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Nazmutdinov RR, Shermokhamedov SA, Zinkicheva TT, Ulstrup J, Xiao X. Understanding molecular and electrochemical charge transfer: theory and computations. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6230-6253. [PMID: 37551138 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00006g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Electron, proton, and proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) are crucial elementary processes in chemistry, electrochemistry, and biology. We provide here a gentle overview of retrospective and currently developing theoretical formalisms of chemical, electrochemical and biological molecular charge transfer processes, with examples of how to bridge electron, proton, and PCET theory with experimental data. We offer first a theoretical minimum of molecular electron, proton, and PCET processes in homogeneous solution and at electrochemical interfaces. We illustrate next the use of the theory both for simple electron transfer processes, and for processes that involve molecular reorganization beyond the simplest harmonic approximation, with dissociative electron transfer and inclusion of all charge transfer parameters. A core example is the electrochemical reduction of the S2O82- anion. This is followed by discussion of core elements of proton and PCET processes and the electrochemical dihydrogen evolution reaction on different metal, semiconductor, and semimetal (say graphene) electrode surfaces. Other further focus is on stochastic chemical rate theory, and how this concept can rationalize highly non-traditional behaviour of charge transfer processes in mixed solvents. As a second major area we address ("long-range") chemical and electrochemical electron transfer through molecular frameworks using notions of superexchange and hopping. Single-molecule and single-entity electrochemistry are based on electrochemical scanning probe microscopies. (In operando) scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are particularly emphasized, with theoretical notions and new molecular electrochemical phenomena in the confined tunnelling gap. Single-molecule surface structure and electron transfer dynamics are illustrated by self-assembled thiol molecular monolayers and by more complex redox target molecules. This discussion also extends single-molecule electrochemistry to bioelectrochemistry of complex redox metalloproteins and metalloenzymes. Our third major area involves computational overviews of molecular and electronic structure of the electrochemical interface, with new computational challenges. These relate to solvent dynamics in bulk and confined space (say carbon nanostructures), electrocatalysis, metallic and semiconductor nanoparticles, d-band metals, carbon nanostructures, spin catalysis and "spintronics", and "hot" electrons. Further perspectives relate to metal-organic frameworks, chiral surfaces, and spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renat R Nazmutdinov
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Kazan National Research Technological University, K. Marx Str., 68, 420015 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation.
| | - Shokirbek A Shermokhamedov
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Kazan National Research Technological University, K. Marx Str., 68, 420015 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation.
| | - Tamara T Zinkicheva
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Kazan National Research Technological University, K. Marx Str., 68, 420015 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation.
| | - Jens Ulstrup
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Kazan National Research Technological University, K. Marx Str., 68, 420015 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation.
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Building 207, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Xinxin Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
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2D MOFs and their derivatives for electrocatalytic applications: Recent advances and new challenges. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Wang J, Xu J, Chen Z, Wang X. Multi-dimensional Pt–Mo/Co@NC nanocomposites with low platinum contents for methanol oxidation. J Solid State Electrochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-022-05311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kim D, Oh LS, Park JH, Kim HJ, Lee S, Lim E. Perovskite-based electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline media: A mini review. Front Chem 2022; 10:1024865. [PMID: 36277352 PMCID: PMC9585187 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1024865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Water electrolysis is one of the attractive technologies for producing clean and sustainable hydrogen fuels with high purity. Among the various kinds of water electrolysis systems, anion exchange membrane water electrolysis has received much attention by combining the advantages of alkaline water electrolysis and proton exchange membrane water electrolysis. However, the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction, which is based on multiple and complex reaction mechanisms, is regarded as a major obstacle for the development of high-efficiency water electrolysis. Therefore, the development of high-performance oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysts is a prerequisite for the commercialization and wide application of water electrolysis systems. This mini review highlights the current progress of representative oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysts that are based on a perovskite structure in alkaline media. We first summarize the research status of various kinds of perovskite-based oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysts, reaction mechanisms and activity descriptors. Finally, the challenges facing the development of perovskite-based oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysts and a perspective on their future are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongkyu Kim
- Chemical & Process Technology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Lee Seul Oh
- Chemical & Process Technology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Hyeok Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung Ju Kim
- Chemical & Process Technology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, South Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seonggyu Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology (KIT), Gumi, South Korea
- Department of Energy Engineering Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of Technology (KIT), Gumi, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Seonggyu Lee, ; Eunho Lim,
| | - Eunho Lim
- Chemical & Process Technology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Seonggyu Lee, ; Eunho Lim,
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Li C, Yu G, Shen X, Li Y, Chen W. Theoretical Study on the High HER/OER Electrocatalytic Activities of 2D GeSi, SnSi, and SnGe Monolayers and Further Improvement by Imposing Biaxial Strain or Doping Heteroatoms. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165092. [PMID: 36014326 PMCID: PMC9415490 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Under the DFT calculations, two-dimensional (2D) GeSi, SnSi, and SnGe monolayers, considered as the structural analogues of famous graphene, are confirmed to be dynamically, mechanically and thermodynamically stable, and all of them can also possess good conductivity. Furthermore, we systematically investigate their electrocatalytic activities in overall water splitting. The SnSi monolayer can show good HER catalytic activity, while the SnGe monolayer can display remarkable OER catalytic activity. In particular, the GeSi monolayer can even exhibit excellent bifunctional HER/OER electrocatalytic activities. In addition, applying the biaxial strain or doping heteroatoms (especially P atom) can be regarded as the effective strategies to further improve the HER activities of these three 2D monolayers. The doped GeSi and SnSi systems can usually exhibit higher HER activity than the doped SnGe systems. The correlative catalytic mechanisms are also analyzed. This work could open up a new avenue for the development of non-noble-metal-based HER/OER electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuimei Li
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Guangtao Yu
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Biocatalysis, Fujian Province Higher Education Institutes, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian-Taiwan Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Xiaopeng Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Micro and Nano Functional Materials, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Ying Li
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Wei Chen
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Biocatalysis, Fujian Province Higher Education Institutes, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian-Taiwan Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.C.)
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Li S, Yang Y, Hu Z, Li S, Ding F, Xiao X, Si P, Ulstrup J. Hetero-structured NiS2/CoS2 nanospheres embedded on N/S co-doped carbon nanocages with ultra-thin nanosheets for hybrid supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Xie Y, Huang H, Chen Z, He Z, Huang Z, Ning S, Fan Y, Barboiu M, Shi JY, Wang D, Su CY. Co-Fe-P Nanosheet Arrays as a Highly Synergistic and Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:8283-8290. [PMID: 35583467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The rational design and synthesis of highly efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of critical importance to the large-scale production of hydrogen by water electrolysis. Here, we develop a bimetallic, synergistic, and highly efficient Co-Fe-P electrocatalyst for OER, by selecting a two-dimensional metal-organic framework (MOF) of Co-ZIF-L as the precursor. The Co-Fe-P electrocatalyst features pronounced synergistic effects induced by notable electron transfer from Co to Fe, and a large electrochemical active surface area achieved by organizing the synergistic Co-Fe-P into hierarchical nanosheet arrays with disordered grain boundaries. Such features facilitate the generation of abundant and efficiently exposed Co3+ sites for electrocatalytic OER and thus enable Co-Fe-P to deliver excellent activity (overpotential and Tafel slope as low as 240 mV and 36 mV dec-1, respectively, at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 in 1.0 M KOH solution). The Co-Fe-P electrocatalyst also shows great durability by steadily working for up to 24 h. Our work thus provides new insight into the development of highly efficient electrocatalysts based on nanoscale and/or electronic structure engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Xie
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Huanfeng Huang
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhuodi Chen
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhujie He
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhixiang Huang
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shunlian Ning
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanan Fan
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Mihail Barboiu
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.,Institut Europeen des Membranes, Adaptive Supramolecular Nanosystems Group, University of Montpellier, ENSCM-CNRS, Place E. Bataillon CC047, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Jian-Ying Shi
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Cheng-Yong Su
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Du YX, Liu L, Li YK, Liu R, Lu WT, Wang JX, Zhang G, Cao FF. Fe-CoP/C composite nanoplate derived from 2D porphyrin MOF as an efficient catalyst for oxygen evolution reaction. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00473a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The 2D Fe-CoP/C composite transformed from 2D PPF-5-Fe/Co MOF presents a high activity for the oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xia Du
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
| | - Lian Liu
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Ke Li
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
| | - Rui Liu
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
| | - Wang-Ting Lu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Jianghan University, No. 8, Sanjiaohu Road, Wuhan 430056, P. R. China
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University, No. 8, Sanjiaohu Road, Wuhan 430056, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Xiang Wang
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University, No. 8, Sanjiaohu Road, Wuhan 430056, P. R. China
| | - Geng Zhang
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
| | - Fei-Fei Cao
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
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Li X, Hu Q, Yang H, Ma T, Chai X, He C. Bimetallic two-dimensional materials for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Cobalt/nitrogen doped porous carbon as catalysts for efficient oxygen reduction reaction: Towards hybrid enzymatic biofuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Diao F, Huang W, Ctistis G, Wackerbarth H, Yang Y, Si P, Zhang J, Xiao X, Engelbrekt C. Bifunctional and Self-Supported NiFeP-Layer-Coated NiP Rods for Electrochemical Water Splitting in Alkaline Solution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:23702-23713. [PMID: 33974401 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Designing efficient and robust nonprecious metal-based electrocatalysts for overall water electrolysis, which is mainly limited by the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), for hydrogen production remains a major challenge for the hydrogen economy. In this work, a bimetallic NiFeP catalyst is coated on nickel phosphide rods grown on nickel foam (NiFeP@NiP@NF). This self-supported and interfacially connected electrode structure is favorable for mass transfer and reducing electrical resistance during electrocatalysis. The preparation of NiFeP@NiP@NF is optimized in terms of (i) the coprecipitation time of the NiFe Prussian blue analogue layer that serves as phosphides precursor and (ii) the phosphidation temperature. The optimized sample exhibits excellent OER performance delivering current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm-2 at low overpotentials of 227 and 252 mV in 1.0 M KOH, respectively, and maintaining 10 mA cm-2 for more than 120 h without obvious degradation. Moreover, it can also be operated as a hydrogen evolution electrocatalyst, requiring an overpotential of 105 mV at 10 mA cm-2 in the same medium. Thus, the as-prepared material was tentatively utilized as a bifunctional electrocatalyst in a symmetric electrolyzer, requiring a voltage bias of 1.57 V to afford 10 mA cm-2 in 1.0 M KOH, while exhibiting outstanding stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Diao
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Georgios Ctistis
- Department of Photonic Sensor Technology, Institut für Nanophotonik Göttingen, Hans-Adolf-Krebs-Weg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hainer Wackerbarth
- Department of Photonic Sensor Technology, Institut für Nanophotonik Göttingen, Hans-Adolf-Krebs-Weg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yuan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Research Center for Carbon Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, P. R. China
| | - Pengchao Si
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Research Center for Carbon Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, P. R. China
| | - Jingdong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Xinxin Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian Engelbrekt
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Wu X, Wei J, Zhang T, Yang Y, Liu Q, Yan X, Tang Y. Novel synthesis of in situ CeO x nanoparticles decorated on CoP nanosheets for highly efficient electrocatalytic oxygen evolution. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi00821h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
CoP nanosheets decorated by in-situ CeOx nanoparticles were designed through a novel two-step solvothermal-phosphating strategy, which act as an electrode exhibit excellent electrocatalytic performance toward OER in alkaline condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Wu
- Laboratory of Clean Energy Chemistry and Materials, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yuchen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Qingyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xingbin Yan
- Laboratory of Clean Energy Chemistry and Materials, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yu Tang
- Laboratory of Clean Energy Chemistry and Materials, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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