabricated with greater compliance will be crucial, and designing them with sustainable and flexible strategies for future use will be important. In this review, flexible supercapacitors designed with built-in nanogenerators, mainly piezoelectric nanogenerators, are discussed in terms of their operational principles, device configuration, and material selection, with a focus on their application in flexible wearable electronics. While the structural design and materials selection are highlighted, the current shortcomings and challenges in the emerging field of nanogenerators that can be integrated into flexible supercapacitors are also discussed to make wearable devices more comfortable and sustainable. We hope this work may provide references, future directions, and new perspectives for the development of electrochemical power sources that can charge themselves by harvesting mechanical energy from the ambient environment.

[Characteristics of genioglossus neuromuscular activity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea during drug-induced sleep]

Objective: To analyze genioglossus (GG) activation responses to the negative pressure of upper airway cavity during awake and different sleep stages in patients with different obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) graduation. Methods: This prospective cohort study started from August 2019 to January 2021, recruited 42 male OSA patients aged from 21 to 59 (38.77±8.42) years. After completing whole night polysomnography (PSG) and upper airway CT, each subject underwent drug-induced sleep with simultaneous monitoring of genioglossal electromyography (GGEMG) and pressure of epiglottis (Pepi). Subjects were divided into three groups of mild OSA(7 males), moderate OSA(12 males), and severe OSA(23 males). The differences in upper airway CT measurements, parameters of GGEMG and Pepi during awake and induced sleep were compared. Statistical analysis was conducted by SPSS 21.0. Results: There was no significant difference in the GGEMG parameters between the mild and moderate groups. In wakefulness, the peak phasic GGEMG of the severe group was higher than the mild group (t=1.249, P=0.025), with no statistically difference in the corresponding Pepi. In the sleep onset, the GGEMG parameters and Pepi in severe group were higher than the other two groups. Linear regression analysis of the maximum GGEMG and maximum Pepi at the end of obstructive apnea (OA) in all moderate plus severe patients (n=35) was shown nonlinear correlation (r=0.28, P=0.694). The airway length of the glossopharyngeal cavity was linearly correlated with the maximum Pepi of OA (r=0.468, R2=0.219, P=0.005). Conclusions: The individual difference of GG activation in OSA patients is related to the severity of the disease (frequency of respiratory events) and negative pressure stimulation. In moderate and severe OSA patients, GG activity is not in harmony with the corresponding negative pressure stimulation, which may be one of the mechanisms leading to the aggravation of OSA.

Comparison between oral and enteral tube refeeding in hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis

OBJECTIVE

Hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis (HLAP) remains one of the major digestive emergencies with increasing health risks. Oral refeeding tolerant (ORT) and enteral tube feeding tolerant (ETFT) are commonly used for nutritional management in HLAP. However, the differences between ORT and ETFT are yet to be characterized.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This study included consecutive patients admitted to the Ordos Central Hospital between January 2019 and April 2023, with predefined inclusion criteria.

RESULTS

A total of 335 HLAP patients were recruited according to the inclusion criteria. 268 patients were diagnosed with moderately severe acute pancreatitis (MSAP), of which 193 were in the OFT group and 75 in the ETFT group. In the ETFT group, abdominal pain and abdominal distension were significantly higher than that in the OFT group. No significant result was identified in the laboratory data. However, the OFT group showed a higher hospitalization and cost, as well as exocrine insufficiency and newly onset diabetes, than the ETFT group.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the incidence of HLAP retrieved in this study, MSAP is the major type with increasing clinical value. From the nutritional management sense, patients who received OFT showed higher hospitalization and cost, as well as lower exocrine insufficiency and newly onset diabetes.

Identification of Excellent Prognosis IDH Wildtype Glioblastomas Using Genomic and Metabolic Profiling

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

High grade gliomas (HGGs) are aggressive brain tumors with altered cellular metabolism. HGGs can carry mutations in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), conferring distinct biology and improved patient prognosis compared to IDH wildtype (wt) tumors. Using metabolomic analyses of tumor tissue, we previously showed that IDH wt and IDH mutant (IDH mut) tumors have unique metabolomic signatures that correlate with different survival outcomes. Among this cohort of 69 HGG samples, we identified two unique patient tumors that metabolically clustered with IDH mut tumors, but lacked both the IDH mutation and its product 2-hydroxyglutarate. We aimed to discover unique mutations in these two tumors that may impart an IDH mutant-like phenotype in the absence of an IDH1 or IDH2 mutation.

MATERIALS/METHODS

Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed on frozen tumor samples from two patients diagnosed as glioblastoma (GBM), IDH wt via Agilent v5 + IncRNA platform. Alignment to the hg38 genome and variant calling were completed using an accelerated implementation of GATK's BWA and MuTect2 algorithms from Sentieon. Variants were filtered based on supporting reads and variant allele thresholds, with synonymous variants and common SNPs removed. High-confidence variants were further filtered by membership in the four KEGG pathways associated with IDH1 and IDH2. Identified variants were corroborated with metabolomics data from the two unique IDH wt tumors compared with classical GBM IDH wt, oligodendrogliomas IDH mut and astrocytomas IDH mut to identify putative drivers of an IDH mutant-like metabolomic phenotype in these unique IDH wt tumors.

RESULTS

Despite the lack of an IDH mutation, one patient survived 45.6 months and the other patient remains alive at last follow up 64 months post diagnosis, much longer than the 16-18-month median survival typical of patients with GBM IDH wt. WES of outlier IDH wt tumor samples revealed 65 unique mutations in the queried KEGG pathways, of which 34 had a variant allele frequency > = 0.15. These variants were processed in Gprofiler, confirming expected enrichment of the carboxylic acid metabolic biologic process, a functional gene set consisting of TCA genes, among these variants (p = 0.002, 3.6-fold enrichment). Accordingly, metabolite levels of intermediates of the TCA cycle, including malate and isocitrate were decreased in the outlier tumor samples compared to classic GBMs IDH wt (p<0.001). Presence of genetic alterations in key variants of the carboxylic acid metabolic biologic process (including ME1, GYP4F3, PTGIS, PFKL, PSPH, AKR1A1, HK2, NOS1) correlated with improved overall survival among GBM patients in the TCGA (p = 0.04). Laboratory validation of these findings in preclinical GBM models is ongoing.

CONCLUSION

Disruption of the TCA cycle independent of an IDH mutation is associated with favorable survival in GBM. Pharmacologic inhibition of these pathways may be a promising strategy to improve GBM outcomes.

From Triboelectric Nanogenerator to Hybrid Energy Harvesters: A Review on the Integration Strategy toward High Efficiency and Multifunctionality

The rapid development of smart devices and electronic products puts forward higher requirements for power supply components. As a promising solution, hybrid energy harvesters that are based on a triboelectric nanogenerator (HEHTNG) show advantages of both high energy harvesting efficiency and multifunctionality. Aiming to systematically elaborate the latest research progress of a HEHTNG, this review starts by introducing its working principle with a focus on the combination of triboelectric nanogenerators with various other energy harvesters, such as piezoelectric nanogenerators, thermoelectric/pyroelectric nanogenerators, solar cells, and electromagnetic nanogenerators. While the performance improvement and integration strategies of HEHTNG toward environmental energy harvesting are emphasized, the latest applications of HEHTNGs as multifunctional sensors in human health detection are also illustrated. Finally, we discuss the main challenges and prospects of HEHTNGs, hoping that this work can provide a clear direction for the future development of intelligent energy harvesting systems for the Internet of Things.

In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation and anti-colitis activity of esculetin-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier decorated with DSPE-MPEG2000

OBJECTIVE

Encapsulation of esculetin into DSPE-MPEG2000 carrier was performed to improve its water solubility and oral bioavailability, as well as enhance its anti-inflammatory effect on a mouse model of ulcerative colitis that was induced with dextran sulphate sodium (DSS).

METHODS

We determined the in-vitro and in-vivo high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis method of esculetin; Esculetin-loaded nanostructure lipid carrier (Esc-NLC) was prepared using a thin-film dispersion method, wherein a particle size analyser was used to measure the particle size (PS) and zeta potential (ZP) of the Esc-NLC, while a transmission electron microscope (TEM) was employed to observe its morphology. Also, HPLC was used to measure its drug loading (DL), encapsulation efficiency (EE) and the in-vitro release of the preparation, as well as investigate the pharmacokinetic parameters. In addition, its anti-colitis effect was evaluated via histopathological examination of HE-stained sections and detection of the concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1 beta (β), and IL-6 in serum with ELISA kits.

RESULTS

The PS of Esc-NLC was 102.29 ± 0.63 nm with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.08% (with poly-dispersity index-PDI of 0.197 ± 0.023), while the ZP was -15.67 ± 1.39 mV with RSD of 1.24%. Solubility of esculetin was improved coupled with prolonged release time. Its pharmacokinetic parameters were compared with that of free esculetin, wherein the maximum concentration of the drug in plasma was increased by 5.5 times. Of note, bioavailability of the drug was increased by 1.7 times, while the half-life was prolonged by 2.4 times. In the anti-colitis efficacy experiment, the mice in Esc and Esc-NLC groups exhibited significantly reduced levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in their sera comparable to the DSS group. Colon histopathological examination revealed that mice with ulcerative colitis in both Esc and Esc-NLC groups displayed improved inflammation, amid the Esc-NLC groups having the best prophylactic treatment effect.

CONCLUSION

Esc-NLC could ameliorate DSS-induced ulcerative colitis by improving bioavailability, prolonging drug release time and regulating cytokine release. This observation confirmed the potential of Esc-NLC to reduce inflammation in ulcerative colitis, albeit the need for follow-up research to verify the application of this strategy to clinical treatment of ulcerative colitis.

Four-Dimensional Micro/Nanorobots via Laser Photochemical Synthesis towards the Molecular Scale

Miniaturized four-dimensional (4D) micro/nanorobots denote a forerunning technique associated with interdisciplinary applications, such as in embeddable labs-on-chip, metamaterials, tissue engineering, cell manipulation, and tiny robotics. With emerging smart interactive materials, static micro/nanoscale architectures have upgraded to the fourth dimension, evincing time-dependent shape/property mutation. Molecular-level 4D robotics promises complex sensing, self-adaption, transformation, and responsiveness to stimuli for highly valued functionalities. To precisely control 4D behaviors, current-laser-induced photochemical additive manufacturing, such as digital light projection, stereolithography, and two-photon polymerization, is pursuing high-freeform shape-reconfigurable capacities and high-resolution spatiotemporal programming strategies, which challenge multi-field sciences while offering new opportunities. Herein, this review summarizes the recent development of micro/nano 4D laser photochemical manufacturing, incorporating active materials and shape-programming strategies to provide an envisioning of these miniaturized 4D micro/nanorobots. A comparison with other chemical/physical fabricated micro/nanorobots further explains the advantages and potential usage of laser-synthesized micro/nanorobots.

Hearing Loss and Subjective Well-Being Among Older Adults: Mediating Effect of Social Activity and Cognitive Function

OBJECTIVES

To examine the relationship between hearing loss and subjective well-being (SWB) and to investigate the mediating roles of social activity and cognitive function in the link between hearing loss and SWB.

METHODS

An analysis of 11,949 older Chinese adults was conducted from the 2018 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Health Longevity Survey. Multiple linear regression and mediation analysis were conducted.

RESULTS

Hearing loss had a significant negative association with SWB (B = -0.787; 95% CI: -0.961, -0.613). Hearing loss influenced older adults' SWB in the following three ways: first, via the partial mediating effect of social activity (B = -0.021, 95% CI: -0.036, -0.009); second, via the partial mediating effect of cognitive function (B = -0.275, 95% CI: -0.347, -0.252); and third, via the serial mediating effects of social activity and cognitive function (-0.016, 95% CI: -0.021, -0.011).

CONCLUSIONS

Social activity and cognitive function play a serial intermediary role in the relationship between hearing loss and SWB among older Chinese adults.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Multidimensional health and social interventions aimed at improving mental health and social inclusion among adults with hearing loss should be recommended.

Aromatherapy in anxiety, depression, and insomnia: A bibliometric study and visualization analysis

Aromatherapy is a natural treatment method that uses essential oils (EOs) extracted from aromatic plants; EOs and their components exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities, with a special focus on their implementation toward mental disorders, such as anxiety and depression. This study aimed to identify the scientific output and activity related to aromatherapy in anxiety, depression, and insomnia through bibliometric approaches. In this bibliometric study, we utilized CiteSpace and VOSviewer to evaluate the Web of Science Core Collection publications and to build visualizing maps to analyze the research progress on this topic between 2001 and 2021. A total of 1159 original and review articles in English, published in 578 different peer-reviewed journals by 260 authors, were identified. In the recent two decades, there was a steady increase in the number of published articles, especially in the following five years. All publications were distributed among 88 countries/regions. The United States had the most publications, with 188 (16.22%) articles, followed by China [131 (11.30%)], Brazil [110 (9.49%)], and Japan [85 (7.33%)]. Most studies were published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology, and Physiology & Behavior was the most cited journal. Hritcu L was the top published scientist and Gupta SC was the most frequently co-cited. The knowledge base of this field research mainly included the related efficacy of aromatherapy/EOs, application status, and biochemical mechanism. And the keyword co-occurrence analysis revealed that the topics "oxidative stress," "chemical composition," "systematic review," and "sleep quality" were research frontiers. In conclusion, this comprehensive bibliometric study provides an updated perspective on research hotspots of aromatherapy in anxiety or depression and developmental tendencies of natural remedies for mental health. In addition, this study could also provide valuable information for research teams, practitioners, and decision-makers when designing and implementing natural treatment methods for mental health-promoting interventions for individuals with mood disorders.

The identification of sex-specific biomarkers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from elderly individuals with ischemic stroke

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to identify sex-specific biomarkers for ischemic stroke (IS) prophylaxis in elderly individuals.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The GSE22255 dataset for elderly individuals with IS was retrieved from the gene expression omnibus database. Thereafter, gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed, as well as gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Furthermore, protein-protein interactions (PPIs) were explored using the STRING database, and to screen central genes from the Cytoscape PPI network, corresponding to peripheral blood samples from elderly individuals, we used the molecular complex detection plug-in and cytoHubba. Moreover, a Venn diagram was used to visualize the key genes common among elderly women and men with IS. Statistical analysis was also performed, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of the prediction of IS in the elderly.

RESULTS

Compared with the healthy controls, in elderly women with IS, 511 biological process (BP) terms, 16 molecular function (MF) terms, and 34 KEGG terms were significantly enriched, whereas in the elderly men with IS, 681 BP terms, 12 MF terms, and 44 KEGG terms were enriched. The GSEA revealed 99 and 140 significantly enriched gene sets in elderly women and men with IS, respectively. Furthermore, in the PPI network, 10 hub genes for each sex with high specificity and sensitivity were identified using ROC curves.

CONCLUSIONS

Ten genes for each sex with significant differential expression were also identified in individuals with IS. The novel sex-specific gene targets may be promising diagnostic or prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets for IS in the elderly.

Photothermal Therapy Mediated Hybrid Membrane Derived Nano-formulation for Enhanced Cancer Therapy

Emodin is applied as an antitumor drug in many tumor therapies. However, its pharmacology performances are limited due to its low solubility. Herein, we fused erythrocyte and macrophage to form a hybrid membrane (EMHM) and encapsulated emodin to form hybrid membrane-coated nanoparticles. We employed glycyrrhizin to increase the solubility of emodin first and prepared the hybrid membrane nanoparticle-coated emodin and glycyrrhizin (EG@EMHM NPs) which exhibited an average particle size of 170 ± 20 nm and encapsulation efficiency of 98.13 ± 0.67%. The half-inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of EG@EMHM NPs were 1.166 μg/mL, which is half of the free emodin. Based on the photosensitivity of emodin, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) results disclosed that ROS levels of the photodynamic therapy (PDT) section were higher than the normal section (P < 0.05). Compared to the normal section, PDT-mediated EG@EMHM NPs could induce an early stage of apoptosis of B16. The western blot and flow cytometry results verified that PDT-mediated EG@EMHM NPs can significantly improve the solubility of emodin and perform a remarkably antitumor effect on melanoma via BAX and BCL-2 pathway. The application of the combined chemical and PDT therapy could provide an improving target therapy for cutaneous melanoma and also may offer an idea for other insoluble components sources of traditional Chinese medicine. Schematic of EG@EMHM NPs formulation.

[Long-term mortality risk of valvular heart disease adults over 35 years old in Chinese communities]

Objective: To investigate the risk and influencing factors of long-term mortality of valvular heart disease (VHD) adults aged 35 years and over in Chinese communities. Methods: A cohort study was carried out. The data of the subjects who underwent echocardiography were collected from the Chinese Hypertension Survey between 2012 and 2015 and survival outcomes were followed up between 2018 and 2019. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted and compared using log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the influence of VHD on mortality. Results: During an average follow-up time of (4.6±0.9) years, a total of 23 237 participants (10 881 males and 12 356 females) were pooled into the final analysis from 5 eastern, 5 central, and 4 western provinces, cities and autonomous regions in China, with a mean age of (56.9±13.2) years. Among the included participants, 1 004 had VHD (467 males and 537 females), with a mean age was of (68.1±12.6) years. In the Kaplan-Meier analysis, participants with VHD had a significantly increased risk of all-cause mortality (log-rank χ²=351.82, P<0.001) and cardiovascular mortality (log-rank χ²=284.14, P<0.001) compared with those without VHD. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that compared with those without VHD, the participants with rheumatic VHD had a 45% increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR=1.45, 95%CI: 1.12-1.89) and degenerative VHD increased the risk of cardiovascular mortality by 69% (HR=1.69, 95%CI: 1.19-2.38). The risk factors of cardiovascular mortality for VHD were age 55 years and over (55-<75 years: HR=4.93, 95%CI: 1.17-20.85;≥75 years: HR=11.92, 95%CI: 2.85-49.80) and diabetes mellitus (HR=1.71, 95%CI: 1.00-2.93). Conclusions: VHD is a risk factor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality among adults aged 35 years and over. Age 55 years and over and diabetes mellitus are adverse prognostic factors for patients with VHD.

Can titanium dioxide nanoparticles modulate the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on aquatic leaf litter decomposition?

The potential impacts of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) at environmental levels on freshwater ecosystems cannot be ignored due to their frequent release. The most widely used metallic oxide, ZnO NPs and TiO₂ NPs (100 ng L^-1) were applied to explore their single and combined effects on leaf litter decomposition. Although ZnO NPs and TiO₂ NPs alone or in combination increased 22.68%-41.17% of the leaf decomposition rate, they performed different toxic mechanisms in ecological processes. The microbial mass and enzyme activities significantly increased after acute exposure, but significantly decreased after chronic exposure to ZnO NPs. The activity of BG was the most sensitive factor that was decreased by 66.22%, 56.97%, and 39.39% after 21-day exposure to ZnO NPs, TiO₂ NPs, and in combination, respectively. In addition, the analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggested a novel perspective on understanding the promoting mechanism. The promotion effect of ZnO NPs relied on the enhanced decomposition of refractory organics and easily degradable substances due to the contribution of Anguillospora, Pyrenochaetopsis, and Bipolaris. The single exposure to TiO₂ NPs and combined exposure with ZnO NPs promoted microbial mass and hydrolase activities, with the stimulating effect attributed to the enhanced decomposition of soluble substances. Therefore, the results highlight the importance of chemical analysis of decomposed leaves to evaluate the potential threat of metallic NPs to the function of freshwater ecosystems.

From Biochemical Sensor to Wearable Device: The Key Role of the Conductive Polymer in the Triboelectric Nanogenerator

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have revolutionized energy harvesting and active sensing, holding tremendous potential in personalized healthcare, sustainable diagnoses, and green energy applications. In these scenarios, conductive polymers play a vital role in enhancing the performance of both TENG and TENG-based biosensors, enabling the development of flexible, wearable, and highly sensitive diagnostic devices. This review summarizes the impact of conductive polymers on TENG-based sensors, focusing on their contributions to triboelectric properties, sensitivity, detection limits, and wearability. We discuss various strategies for incorporating conductive polymers into TENG-based biosensors, promoting the creation of innovative and customizable devices tailored for specific healthcare applications. Additionally, we consider the potential of integrating TENG-based sensors with energy storage devices, signal conditioning circuits, and wireless communication modules, ultimately leading to the development of advanced, self-powered diagnostic systems. Finally, we outline the challenges and future directions in developing TENGs that integrate conducting polymers for personalized healthcare, emphasizing the need to improve biocompatibility, stability, and device integration for practical applications.

Microfluidic fabricated bisdemethoxycurcumin thermosensitive liposome with enhanced antitumor effect

Bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) is the main active ingredient that is isolated from Zingiberaceae plants, wherein it has excellent anti-tumor effects. However, insolubility in water limits its clinical application. Herein, we reported a microfluidic chip device that can load BDMC into the lipid bilayer to form BDMC thermosensitive liposome (BDMC TSL). The natural active ingredient glycyrrhizin was selected as the surfactant to improve solubility of BDMC. Particles of BDMC TSL had small size, homogenous size distribution, and enhanced cultimulative release in vitro. The anti-tumor effect of BDMC TSL on human hepatocellular carcinomas was investigated via 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method, live/dead staining, and flowcytometry. These results showed that the formulated liposome had a strong cancer cell inhibitory, and presented a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on migration. Further mechanistic studies showed that BDMC TSL combined with mild local hyperthermia could significantly upregulate B cell lymphoma 2 associated X protein levels and decrease B cell lymphoma 2 protein levels, thereby inducing cell apoptosis. The BDMC TSL that was fabricated via microfluidic device were decomposed under mild local hyperthermia, which could beneficially enhance the anti-tumor effect of raw insoluble materials and promote translation of liposome.

The Integration of Triboelectric Nanogenerators and Supercapacitors: The Key Role of Cellular Materials

The growing demand for sustainable and efficient energy harvesting and storage technologies has spurred interest in the integration of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) with supercapacitors (SCs). This combination offers a promising solution for powering Internet of Things (IoT) devices and other low-power applications by utilizing ambient mechanical energy. Cellular materials, featuring unique structural characteristics such as high surface-to-volume ratios, mechanical compliance, and customizable properties, have emerged as essential components in this integration, enabling the improved performance and efficiency of TENG-SC systems. In this paper, we discuss the key role of cellular materials in enhancing TENG-SC systems' performance through their influence on contact area, mechanical compliance, weight, and energy absorption. We highlight the benefits of cellular materials, including increased charge generation, optimized energy conversion efficiency, and adaptability to various mechanical sources. Furthermore, we explore the potential for lightweight, low-cost, and customizable cellular materials to expand the applicability of TENG-SC systems in wearable and portable devices. Finally, we examine the dual effect of cellular materials' damping and energy absorption properties, emphasizing their potential to protect TENGs from damage and increase overall system efficiency. This comprehensive overview of the role of cellular materials in the integration of TENG-SC aims to provide insights into the development of next-generation sustainable energy harvesting and storage solutions for IoT and other low-power applications.

Advances in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death globally and thus imposes heavy economic burden on patients, their families, and society. Furthermore, COPD seriously affects the quality of life of patients. The concept of "overall regulation" of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of COPD.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The objective of this review is to summarize the TCM theories, experimental methods, TCM extracts, active TCM ingredients, and TCM formulas for the treatment of COPD and reveal the effects and mechanisms of TCM treatments on COPD.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This article reviewed literature on TCM-based treatments for COPD reported from 2016 to 2021. Relevant scientific studies were obtained from databases that included PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Web of Science, Google Scholar, The Plant List, ScienceDirect, and SciFinder.

RESULTS

This review summarized TCM-based theory, experimental methods, active ingredients, and potential toxicities, the effects of TCM extracts and formulations, and their mechanisms for the treatment of COPD. Most investigators have used in vivo models of cigarette smoke combined with lipopolysaccharide induction in rats and in vitro models of cigarette smoke extract induction. The active ingredients of TCM used for the treatment of COPD in relevant studies were triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, quinones, glycosides, and alkaloids. TCMs commonly used in the treatment of COPD include antipyretic drugs, tonic medicines, anticough medications, and asthma medications. TCM can treat COPD by suppressing inflammation, reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting apoptosis, and improving airway remodeling.

CONCLUSIONS

This review enriches the theory of COPD treatments based on TCM, established the clinical significance and development prospects of TCM-based COPD treatments, and provided the necessary theoretical support for the further development of TCM resources for the treatment of COPD.

Vitexin loaded mixed polymeric micelles: preparation, optimization, evaluation and anti-osteoporotic effect

Purpose In this regard, we developed vitexin (Vi)-loaded D-ɑ-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate, polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 and sodium cholate mixed micelles (Vi-MMs) mainly for improving oral bioavailability and enhancing anti-osteoporotic effect of Vi. &#xD;Methods Thin layer dispersion method was employed to prepare Vi-MMs, and then the optimal prescription was optimized by the orthogonal design-response surface method, wherein encapsulation efficiency (EE) was used as optimizing index. The physical properties of Vi-MMs such as appearance morphology, particle size, and zeta potential were also characterized. We further analyzed the in-vitro release of Vi and Vi-MMs in three media and investigated the pharmacokinetics of Vi and Vi-MMs in rats. Anti-osteoporotic activity of Vi and Vi-MMs was assessed by establishing a zebrafish osteoporosis model with prednisone.&#xD;Results Drug loading, encapsulation efficiency, particle size and zeta potential of the optimized Vi-MMs were 8.58 ± 0.13%, 93.86 ± 1.79%, 20.41 ± 0.64 nm and -10 ± 0.56 mV, respectively. The optimized Vi-MMs were shaped spherically as exhibited by transmission electron microscopic technique, with evident core shell nano-structure, well dispersed. In all three media, the release rate of Vi-MMs was significantly higher than that of free Vi. The oral bioavailability of Vi-MMs was increased by 5.6-fold compared to free Vi. In addition, alleviation of prednisone induced osteoporosis in zebrafish by Vi-MMs further demonstrated good anti-osteoporotic effect.&#xD.

Intrinsic morphology and spatial distribution of non-structural carbohydrates contribute to drought resistance of two mulberry cultivars

Drought is one of the most adverse environmental stresses limiting plant growth and productivity. However, the underlying mechanisms regarding metabolism of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in source and sink organs are still not fully elucidated in woody trees. Saplings of mulberry cv Zhongshen1 and Wubu were subjected to a 15-day progressive drought stress. NSC levels and gene expression involved in NSC metabolism were investigated in roots and leaves. Growth performance and photosynthesis, leaf stomatal morphology, and other physiological parameters were also analysed. Under well-watered conditions, Wubu had a higher R/S, with higher NSC in leaves than in roots; Zhongshen1 had a lower R/S with higher NSC in roots than leaves. Under drought stress, Zhongshen1 showed decreased productivity and increased proline, abscisic acid, ROS content and activity of antioxidant enzymes, while Wubu sustained comparable productivity and photosynthesis. Interestingly, drought resulted in decreased starch and slightly increased soluble sugars in leaves of Wubu, accompanied by notable downregulation of starch-synthesizing genes and upregulation of starch-degrading genes. Similar patterns in NSC levels and relevant gene expression were also observed in roots of Zhongshen1. Concurrently, soluble sugars decreased and starch was unchanged in roots of Wubu and leaves of Zhongshen1. However, gene expression of starch metabolism in roots of Wubu was unaltered, but in leaves of Zhongshen1 starch metabolism was more activated. These findings revealed that intrinsic R/S and spatial distribution of NSC in roots and leaves concomitantly contribute to drought resistance in mulberry.

Modular Design in Triboelectric Sensors: A Review on the Clinical Applications for Real-Time Diagnosis

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have garnered considerable interest as a promising technology for energy harvesting and stimulus sensing. While TENGs facilitate the generation of electricity from micro-motions, the modular design of TENG-based modular sensing systems (TMSs) also offers significant potential for powering biosensors and other medical devices, thus reducing dependence on external power sources and enabling biological processes to be monitored in real time. Moreover, TENGs can be customised and personalized to address individual patient needs while ensuring biocompatibility and safety, ultimately enhancing the efficiency and security of diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we concentrate on recent advancements in the modular design of TMSs for clinical applications with an emphasis on their potential for personalised real-time diagnosis. We also examine the design and fabrication of TMSs, their sensitivity and specificity, and their capabilities of detecting biomarkers for disease diagnosis and monitoring. Furthermore, we investigate the application of TENGs to energy harvesting and real-time monitoring in wearable and implantable medical devices, underscore the promising prospects of personalised and modular TMSs in advancing real-time diagnosis for clinical applications, and offer insights into the future direction of this burgeoning field.

The applications of 3D printing in wound healing: the external delivery of stem cells and antibiosis

As the global number of chronic wound patients rises, the financial burden and social pressure on patients increase daily. Stem cells have emerged as promising tissue engineering seed cells due to their enriched sources, multidirectional differentiation ability, and high proliferation rate. However, delivering them in vitro for the treatment of skin injury is still challenging. In addition, bacteria from the wound site and the environment can significantly impact wound healing. In the last decade, 3D bioprinting has dramatically enriched cell delivery systems. The produced scaffolds by this technique can be precisely localized within cells and perform antibacterial actions. In this review, we summarized the 3D bioprinting-based external delivery of stem cells and their antibiosis to improve wound healing.

Smart Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Stimulus-Response Materials: From Intelligent Applications to Self-Powered Systems

Smart responsive materials can react to external stimuli via a reversible mechanism and can be directly combined with a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) to deliver various intelligent applications, such as sensors, actuators, robots, artificial muscles, and controlled drug delivery. Not only that, mechanical energy in the reversible response of innovative materials can be scavenged and transformed into decipherable electrical signals. Because of the high dependence of amplitude and frequency on environmental stimuli, self-powered intelligent systems may be thus built and present an immediate response to stress, electrical current, temperature, magnetic field, or even chemical compounds. This review summarizes the recent research progress of smart TENGs based on stimulus-response materials. After briefly introducing the working principle of TENG, we discuss the implementation of smart materials in TENGs with a classification of several sub-groups: shape-memory alloy, piezoelectric materials, magneto-rheological, and electro-rheological materials. While we focus on their design strategy and function collaboration, applications in robots, clinical treatment, and sensors are described in detail to show the versatility and promising future of smart TNEGs. In the end, challenges and outlooks in this field are highlighted, with an aim to promote the integration of varied advanced intelligent technologies into compact, diverse functional packages in a self-powered mode.

Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii combined with hormone therapy for atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, chronic, and recurring inflammatory skin disease. Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii (Mast) Makino (PAF), a traditional Chinese medicine, is primarily used for the clinical treatment of AD. In this study, a 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced AD BALB/c mouse model was established, and a comprehensive pharmacological method was used to determine the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of PAF in the treatment of AD. The results indicated that both PAF gel (PAFG) and PAFG+MF (mometasone furoate) attenuated the severity of AD and reduced the infiltration of eosinophils and mast cells in the skin. Serum metabolomics showed that PAFG combined with MF administration exerted a synergistic effect by remodeling metabolic disorders in mice. In addition, PAFG also alleviated the side effects of thymic atrophy and growth inhibition induced by MF. Network pharmacology predicted that the active ingredients of PAF were flavonoids and exerted therapeutic effects through anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that PAFG inhibited the inflammatory response through the ERβ/HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway. Our results revealed that PAF can be used as a natural-source drug with good development prospects for the clinical treatment of AD.

Biophysical Sensors Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerators

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) can not only collect mechanical energy around or inside the human body and convert it into electricity but also help monitor our body and the world by providing interpretable electrical signals during energy conversion, thus emerging as an innovative medical solution for both daily health monitoring and clinical treatment and bringing great convenience. This review tries to introduce the latest technological progress of TENGs for applications in biophysical sensors, where a TENG functions as a either a sensor or a power source, and in some cases, as both parts of a self-powered sensor system. From this perspective, this review begins from the fundamental working principles and then concisely illustrates the recent progress of TENGs given structural design, surface modification, and materials selection toward output enhancement and medical application flexibility. After this, the medical applications of TENGs in respiratory status, cardiovascular disease, and human rehabilitation are covered in detail, in the form of either textile or implantable parts for pacemakers, nerve stimulators, and nerve prostheses. In addition, the application of TENGs in driving third-party medical treatment systems is introduced. Finally, shortcomings and challenges in TENG-based biophysical sensors are highlighted, aiming to provide deeper insight into TENG-based medical solutions for the development of TENG-based self-powered electronics with higher performance for practical applications.