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Kawawaki T, Negishi Y. Elucidation of the electronic structures of thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters by electrochemical measurements. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15152-15167. [PMID: 37712891 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02005c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters (NCs) with sizes of approximately 2 nm or less have different physical/chemical properties from those of the bulk metals owing to quantum size effects. Metal NCs, which can be size-controlled and heterometal doped at atomic accuracy, are expected to be the next generation of important materials, and new metal NCs are reported regularly. However, compared with conventional materials such as metal complexes and relatively large metal nanoparticles (>2 nm), these metal NCs are still underdeveloped in terms of evaluation and establishment of application methods. Electrochemical measurements are one of the most widely used methods for synthesis, application, and characterisation of metal NCs. This review summarizes the basic knowledge of the electrochemistry and experimental techniques, and provides examples of the reported electronic states of thiolate-protected gold NCs elucidated by electrochemical approaches. It is expected that this review will provide useful information for researchers starting to study metal NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuhisa Kawawaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
- Research Institute for Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
- Research Institute for Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
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2
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Zou X, Kang X, Zhu M. Recent developments in the investigation of driving forces for transforming coinage metal nanoclusters. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5892-5967. [PMID: 37577838 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00876a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters serve as an emerging class of modular nanomaterials. The transformation of metal nanoclusters has been fully reflected in their studies from every aspect, including the structural evolution analysis, physicochemical property regulation, and practical application promotion. In this review, we highlight the driving forces for transforming atomically precise metal nanoclusters and summarize the related transforming principles and fundamentals. Several driving forces for transforming nanoclusters are meticulously reviewed herein: ligand-exchange-induced transformations, metal-exchange-induced transformations, intercluster reactions, photochemical transformations, oxidation/reduction-induced transformations, and other factors (intrinsic instability, pH, temperature, and metal salts) triggering transformations. The exploitation of transforming principles to customize the preparations, structures, physicochemical properties, and practical applications of metal nanoclusters is also disclosed. At the end of this review, we provide our perspectives and highlight the challenges remaining for future research on the transformation of metal nanoclusters. Our intended audience is the broader scientific community interested in metal nanoclusters, and we believe that this review will provide researchers with a comprehensive synthetic toolbox and insights on the research fundamentals needed to realize more cluster-based nanomaterials with customized compositions, structures, and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejuan Zou
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
| | - Xi Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
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3
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Zhang J, Lin X, Yin W, Tang J, Zhang Q, Wang W, Zhu C, Liang D, Liu C. The one-step direct synthesis and structure of Au12Ag27Cu5 nanocluster. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.110146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Omoda T, Takano S, Tsukuda T. Toward Controlling the Electronic Structures of Chemically Modified Superatoms of Gold and Silver. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2001439. [PMID: 32696588 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202001439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise gold/silver clusters protected by organic ligands L, [(Au/Ag)x Ly ]z , have gained increasing interest as building units of functional materials because of their novel photophysical and physicochemical properties. The properties of [(Au/Ag)x Ly ]z are intimately associated with the quantized electronic structures of the metallic cores, which can be viewed as superatoms from the analogy of naked Au/Ag clusters. Thus, establishment of the correlation between the geometric and electronic structures of the superatomic cores is crucial for rational design and improvement of the properties of [(Au/Ag)x Ly ]z . This review article aims to provide a qualitative understanding on how the electronic structures of [(Au/Ag)x Ly ]z are affected by geometric structures of the superatomic cores with a focus on three factors: size, shape, and composition, on the basis of single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. The knowledge accumulated here will constitute a basis for the development of ligand-protected Au/Ag clusters as new artificial elements on a nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Omoda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Takano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto, 615-8520, Japan
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5
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He L, He X, Wang J, Fu C, Liang J. Ag 23Au 2 and Ag 22Au 3: A Model of Cocrystallization in Bimetal Nanoclusters. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:8404-8408. [PMID: 34078071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The field of cocrystalline nanoclusters stabilized by thiolates is in a period of rapid development. However, the types of cocrystallization have been limited to a few reported until now, so it is of great importance to investigate and understand the novel cocrystallographic structures. Herein, we design and synthesize a new type of cocrystallization, [Ag23Au2(2-EBT)18Ag22Au3(2-EBT)18]2-[2(PPh4)]2+, characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Interestingly, both of the cocrystallized nanoclusters show the same outer-shell geometric structure but diffenent cores (Ag11Au2 vs Ag10Au3). The cocrystal lattice exhibits a multilayer structure in which both of the cocrystallized nanoclusters and the counterion assemble in a layer-by-layer model. Meanwhile, the counterion is found to be critical for formation and stabilization of the target cocrystal. In addition, the target cocrystal shows high thermal stability, and this result possibly originates from the electrostatic and weak interactions in the cocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhong He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710048, P. R. China
| | - Xinhai He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710048, P. R. China
| | - Junbo Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710048, P. R. China
| | - Chong Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710048, P. R. China
| | - Junhao Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710048, P. R. China
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6
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Tang L, Kang X, Wang X, Zhang X, Yuan X, Wang S. Dynamic Metal Exchange between a Metalloid Silver Cluster and Silver(I) Thiolate. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:3037-3045. [PMID: 33576224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although a homometallic (isotopic metal) exchange reaction has been reported, the in-depth understanding of the interaction between a metalloid cluster and the homometal (representing the same metal element as the metalloid cluster) thiolate is quite limited, especially at the atomic level. Herein, based on Ag44(SR)30 (where SR represents 4-mercaptobenzoic acid), we report a facile approach for investigating the metalloid cluster-homometal thiolate interaction at the atomic level, i.e., isotopic exchange in the Ag metalloid cluster. Since such a reaction takes no account of the enthalpy change-related heterometal (representing a different metal element) exchange, the intrinsic metalloid cluster-homometal thiolate interaction can be thoroughly investigated. Through analyzing the ESI-MS (electrospray ionization mass spectrometry) and MS/MS (mass/mass spectrometry) results of the reversible conversion between 107Ag44(SR)30 and 109Ag44(SR)30, we observed that all Ag atoms are exchangeable in the Ag44(SR)30 template. In addition, through analyzing the ESI-MS results of the interconversion between 107Ag29(BDT)12(TPP)4 and 109Ag29(BDT)12(TPP)4, we demonstrated that the metal exchange in the Ag29(BDT)12(TPP)4 metalloid cluster should be a shell → kernel metal transfer process. Our results provide new insights into the metalloid cluster reactivity in the homometal thiolate environment, which will guide the future preparation of metalloid clusters with customized structures and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials and Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Xi Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials and Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Xianhui Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Xun Yuan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Shuxin Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
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7
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Zou X, He S, Kang X, Chen S, Yu H, Jin S, Astruc D, Zhu M. New atomically precise M1Ag21 (M = Au/Ag) nanoclusters as excellent oxygen reduction reaction catalysts. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3660-3667. [PMID: 34163640 PMCID: PMC8179487 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05923d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
By introducing 1,1'-bis-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf) as an activating ligand, two novel nanoclusters, M1Ag21 (M = Au/Ag), have been controllably synthesized and structurally characterized. The atomically precise structures of the M1Ag21 nanoclusters were determined by SCXC and further confirmed by ESI-TOF-MS, TGA, XPS, DPV, and FT-IR measurements. The M1Ag21 nanoclusters supported on activated carbon (C) are exploited as efficient oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts in alkaline solutions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations verify that the catalytic activities of the two cluster-based systems originate from the significant ensemble synergy effect between the M13 kernel and dppf ligand in M1Ag21. This work sheds lights on the preparation of cluster-based electrocatalysts and other catalysts that are activated and modified by peripheral ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejuan Zou
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Anhui University, Ministry of Education Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Shuping He
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Anhui University, Ministry of Education Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Xi Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Anhui University, Ministry of Education Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Anhui University, Ministry of Education Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Haizhu Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Anhui University, Ministry of Education Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Shan Jin
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Anhui University, Ministry of Education Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | | | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 P. R. China
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Anhui University, Ministry of Education Hefei 230601 P. R. China
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8
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He L, Dong T. Progress in controlling the synthesis of atomically precise silver nanoclusters. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01217g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This short review was designed to summarize the advances in synthesis methods of silver nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhong He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, 710048, PR China
| | - Tingting Dong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, PR China
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9
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Zhang W, Liu Z, Song K, Aikens CM, Zhang S, Wang Z, Tung C, Sun D. A 34‐Electron Superatom Ag
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Cluster with Regioselective Ternary Ligands Shells and Its 2D Rhombic Superlattice Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen‐Jing Zhang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials Shandong University Ji'nan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Chemistry Kansas State University Manhattan KS 66506 USA
| | - Ke‐Peng Song
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials Shandong University Ji'nan 250100 P. R. China
| | | | - Shan‐Shan Zhang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials Shandong University Ji'nan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials Shandong University Ji'nan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Chen‐Ho Tung
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials Shandong University Ji'nan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Di Sun
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials Shandong University Ji'nan 250100 P. R. China
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10
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Zhang W, Liu Z, Song K, Aikens CM, Zhang S, Wang Z, Tung C, Sun D. A 34‐Electron Superatom Ag
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Cluster with Regioselective Ternary Ligands Shells and Its 2D Rhombic Superlattice Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:4231-4237. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen‐Jing Zhang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials Shandong University Ji'nan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Chemistry Kansas State University Manhattan KS 66506 USA
| | - Ke‐Peng Song
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials Shandong University Ji'nan 250100 P. R. China
| | | | - Shan‐Shan Zhang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials Shandong University Ji'nan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials Shandong University Ji'nan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Chen‐Ho Tung
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials Shandong University Ji'nan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Di Sun
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials Shandong University Ji'nan 250100 P. R. China
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Bose P, Chakraborty P, Mohanty JS, Ray Chowdhuri A, Khatun E, Ahuja T, Mahendranath A, Pradeep T. Atom transfer between precision nanoclusters and polydispersed nanoparticles: a facile route for monodisperse alloy nanoparticles and their superstructures. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:22116-22128. [PMID: 33118573 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Reactions between atomically precise noble metal nanoclusters (NCs) have been studied widely in the recent past, but such processes between NCs and plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) have not been explored earlier. For the first time, we demonstrate spontaneous reactions between an atomically precise NC, Au25(PET)18 (PET = 2-phenylethanethiol), and polydispersed silver NPs with an average diameter of 4 nm and protected with PET, resulting in alloy NPs under ambient conditions. These reactions were specific to the nature of the protecting ligands as no reaction was observed between the Au25(SBB)18 NC (SBB = 4-(tert-butyl)benzyl mercaptan) and the very same silver NPs. The mechanism involves an interparticle exchange of the metal and ligand species where the metal-ligand interface plays a vital role in controlling the reaction. The reaction proceeds through transient Au25-xAgx(PET)n alloy cluster intermediates as observed in time-dependent electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis of the resulting dispersion showed the transformation of polydispersed silver NPs into highly monodisperse gold-silver alloy NPs which assembled to form 2-dimensional superlattices. Using NPs of other average sizes (3 and 8 nm), we demonstrated that size plays an important role in the reactivity as observed in ESI MS and HRTEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulami Bose
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India.
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12
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Kawawaki T, Imai Y, Suzuki D, Kato S, Kobayashi I, Suzuki T, Kaneko R, Hossain S, Negishi Y. Atomically Precise Alloy Nanoclusters. Chemistry 2020; 26:16150-16193. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tokuhisa Kawawaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
- Research Institute for Science & Technology Tokyo University of Science Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
- Photocatalysis International Research Center Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
| | - Yukari Imai
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Daiki Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Shun Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Ibuki Kobayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Taiyo Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Ryo Kaneko
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Sakiat Hossain
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
- Research Institute for Science & Technology Tokyo University of Science Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
- Photocatalysis International Research Center Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
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13
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Kang X, Li Y, Zhu M, Jin R. Atomically precise alloy nanoclusters: syntheses, structures, and properties. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:6443-6514. [PMID: 32760953 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00633h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters fill the gap between discrete atoms and plasmonic nanoparticles, providing unique opportunities for investigating the quantum effects and precise structure-property correlations at the atomic level. As a versatile strategy, alloying can largely improve the physicochemical performances compared to the corresponding homo-metal nanoclusters, and thus benefit the applications of such nanomaterials. In this review, we highlight the achievements of atomically precise alloy nanoclusters, and summarize the alloying principles and fundamentals, including the synthetic methods, site-preferences for different heteroatoms in the templates, and alloying-induced structure and property changes. First, based on various Au or Ag nanocluster templates, heteroatom doping modes are presented. The templates with electronic shell-closing configurations tend to maintain their structures during doping, while the others may undergo transformation and give rise to alloy nanoclusters with new structures. Second, alloy nanoclusters of specific magic sizes are reviewed. The arrangement of different atoms is related to the symmetry of the structures; that is, different atoms are symmetrically located in the nanoclusters of smaller sizes, and evolve into shell-by-shell structures at larger sizes. Then, we elaborate on the alloying effects in terms of optical, electrochemical, electroluminescent, magnetic and chiral properties, as well as the stability and reactivity via comparisons between the doped nanoclusters and their homo-metal counterparts. For example, central heteroatom-induced photoluminescence enhancement is emphasized. The applications of alloy nanoclusters in catalysis, chemical sensing, bio-labeling, and other fields are further discussed. Finally, we provide perspectives on existing issues and future efforts. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive synthetic toolbox and controllable doping modes so as to achieve more alloy nanoclusters with customized compositions, structures, and properties for applications. This review is based on publications available up to February 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
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14
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Hirai H, Takano S, Nakamura T, Tsukuda T. Understanding Doping Effects on Electronic Structures of Gold Superatoms: A Case Study of Diphosphine-Protected M@Au12 (M = Au, Pt, Ir). Inorg Chem 2020; 59:17889-17895. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haru Hirai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Takano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Nakamura
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
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15
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Kim K, Hirata K, Nakamura K, Kitazawa H, Hayashi S, Koyasu K, Tsukuda T. Elucidating the Doping Effect on the Electronic Structure of Thiolate‐Protected Silver Superatoms by Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuenhee Kim
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Keisuke Hirata
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Present address: Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science Institute of Innovative Research Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Natatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Katsunosuke Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kitazawa
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Present address: Department of Applied Chemistry College of Life Sciences Ritsumeikan University 1-1-1 Noji-higashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Shun Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Present Address: Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences Tokyo Metropolitan University 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Kiichirou Koyasu
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB) Kyoto University, Katsura Kyoto 615-8520 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB) Kyoto University, Katsura Kyoto 615-8520 Japan
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16
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Kim K, Hirata K, Nakamura K, Kitazawa H, Hayashi S, Koyasu K, Tsukuda T. Elucidating the Doping Effect on the Electronic Structure of Thiolate‐Protected Silver Superatoms by Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11637-11641. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuenhee Kim
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Keisuke Hirata
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Present address: Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science Institute of Innovative Research Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Natatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Katsunosuke Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kitazawa
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Present address: Department of Applied Chemistry College of Life Sciences Ritsumeikan University 1-1-1 Noji-higashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Shun Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Present Address: Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences Tokyo Metropolitan University 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Kiichirou Koyasu
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB) Kyoto University, Katsura Kyoto 615-8520 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB) Kyoto University, Katsura Kyoto 615-8520 Japan
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17
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He L, Gan Z, Xia N, Liao L, Wu Z. Alternating Array Stacking of Ag 26 Au and Ag 24 Au Nanoclusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9897-9901. [PMID: 31070836 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An assembly strategy for metal nanoclusters using electrostatic interactions with weak interactions, such as C-H⋅⋅⋅π and π⋅⋅⋅π interactions in which cationic [Ag26 Au(2-EBT)18 (PPh3 )6 ]+ and anionic [Ag24 Au(2-EBT)18 ]- nanoclusters gather and assemble in an unusual alternating array stacking structure is presented. [Ag26 Au(2-EBT)18 (PPh3 )6 ]+ [Ag24 Au(2-EBT)18 ]- is a new compound type, a double nanocluster ion compound (DNIC). A single nanocluster ion compound (SNIC) [PPh4 ]+ [Ag24 Au(2-EBT)18 ]- was also synthesized, having a k-vector-differential crystallographic arrangement. [PPh4 ]+ [Ag24 Au(2,4-DMBT)18 ]- adopts a different assembly mode from both [Ag26 Au(2-EBT)18 (PPh3 )6 ]+ [Ag24 Au(2-EBT)18 ]- and [PPh4 ]+ [Ag24 Au(2-EBT)18 ]- . Thus, the striking packing differences of [Ag26 Au(2-EBT)18 (PPh3 )6 ]+ [Ag24 Au(2-EBT)18 ]- , [PPh4 ]+ [Ag24 Au(2-EBT)18 ]- and the existing [PPh4 ]+ [Ag24 Au(2,4-DMBT)18 ]- from each other indicate the notable influence of ligands and counterions on the self-assembly of nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhong He
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zibao Gan
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China
| | - Nan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China
| | - Lingwen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China
| | - Zhikun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China
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18
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He L, Gan Z, Xia N, Liao L, Wu Z. Alternating Array Stacking of Ag26Au and Ag24Au Nanoclusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhong He
- Key Laboratory of Materials PhysicsAnhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and NanotechnologyCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceInstitute of Solid State PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 P. R. China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information TechnologyAnhui University Hefei 230031 P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
| | - Zibao Gan
- Key Laboratory of Materials PhysicsAnhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and NanotechnologyCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceInstitute of Solid State PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 P. R. China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information TechnologyAnhui University Hefei 230031 P. R. China
| | - Nan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Materials PhysicsAnhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and NanotechnologyCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceInstitute of Solid State PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 P. R. China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information TechnologyAnhui University Hefei 230031 P. R. China
| | - Lingwen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Materials PhysicsAnhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and NanotechnologyCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceInstitute of Solid State PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 P. R. China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information TechnologyAnhui University Hefei 230031 P. R. China
| | - Zhikun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials PhysicsAnhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and NanotechnologyCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceInstitute of Solid State PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 P. R. China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information TechnologyAnhui University Hefei 230031 P. R. China
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19
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Abstract
Thiolate-protected metal nanoparticles containing a few to few hundred metal atoms are interesting materials exhibiting unique physicochemical properties. They encompass the bulk-to-molecule transition region, where discrete electronic states emerge and electronic band energetics yield to quantum confinement effects. Recent progresses in the synthesis and characterization of ultrasmall gold nanoparticles have opened up new avenues for the isolation of extremely monodispersed nanoparticles with atomically precision. These nanoparticles are also called nanoclusters to distinguish them from other regular metal nanoparticles with core diameter >2 nm. These nanoclusters are typically identified by their actual molecular formulas; prominent among these are Au25(SR)18, Au38(SR)24, and Au102(SR)44, where SR is organothiolate. A number of single crystal structures of these nanoclusters have been disclosed. Researchers have effectively utilized density functional theory (DFT) calculations to predict their atomic and electronic structures, as well as their physicochemical properties. The atomically precise metal nanoclusters have been the focus of recent studies owing to their novel size-specific electrochemical, optical, and catalytic properties. In this Account, we highlight recent advances in electrochemistry of atomically precise metal nanoclusters and their applications in electrocatalysis and electrochemical sensing. Compared with gold nanoclusters, much less progress has been made in the electrochemical studies of other metal nanoclusters, and thus, we mainly focus on the electrochemistry and electrochemical applications of gold-based nanoclusters. Voltammetry has been extremely powerful in investigating the electronic structure of metal nanoclusters, especially near HOMO and LUMO levels. A sizable opening of HOMO-LUMO gap observed for Au25(SR)18 gradually decreases with increasing nanocluster size, which is in line with the change in the optical gap. Heteroatom-doping has been a powerful strategy to modify the optical and electrochemical properties of metal nanoclusters at the atomic level. While the superatom theory predicts 8-electron configuration for [Au25(SR)18]- and many doped nanoclusters thereof, Pt- and Pd-doped [PtAu24(SR)18]0 and [PdAu24(SR)18]0 nanoclusters show dramatically different electronic structures, as manifested in their optical spectra and voltammograms, suggesting the occurrence of the Jahn-Teller distortion in these doped nanoclusters. Furthermore, metal-doping may alter their surface binding properties, as well as redox potentials. Metal nanoclusters offer great potential for attaining high activity and selectivity in their electrocatalytic applications. The well-defined core-shell structure of a metal nanocluster is of special advantage because the core and shell can be independently engineered to exhibit suitable binding properties and redox potentials. We discuss recent progress made in electrocatalysis based upon metal nanoclusters tailored for water splitting, CO2 conversion, and electrochemical sensing. A well-defined model nanocatalyst is absolutely necessary to reveal the detailed mechanism of electrocatalysis and thereby to lead to the development of a new efficient electrocatalyst. We envision that atomically controlled metal nanoclusters will enable us to systematically optimize the electrochemical and surface properties suitable for electrocatalysis, thus providing a powerful platform for the discovery of finely tuned nanocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuju Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Dongil Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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20
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Li Y, Zhou M, Jin S, Xiong L, Yuan Q, Du W, Pei Y, Wang S, Zhu M. Total structural determination of [Au1Ag24(Dppm)3(SR)17]2+ comprising an open icosahedral Au1Ag12 core with six free valence electrons. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:6457-6460. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00767a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the first silver-rich nanocluster containing an open icosahedral Au1Ag12 core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfeng Li
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials
- Anhui University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Manman Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials
- Anhui University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Shan Jin
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology
- Anhui University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Lin Xiong
- Department of Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education
- Xiangtan University
- P. R. China
| | - Qianqin Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials
- Anhui University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Du
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials
- Anhui University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Yong Pei
- Department of Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education
- Xiangtan University
- P. R. China
| | - Shuxin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials
- Anhui University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials
- Anhui University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology
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21
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Kang X, Zhu M. Tailoring the photoluminescence of atomically precise nanoclusters. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:2422-2457. [PMID: 30838373 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00800k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to their atomically precise structures and intriguing chemical/physical properties, metal nanoclusters are an emerging class of modular nanomaterials. Photo-luminescence (PL) is one of their most fascinating properties, due to the plethora of promising PL-based applications, such as chemical sensing, bio-imaging, cell labeling, phototherapy, drug delivery, and so on. However, the PL of most current nanoclusters is still unsatisfactory-the PL quantum yield (QY) is relatively low (generally lower than 20%), the emission lifetimes are generally in the nanosecond range, and the emitted color is always red (emission wavelengths of above 630 nm). To address these shortcomings, several strategies have been adopted, and are reviewed herein: capped-ligand engineering, metallic kernel alloying, aggregation-induced emission, self-assembly of nanocluster building blocks into cluster-based networks, and adjustments on external environment factors. We further review promising applications of these fluorescent nanoclusters, with particular focus on their potential to impact the fields of chemical sensing, bio-imaging, and bio-labeling. Finally, scope for improvements and future perspectives of these novel nanomaterials are highlighted as well. Our intended audience is the broader scientific community interested in the fluorescence of metal nanoclusters, and our review hopefully opens up new horizons for these scientists to manipulate PL properties of nanoclusters. This review is based on publications available up to December 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
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22
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Abstract
Atomically precise noble metal (mainly silver and gold) nanoclusters are an emerging category of promising functional materials for future applications in energy, sensing, catalysis, and nanoelectronics. These nanoclusters are protected by ligands such as thiols, phosphines, and hydride and have sizes between those of atoms and plasmonic nanoparticles. In metallurgy, the properties of a pure metal are modified by the addition of other metals, which often offers augmented characteristics, making them more utilizable for real-life applications. In this Account, we discuss how the incorporation of various metal atoms into existing protected nanoclusters tunes their structure and properties. The process of incorporating metals into an existing cluster is known as doping; the product is known as a doped cluster, and the incorporated metal atom is called a dopant/foreign atom. We first present a brief historical overview of protected clusters and the need for doping and explain (with examples) the difference between an "alloy" and a "doped" cluster, which are two frequently confused terms. We then discuss several commonly observed challenges in the synthesis of doped clusters: (i) doping produces a mixture of compositions that prevents the growth of single crystals; (ii) doping with foreign atoms sometimes changes the overall composition and structure of the parent cluster; and (iii) doping beyond a certain number of foreign atoms decomposes the doped cluster. After delineating the challenges, we review a few potential synthetic methods for doped clusters: (i) the co-reduction method, (ii) the galvanic exchange method, (iii) ligand-induced conversion of bimetallic clusters to doped clusters, and (iv) intercluster reactions. As a foreign atom is able to occupy different positions within the structure of the parent cluster, we examine the structural relationship between the parent clusters and their different foreign-atom-doped clusters. We then show how doping enhances the stability, luminescence, and catalytic properties of clusters. The enhancement factor highly depends on the number and nature of the foreign atoms, which can also alter the charge state of the parent cluster. Atomic-level doping of foreign atoms in the parent cluster is confirmed by high-resolution electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry techniques and single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The photophysical properties of the doped clusters are investigated using both time-dependent and steady-state luminescence and optical absorption spectroscopies. After presenting an overview of atomic-level doping in metal clusters and demonstrating its importance for enriching the chemistry and photophysics of clusters and extending their applications, we conclude this Account with a brief perspective on the field's future.
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23
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Chang WT, Sharma S, Liao JH, Kahlal S, Liu YC, Chiang MH, Saillard JY, Liu CW. Heteroatom-Doping Increases Cluster Nuclearity: From an [Ag20
] to an [Au3
Ag18
] Core. Chemistry 2018; 24:14352-14357. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ting Chang
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No.1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Sachil Sharma
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No.1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Jian-Hong Liao
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No.1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Samia Kahlal
- University of Rennes; CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226; 35000 Rennes France
| | - Yu-Chiao Liu
- Institute of Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei 115 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Ming-Hsi Chiang
- Institute of Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei 115 Taiwan R.O.C
| | | | - C. W. Liu
- Department of Chemistry; National Dong Hwa University; No.1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng Hualien 97401 Taiwan R.O.C
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24
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Kang X, Chong H, Zhu M. Au 25(SR) 18: the captain of the great nanocluster ship. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:10758-10834. [PMID: 29873658 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02973c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Noble metal nanoclusters are in the intermediate state between discrete atoms and plasmonic nanoparticles and are of significance due to their atomically accurate structures, intriguing properties, and great potential for applications in various fields. In addition, the size-dependent properties of nanoclusters construct a platform for thoroughly researching the structure (composition)-property correlations, which is favorable for obtaining novel nanomaterials with enhanced physicochemical properties. Thus far, more than 100 species of nanoclusters (mono-metallic Au or Ag nanoclusters, and bi- or tri-metallic alloy nanoclusters) with crystal structures have been reported. Among these nanoclusters, Au25(SR)18-the brightest molecular star in the nanocluster field-is capable of revealing the past developments and prospecting the future of the nanoclusters. Since being successfully synthesized (in 1998, with a 20-year history) and structurally determined (in 2008, with a 10-year history), Au25(SR)18 has stimulated the interest of chemists as well as material scientists, due to the early discovery, easy preparation, high stability, and easy functionalization and application of this molecular star. In this review, the preparation methods, crystal structures, physicochemical properties, and practical applications of Au25(SR)18 are summarized. The properties of Au25(SR)18 range from optics and chirality to magnetism and electrochemistry, and the property-oriented applications include catalysis, chemical imaging, sensing, biological labeling, biomedicine and beyond. Furthermore, the research progress on the Ag-based M25(SR)18 counterpart (i.e., Ag25(SR)18) is included in this review due to its homologous composition, construction and optical absorption to its gold-counterpart Au25(SR)18. Moreover, the alloying methods, metal-exchange sites and property alternations based on the templated Au25(SR)18 are highlighted. Finally, some perspectives and challenges for the future research of the Au25(SR)18 nanocluster are proposed (also holding true for all members in the nanocluster field). This review is directed toward the broader scientific community interested in the metal nanocluster field, and hopefully opens up new horizons for scientists studying nanomaterials. This review is based on the publications available up to March 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology and AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China.
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25
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Kang X, Silalai C, Lv Y, Sun G, Chen S, Yu H, Xu F, Zhu M. Au15Ag3(SPhMe2)14Nanoclusters - Crystal Structure and Insights into Ligand-Induced Variation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201601513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials; Anhui University; 230601 Hefei Anhui China
| | - Chantiem Silalai
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials; Anhui University; 230601 Hefei Anhui China
| | - Ying Lv
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials; Anhui University; 230601 Hefei Anhui China
| | - Guodong Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials; Anhui University; 230601 Hefei Anhui China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials; Anhui University; 230601 Hefei Anhui China
| | - Haizhu Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials; Anhui University; 230601 Hefei Anhui China
| | - Fengqing Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials; Anhui University; 230601 Hefei Anhui China
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine; 230012 Hefei Anhui China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials; Anhui University; 230601 Hefei Anhui China
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26
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Du W, Jin S, Xiong L, Chen M, Zhang J, Zou X, Pei Y, Wang S, Zhu M. Ag50(Dppm)6(SR)30 and Its Homologue AuxAg50–x(Dppm)6(SR)30 Alloy Nanocluster: Seeded Growth, Structure Determination, and Differences in Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1618-1624. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Du
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, PR China
| | - Shan Jin
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, PR China
| | - Lin Xiong
- Department
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry
and Applications of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, PR China
| | - Man Chen
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, PR China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School
of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, PR China
| | - Xuejuan Zou
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, PR China
| | - Yong Pei
- Department
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry
and Applications of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, PR China
| | - Shuxin Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, PR China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, PR China
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27
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Du XL, Wang XL, Li YH, Wang YL, Zhao JJ, Fang LJ, Zheng LR, Tong H, Yang HG. Isolation of single Pt atoms in a silver cluster: forming highly efficient silver-based cocatalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:9402-9405. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc04061j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-small silver-based cocatalysts were loaded onto g-C3N4with atomic monodispersity and single-atom alloying, representing a novel photocatalytic system for H2evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Lei Du
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Xue Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yu Hang Li
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yu Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Jun Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Li Jun Fang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Li Rong Zheng
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Hua Tong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Hua Gui Yang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
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28
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Kang X, Xiong L, Wang S, Yu H, Jin S, Song Y, Chen T, Zheng L, Pan C, Pei Y, Zhu M. Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Trimetallic Nanoclusters: Structure Elucidation and Properties Investigation. Chemistry 2016; 22:17145-17150. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Kang
- Department of Chemistry and; Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials; Anhui University, Hefei; Anhui 230601 P. R. China
| | - Lin Xiong
- Department of Chemistry; Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and; Applications of MOE; Xiangtan University, Xiangtan; Hunan 411105 P. R. China
| | - Shuxin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and; Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials; Anhui University, Hefei; Anhui 230601 P. R. China
| | - Haizhu Yu
- Department of Chemistry and; Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials; Anhui University, Hefei; Anhui 230601 P. R. China
| | - Shan Jin
- Department of Chemistry and; Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials; Anhui University, Hefei; Anhui 230601 P. R. China
| | - Yongbo Song
- Department of Chemistry and; Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials; Anhui University, Hefei; Anhui 230601 P. R. China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Chemistry and; Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials; Anhui University, Hefei; Anhui 230601 P. R. China
| | - Liwei Zheng
- Bruker (Beijing) Scientific Technology Co., Ltd.; Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Chensong Pan
- Bruker (Beijing) Scientific Technology Co., Ltd.; Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Yong Pei
- Department of Chemistry; Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and; Applications of MOE; Xiangtan University, Xiangtan; Hunan 411105 P. R. China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and; Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials; Anhui University, Hefei; Anhui 230601 P. R. China
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Bootharaju MS, Sinatra L, Bakr OM. Distinct metal-exchange pathways of doped Ag25 nanoclusters. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:17333-17339. [PMID: 27714124 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06353e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise metal nanoclusters (NCs) containing more than one type of metal atom (i.e., doped or alloyed), due to synergistic effects, open new avenues for engineering the catalytic and optical properties of NCs in a manner that homometal NCs cannot. Unfortunately, it is still a major challenge to controllably introduce multimetallic dopants in NCs, understanding the dopants' positions, mechanism, and synergistic effects. To overcome these challenges, we designed a metal-exchange approach involving NCs as molecular templates and metal ions as the source of the incoming dopant. In particular, two structurally similar monodoped silver-rich NCs, [MAg24(SR)18]2- (M = Pd/Pt and SR: thiolate), were synthesized as templates to study their mechanistic transformation in response to the introduction of gold atoms. The controllable incorporation of Au atoms into the MAg24 framework facilitated the elucidation of distinct doping pathways through high-resolution mass spectrometry, optical spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Interestingly, gold replaced the central Pd atom of [PdAg24(SR)18]2- clusters to produce predominantly bimetallic [AuAg24(SR)18]- clusters along with a minor product of an [Au2Ag23(SR)18]- cluster. In contrast, the central Pt atom remained intact in [PtAg24(SR)18]2- clusters, and gold replaced the non-central Ag atoms to form trimetallic [AuxPtAg24-x(SR)18]2- NCs, where x = 1-2, with a portion of the starting [PtAg24(SR)18]2- NCs remaining. This study reveals some of the unusual metal-exchange pathways of doped NCs and the important role played by the initial metal dopant in directing the position of a second dopant in the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megalamane S Bootharaju
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Lutfan Sinatra
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Osman M Bakr
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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