1
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Wiedner ES, Appel AM, Raugei S, Shaw WJ, Bullock RM. Molecular Catalysts with Diphosphine Ligands Containing Pendant Amines. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12427-12474. [PMID: 35640056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pendant amines play an invaluable role in chemical reactivity, especially for molecular catalysts based on earth-abundant metals. As inspired by [FeFe]-hydrogenases, which contain a pendant amine positioned for cooperative bifunctionality, synthetic catalysts have been developed to emulate this multifunctionality through incorporation of a pendant amine in the second coordination sphere. Cyclic diphosphine ligands containing two amines serve as the basis for a class of catalysts that have been extensively studied and used to demonstrate the impact of a pendant base. These 1,5-diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctanes, now often referred to as "P2N2" ligands, have profound effects on the reactivity of many catalysts. The resulting [Ni(PR2NR'2)2]2+ complexes are electrocatalysts for both the oxidation and production of H2. Achieving the optimal benefit of the pendant amine requires that it has suitable basicity and is properly positioned relative to the metal center. In addition to the catalytic efficacy demonstrated with [Ni(PR2NR'2)2]2+ complexes for the oxidation and production of H2, catalysts with diphosphine ligands containing pendant amines have also been demonstrated for several metals for many different reactions, both in solution and immobilized on surfaces. The impact of pendant amines in catalyst design continues to expand.
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2
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Revisiting Thin-Layer Electrochemistry in a Chip-Type Cell for the Study of Electro-organic Reactions. Anal Chem 2021; 94:1248-1255. [PMID: 34964606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is important but challenging to elucidate the electrochemical reaction mechanisms of organic compounds using electroanalytical methods. Particularly, a rapid and straightforward method that provides information on reaction intermediates or other key electrochemical parameters may be useful. In this work, we exploited the advantages of classic thin-layer electrochemistry to develop a thin-layer electroanalysis microchip (TEAM). The TEAM provided better-resolved voltammetric peaks than under semi-infinite diffusion conditions owing to its small height. Importantly, rapid and accurate determination of the number of electrons transferred, n, was enabled by mechanically confining the microliter-scale volume analyte at the electrode, while securing ionic conduction using polyelectrolyte gels. The performance of the TEAM was validated using voltammetry and coulometry of standard redox couples. Utilizing the TEAM, a (spectro)electrochemical analysis of FM 1-43, an organic dye widely used in neuroscience, was successfully performed. Moreover, the TEAM was applied to study the electrochemical oxidation mechanism of pivanilides and alkyltrifluoroborate salts with different substituents and solvents. This work suggests that TEAM is a promising tool to provide invaluable mechanistic information and promote the rational design of electrosynthetic strategies.
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3
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Houmam A, Hamed EM, Saley MA. New Insights into the Substituents’ Effect on the Formation and Dissociation of Radical Anions: Dissociative Electron Transfer to Arylsulfonylphthalimides. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Houmam
- Electrochemical Technology Center Department of Chemistry University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Emad M. Hamed
- Electrochemical Technology Center Department of Chemistry University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Michael A. Saley
- Electrochemical Technology Center Department of Chemistry University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada N1G 2W1
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4
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Bortolami M, Petrucci R, Rocco D, Scarano V, Chiarotto I. Alkynes as Building Blocks, Intermediates and Products in the Electrochemical Procedures Since 2000. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bortolami
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering Sapienza University of Rome Via del Castro Laurenziano 7 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Rita Petrucci
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering Sapienza University of Rome Via del Castro Laurenziano 7 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Daniele Rocco
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering Sapienza University of Rome Via del Castro Laurenziano 7 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Vincenzo Scarano
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering Sapienza University of Rome Via del Castro Laurenziano 7 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Isabella Chiarotto
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering Sapienza University of Rome Via del Castro Laurenziano 7 00161 Rome Italy
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5
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Kinzel NW, Werlé C, Leitner W. Transition Metal Complexes as Catalysts for the Electroconversion of CO 2 : An Organometallic Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11628-11686. [PMID: 33464678 PMCID: PMC8248444 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic transformation of carbon dioxide has been a topic of interest in the field of CO2 utilization for a long time. Recently, the area has seen increasing dynamics as an alternative strategy to catalytic hydrogenation for CO2 reduction. While many studies focus on the direct electron transfer to the CO2 molecule at the electrode material, molecular transition metal complexes in solution offer the possibility to act as catalysts for the electron transfer. C1 compounds such as carbon monoxide, formate, and methanol are often targeted as the main products, but more elaborate transformations are also possible within the coordination sphere of the metal center. This perspective article will cover selected examples to illustrate and categorize the currently favored mechanisms for the electrochemically induced transformation of CO2 promoted by homogeneous transition metal complexes. The insights will be corroborated with the concepts and elementary steps of organometallic catalysis to derive potential strategies to broaden the molecular diversity of possible products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas W. Kinzel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC)RWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 252074AachenGermany
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Ruhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC)RWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 252074AachenGermany
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6
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Linnemann J, Kanokkanchana K, Tschulik K. Design Strategies for Electrocatalysts from an Electrochemist’s Perspective. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Linnemann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, ZEMOS, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Kannasoot Kanokkanchana
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, ZEMOS, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Kristina Tschulik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, ZEMOS, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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7
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Bortolami M, Chiarotto I, Mattiello L, Petrucci R, Rocco D, Vetica F, Feroci M. Organic electrochemistry: Synthesis and functionalization of β-lactams in the twenty-first century. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2020-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Organic electrochemistry is a technique that allows for the heterogeneous redox reactions avoiding both the use of stoichiometric amounts of redox reagents and the resulting formation of stoichiometric by-products. In fact, the redox reagent in these reactions is the electron, which is naturally eco-friendly and produces no side compounds. It is therefore quite obvious that electrochemistry can be classified as a “green” technology. The use of this methodology in the synthesis of β-lactams is not a novelty, but the growing interest in this class of biologically active compounds, due to the discovery of new fields of application (after a moment of decrease in interest due to antibiotic resistance) has been a stimulus for the search for more efficient electrochemical ways to synthesize and transform β-lactams. Thus, this review deals with the twenty-first-century applications of electroorganic technique to the chemistry of β-lactams, by analyzing first the syntheses classified by the type of reactions (cyclization, cycloaddition, etc.) and then by manipulating the β-lactam structure, using it as a synthon. Lastly, the importance of this technique is demonstrated by a study of a pilot plant scale reduction of a cephalosporanic acid derivative to a commercially important antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bortolami
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI), Sapienza University , via del Castro Laurenziano, 7, I-00161 , Rome , Italy
| | - Isabella Chiarotto
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI), Sapienza University , via del Castro Laurenziano, 7, I-00161 , Rome , Italy
| | - Leonardo Mattiello
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI), Sapienza University , via del Castro Laurenziano, 7, I-00161 , Rome , Italy
| | - Rita Petrucci
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI), Sapienza University , via del Castro Laurenziano, 7, I-00161 , Rome , Italy
| | - Daniele Rocco
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI), Sapienza University , via del Castro Laurenziano, 7, I-00161 , Rome , Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vetica
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University , p.le Aldo Moro, 5, I-00185 , Rome , Italy
| | - Marta Feroci
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI), Sapienza University , via del Castro Laurenziano, 7, I-00161 , Rome , Italy
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8
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Şahin NE, Comminges C, Arrii S, Napporn TW, Kokoh KB. CO
2
‐to‐HCOOH Electrochemical Conversion on Nanostructured Cu
x
Pd
100−x
/Carbon Catalysts. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nihat Ege Şahin
- Department of Chemistry IC2MP CNRS UMR 7285 Université de Poitiers 4 rue Michel Brunet - B27 TSA 51106, 86073 Cedex 9 France
| | - Clément Comminges
- Department of Chemistry IC2MP CNRS UMR 7285 Université de Poitiers 4 rue Michel Brunet - B27 TSA 51106, 86073 Cedex 9 France
| | - Sandrine Arrii
- Department of Chemistry IC2MP CNRS UMR 7285 Université de Poitiers 4 rue Michel Brunet - B27 TSA 51106, 86073 Cedex 9 France
| | - Teko W. Napporn
- Department of Chemistry IC2MP CNRS UMR 7285 Université de Poitiers 4 rue Michel Brunet - B27 TSA 51106, 86073 Cedex 9 France
| | - Kouakou B. Kokoh
- Department of Chemistry IC2MP CNRS UMR 7285 Université de Poitiers 4 rue Michel Brunet - B27 TSA 51106, 86073 Cedex 9 France
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9
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Kinzel NW, Werlé C, Leitner W. Übergangsmetallkomplexe als Katalysatoren für die elektrische Umwandlung von CO
2
– eine metallorganische Perspektive. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas W. Kinzel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC) RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC) RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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10
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Ma Y, Shi R, Zhang T. Research Progress on Triphase Interface Electrocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/a20110540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Boutin E, Merakeb L, Ma B, Boudy B, Wang M, Bonin J, Anxolabéhère-Mallart E, Robert M. Molecular catalysis of CO 2 reduction: recent advances and perspectives in electrochemical and light-driven processes with selected Fe, Ni and Co aza macrocyclic and polypyridine complexes. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:5772-5809. [PMID: 32697210 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00218f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Earth-abundant Fe, Ni, and Co aza macrocyclic and polypyridine complexes have been thoroughly investigated for CO2 electrochemical and visible-light-driven reduction. Since the first reports in the 1970s, an enormous body of work has been accumulated regarding the two-electron two-proton reduction of the gas, along with mechanistic and spectroscopic efforts to rationalize the reactivity and establish guidelines for structure-reactivity relationships. The ability to fine tune the ligand structure and the almost unlimited possibilities of designing new complexes have led to highly selective and efficient catalysts. Recent efforts toward developing hybrid systems upon combining molecular catalysts with conductive or semi-conductive materials have converged to high catalytic performances in water solutions, to the inclusion of these catalysts into CO2 electrolyzers and photo-electrochemical devices, and to the discovery of catalytic pathways beyond two electrons. Combined with the continuous mechanistic efforts and new developments for in situ and in operando spectroscopic studies, molecular catalysis of CO2 reduction remains a highly creative approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Boutin
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - L Merakeb
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - B Ma
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - B Boudy
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - M Wang
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - J Bonin
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - E Anxolabéhère-Mallart
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - M Robert
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France. and Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), F-75005 Paris, France
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12
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Molina A, Laborda E. Detailed theoretical treatment of homogeneous chemical reactions coupled to interfacial charge transfers. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.07.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Olean-Oliveira A, Pereira CF, David-Parra DN, Teixeira MFS. Electrocatalytic Study of the Thin Metallopolymer Film of [2,2′-{1,2-Ethanediylbis[Nitrilo(1E)-1-Ethyl-1-Ylidene]}Diphenolate]-Nickel(II) for Ethanol Electrooxidation. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André Olean-Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Science and Technology; Sao Paulo State University (UNESP); Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305 CEP 19060-900 - Presidente Prudente, SP Brazil
| | - Camila F. Pereira
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Science and Technology; Sao Paulo State University (UNESP); Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305 CEP 19060-900 - Presidente Prudente, SP Brazil
| | - Diego N. David-Parra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Science and Technology; Sao Paulo State University (UNESP); Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305 CEP 19060-900 - Presidente Prudente, SP Brazil
| | - Marcos F. S. Teixeira
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Science and Technology; Sao Paulo State University (UNESP); Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305 CEP 19060-900 - Presidente Prudente, SP Brazil
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14
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de Poulpiquet A, Goudeau B, Garrigue P, Sojic N, Arbault S, Doneux T, Bouffier L. A snapshot of the electrochemical reaction layer by using 3 dimensionally resolved fluorescence mapping. Chem Sci 2018; 9:6622-6628. [PMID: 30310594 PMCID: PMC6115633 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02011f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy under electrochemical control allows imaging of various reaction layers revealing heterogeneous versus homogeneous reactions.
The coupling between electrochemistry and fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy (FCLSM) allows deciphering the electrochemical and/or redox reactivity of electroactive fluorophores. This is demonstrated with phenoxazine electrofluorogenic species frequently used in bioassays by mapping the variation of fluorescence intensity with respect to the distance from the electrode. The electrochemical conversion of resorufin dye (RF) to non-fluorescent dihydroresorufin (DH) leads to a sharp decrease of the fluorescence signal in the vicinity of the electrode. In contrast, the direct reduction of resazurin (RZ) to DH leads to an unexpected maximum fluorescence intensity localized further away from the surface. This observation indicates that the initial electron transfer (heterogeneous) is followed by a chemical comproportionation step (homogeneous), leading to the formation of RF within the diffusion layer with a characteristic concentration profile. Therefore, in situ FCLSM affords a direct way to monitor such chemical reactivity in space and to decipher a new redox pathway that cannot be resolved solely by electrochemical means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne de Poulpiquet
- Univ. Bordeaux , CNRS , Bordeaux INP , ISM , UMR 5255 , F-33400 Talence , France .
| | - Bertrand Goudeau
- Univ. Bordeaux , CNRS , Bordeaux INP , ISM , UMR 5255 , F-33400 Talence , France .
| | - Patrick Garrigue
- Univ. Bordeaux , CNRS , Bordeaux INP , ISM , UMR 5255 , F-33400 Talence , France .
| | - Neso Sojic
- Univ. Bordeaux , CNRS , Bordeaux INP , ISM , UMR 5255 , F-33400 Talence , France .
| | - Stéphane Arbault
- Univ. Bordeaux , CNRS , Bordeaux INP , ISM , UMR 5255 , F-33400 Talence , France .
| | - Thomas Doneux
- CHANI , Faculté des Sciences , Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , CP 255 , B-1050 Bruxelles , Belgium .
| | - Laurent Bouffier
- Univ. Bordeaux , CNRS , Bordeaux INP , ISM , UMR 5255 , F-33400 Talence , France .
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15
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Birdja YY, Vos RE, Wezendonk TA, Jiang L, Kapteijn F, Koper MTM. Effects of Substrate and Polymer Encapsulation on CO 2 Electroreduction by Immobilized Indium(III) Protoporphyrin. ACS Catal 2018; 8:4420-4428. [PMID: 29755830 PMCID: PMC5939902 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heterogenization of molecular catalysts for CO2 electroreduction has attracted significant research activity, due to the combined advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. In this work, we demonstrate the strong influence of the nature of the substrate on the selectivity and reactivity of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction, as well as on the stability of the studied immobilized indium(III) protoporphyrin IX, for electrosynthesis of formic acid. Additionally, we investigate strategies to improve the CO2 reduction by tuning the chemical functionality of the substrate surface by means of electrochemical and plasma treatment and by catalyst encapsulation in polymer membranes. We point out several underlying factors that affect the performance of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. The insights gained here allow one to optimize heterogenized molecular systems for enhanced CO2 electroreduction without modification of the catalyst itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuvraj Y. Birdja
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rafaël E. Vos
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tim A. Wezendonk
- Catalysis Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Lin Jiang
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Freek Kapteijn
- Catalysis Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Marc T. M. Koper
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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16
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Clark ML, Cheung PL, Lessio M, Carter EA, Kubiak CP. Kinetic and Mechanistic Effects of Bipyridine (bpy) Substituent, Labile Ligand, and Brønsted Acid on Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction by Re(bpy) Complexes. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L. Clark
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Po Ling Cheung
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | | | | | - Clifford P. Kubiak
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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17
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Schnidrig S, Bachmann C, Müller P, Weder N, Spingler B, Joliat-Wick E, Mosberger M, Windisch J, Alberto R, Probst B. Structure-Activity and Stability Relationships for Cobalt Polypyridyl-Based Hydrogen-Evolving Catalysts in Water. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:4570-4580. [PMID: 29052339 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201701511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of eight new and three known cobalt polypyridyl-based hydrogen-evolving catalysts (HECs) with distinct electronic and structural differences are benchmarked in photocatalytic runs in water. Methylene-bridged bis-bipyridyl is the preferred scaffold, both in terms of stability and rate. For a cobalt complex of the tetradentate methanol-bridged bispyridyl-bipyridyl complex [CoII Br(tpy)]Br, a detailed mechanistic picture is obtained by combining electrochemistry, spectroscopy, and photocatalysis. In the acidic branch, a proton-coupled electron transfer, assigned to formation of CoIII -H, is found upon reduction of CoII , in line with a pKa (CoIII -H) of approximately 7.25. Subsequent reduction (-0.94 V vs. NHE) and protonation close the catalytic cycle. Methoxy substitution on the bipyridyl scaffold results in the expected cathodic shift of the reduction, but fails to change the pKa (CoIII -H). An analysis of the outcome of the benchmarking in view of this postulated mechanism is given along with an outlook for design criteria for new generations of catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schnidrig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Bachmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Switzerland
| | - Peter Müller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Weder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Switzerland
| | - Evelyne Joliat-Wick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Mosberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Windisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Switzerland
| | - Roger Alberto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Probst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Switzerland
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18
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Yoshida JI, Shimizu A, Hayashi R. Electrogenerated Cationic Reactive Intermediates: The Pool Method and Further Advances. Chem Rev 2017; 118:4702-4730. [PMID: 29077393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemistry serves as a powerful method for generating reactive intermediates, such as organic cations. In general, there are two ways to use reactive intermediates for chemical reactions: (1) generation in the presence of a reaction partner and (2) generation in the absence of a reaction partner with accumulation in solution as a "pool" followed by reaction with a subsequently added reaction partner. The former approach is more popular because reactive intermediates are usually short-lived transient species, but the latter method is more flexible and versatile. This review focuses on the latter approach and provides a concise overview of the current methods for the generation and accumulation of cationic reactive intermediates as a pool using modern techniques of electrochemistry and their reactions with subsequently added nucleophilic reaction partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Akihiro Shimizu
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Ryutaro Hayashi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
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Luo S, Siegler MA, Bouwman E. Dinuclear Nickel Complexes of Thiolate-Functionalized Carbene Ligands and Their Electrochemical Properties. Organometallics 2017; 37:740-747. [PMID: 29551851 PMCID: PMC5850092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
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Four
dimeric nickel(II) complexes [Ni2Cl2(BnC2S)2] [1], [Ni2Cl2(BnC3S)2] [2], [Ni2(PyC2S)2]Br2 [3]Br2, and [Ni2(PyC3S)2]Br2 [4]Br2 of four different
thiolate-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands were
synthesized, and their structures have been determined by single-crystal
X-ray crystallography. The four ligands differ by the alkyl chain
length between the thiolate group and the benzimidazole nitrogen (two
−C2– or three −C3–
carbon atoms) and the second functionality at the NHC being a benzyl
(Bn) or a pyridylmethyl (Py) group. The nickel(II) ions are coordinated
to the NHC carbon atom and the pendent thiolate group, which bridges
to the second nickel(II) ion creating the dinuclear structure. Additionally,
in compounds [1] and [2], the fourth coordination
position of the square-planar Ni(II) centers is occupied by the halide
ions, whereas in [3]2+ and [4]2+, the additional pendant pyridylmethyl groups complete
the coordination spheres of the nickel ions. The electrochemical properties
of the four complexes were studied using cyclic voltammetry and controlled-potential
coulometry methods. The thiolate-functionalized carbene complexes
[1] and [2] appear to be poor electrocatalysts
for the hydrogen evolution reaction; the complexes [3]Br2 and [4]Br2, bearing an extra
pyridylmethyl group, show higher catalytic activity in proton reduction,
indicating that the pyridine group plays an important role in the
catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Luo
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Elisabeth Bouwman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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