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Zhang Y, Gao L, Cao M, Li S. Tailoring Alkalized and Oxidized V 2CT x as Anode Materials for High-Performance Lithium Ion Batteries. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3516. [PMID: 39063808 PMCID: PMC11278483 DOI: 10.3390/ma17143516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
V2CTx MXenes have gained considerable attention in lithium ion batteries (LIBs) owing to their special two-dimensional (2D) construction with large lithium storage capability. However, engineering high-capacity V2CTx MXenes is still a great challenge due to the limited interlayer space and poor surface terminations. In view of this, alkalized and oxidized V2CTx MXenes (OA-V2C) are envisaged. SEM characterization confirms the accordion-like layered morphology of OA-V2C. The XPS technique illustrates that undergoing alkalized and oxidized treatment, V2CTX MXene replaces -F and -OH with -O groups, which are more conducive to pseudocapacitive properties as well as Na ion diffusion, providing more active sites for ion storage in OA-V2C. Accordingly, the electrochemical performance of OA-V2C as anode materials for LIBs is evaluated in this work, showing excellent performance with high reversible capacity (601 mAh g-1 at 0.2 A g-1 over 500 cycles), competitive rate performance (222.2 mAh g-1 and 152.8 mAh g-1 at 2 A g-1 and 5 A g-1), as well as durable long-term cycling property (252 mAh g-1 at 5 A g-1 undergoing 5000 cycles). It is noted that the intercalation of Na+ ions and oxidation co-modification greatly reduces F surface termination and concurrently increases interlayer spacing in OA-V2C, significantly expediting ion/electron transportation and providing an efficient way to maximize the performance of MXenes in LIBs. This innovative refinement methodology paves the way for building high-performance V2CTx MXenes anode materials in LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Power Battery, School of Mathematics, Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, China; (Y.Z.); (M.C.)
| | - Lin Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Power Battery, School of Mathematics, Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, China; (Y.Z.); (M.C.)
| | - Minglei Cao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Power Battery, School of Mathematics, Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, China; (Y.Z.); (M.C.)
| | - Shaohui Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Wang L, Yuan K, Bai H, Xuan P, Xu N, Yin C, Li K, Hao P, Zhou Y, Dong B. MXene/graphene oxide heterojunction as a high performance anode material for lithium ion batteries. RSC Adv 2023; 13:26239-26246. [PMID: 37671008 PMCID: PMC10475980 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04775j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MXene/graphene oxide composites with strong interfacial interactions were constructed by ball milling in vacuum. Graphene oxide (GO) acted as a bridge between Ti3C2Tx nanosheets in the composite material, which could buffer the mechanical shear force during the ball milling process, avoid the structural damage of nanosheets and improve the structural stability of the composite material during the lithium process. Partial oxidation of Ti3C2Tx nanosheets is caused by high temperatures during ball milling, which is beneficial to improve the intercalation of lithium ions in the material, reduce the stress and electrostatic repulsion between adjacent layers, and cause the composite to have better lithium storage performance. Under the high current density of 2.5 A g-1, the reversible capacity of the Ti3C2Tx/GO composite material after 2000 cycles was 116.5 mA h g-1, and the capacity retention was as high as 116.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Province International Joint Laboratory of Materials for Solar Energy Conversion and Lithium Sodium Based Battery, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology Luoyang 471023 PR China
| | - Kun Yuan
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry Engineering Research Institute, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology Ganzhou 341000 PR China
| | - Hongyu Bai
- Yanshi Zhongyue Refractory Co. LTD Luoyang 471900 PR China
| | - Ping Xuan
- Anhui Product Quality Supervision & Inspection Research Institute PR China
| | - Na Xu
- Anhui Product Quality Supervision & Inspection Research Institute PR China
| | - Chaofan Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Province International Joint Laboratory of Materials for Solar Energy Conversion and Lithium Sodium Based Battery, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology Luoyang 471023 PR China
| | - Kechen Li
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry Engineering Research Institute, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology Ganzhou 341000 PR China
| | - Pengju Hao
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry Engineering Research Institute, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology Ganzhou 341000 PR China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry Engineering Research Institute, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology Ganzhou 341000 PR China
| | - Binbin Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Province International Joint Laboratory of Materials for Solar Energy Conversion and Lithium Sodium Based Battery, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology Luoyang 471023 PR China
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Shelash Al-Hawary SI, Sapaev IB, Althomali RH, Musad Saleh EA, Qadir K, Romero-Parra RM, Ismael Ouda G, Hussien BM, Ramadan MF. Recent Progress in Screening of Mycotoxins in Foods and Other Commodities Using MXenes-Based Nanomaterials. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37307199 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2222412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxin pollution in agricultural food products endangers animal and human health during the supply chains, therefore the development of accurate and rapid techniques for the determination of mycotoxins is of great importance for food safety guarantee. MXenes-based nanoprobes have attracted enormous attention as a complementary analysis and promising alternative strategies to conventional diagnostic methods, because of their fascinating features, like high electrical conductivity, various surface functional groups, high surface area, superb thermal resistance, good hydrophilicity, and environmentally-friendlier characteristics. In this study, we outline the state-of-the-art research on MXenes-based probes in detecting various mycotoxins like aflatoxin, ochratoxin, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and other toxins as a most commonly founded mycotoxin in the agri-food supply chain. First, we present the diverse synthesis approaches and exceptional characteristics of MXenes. Afterward, based on the detecting mechanism, we divide the biosensing utilizations of MXenes into two subcategories: electrochemical, and optical biosensors. Then their performance in effective sensing of mycotoxins is comprehensively deliberated. Finally, present challenges and prospective opportunities for MXenes are debated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I B Sapaev
- Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Raed H Althomali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebraheem Abdu Musad Saleh
- Department of Chemistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, College of Arts and Science, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamran Qadir
- Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chemical Additive Synthesis and Separation, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | | | | | - Beneen M Hussien
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
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Xu J, Liu Z, Wang Q, Li J, Huang Y, Wang M, Cao L, Yao W, Wu H, Chen C. Facile Tailoring of Surface Terminations of MXenes by Doping Nb Element: Toward Extraordinary Pseudocapacitance Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:15367-15376. [PMID: 36924166 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
MXenes show promising potential in supercapacitors due to their unique two-dimensional (2D) structure and abundant surface functional groups. However, most studies about MXenes have focused on tailoring surface structures by alternating synthesis methods or post-etch treatments, and little is known about the inherent relationship between surface groups and M elements. Herein, we propose a simple and novel strategy to adjust the surface structure of few-layered MXene flakes by adding a small amount of Nb element. Because of the strong affinity between Nb and O elements, the as-received V1.8Nb0.2CTx and Ti2.7Nb0.3C2Tx MXenes have much fewer -F functional groups and a higher O content than V2CTx and Ti3C2Tx MXenes, respectively. Thus, both V1.8Nb0.2CTx and Ti2.7Nb0.3C2Tx MXenes show enhanced pseudocapacitance performance. Especially, V1.8Nb0.2CTx delivers an ultrahigh volumetric capacitance of 1698 F/cm3 at a scan rate of 2 mV/s. Moreover, benefiting from the high activity of MAX precursors obtained through a fast self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, the etching time to produce V-based MXenes is much shorter than that in previous reports. Therefore, the results presented here are applicable to the surface engineering and rational design of 2D MXene materials and develop them into promising, cost-effective electrode materials for supercapacitors or other energy-storage equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguang Xu
- School of Materials and Energy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Engineering Materials Application and Evaluation, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Engineering Materials Application and Evaluation, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Junsheng Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, P. R. China
| | - Mengnan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Linyu Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Haijiang Wu
- School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Efficient Power System and Intelligent Manufacturing, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Chi Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, and Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
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Yang G, Liu F, Zhao J, Fu L, Gu Y, Qu L, Zhu C, Zhu JJ, Lin Y. MXenes-based nanomaterials for biosensing and biomedicine. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.215002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Xu Y, Qiang Q, Zhao Y, Li H, Xu L, Liu C, Wang Y, Xu Y, Tao C, Lang T, Zhao L, Liu B. A super water-resistant MXene sponge flexible sensor for bifunctional sensing of physical and chemical stimuli. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:485-494. [PMID: 36594695 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01008a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Flexible wearable sensors with multifunctional features have attracted great interest in various applications such as disease diagnosis, environmental detection and healthcare monitoring. However, it is still a challenge to achieve a multifunctional sensor with super water resistance without compromising the overall performance of the sensing material. Here, we developed a 3D bifunctional flexible sensor based on an MXene melamine sponge (MS) through a simple and effective ultrasonic mixing process and a further vacuum annealing process. The sensor is able to show excellent response to different stimuli, including pressure and humidity. The thermal annealing treatment allows MXene to adhere more firmly to the internal skeleton of the sponge, which does not easily fall off and improves the water resistance, thus achieving wearability and high sensitivity over a wide area. The T-MXene@MS sensor has a sensitivity of 9.97 kPa-1 in the 5-15 kPa range, a fast response time (180 ms), and good stability at 4000 cycles, enabling accurate monitoring of human movement. The sensor has a rich porous structure while maintaining its inherent flexibility, which allows for long term testing of human respiration as well as the ability to respond quickly to dynamic changes in humidity, demonstrating excellent long-term stability for 40 days of humidity detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Xu
- Research Institute for New Materials Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China.
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics Technology, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721016, China.
| | - Qinping Qiang
- Research Institute for New Materials Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China.
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics Technology, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721016, China.
| | - Yaru Zhao
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics Technology, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721016, China.
| | - Hongxing Li
- Research Institute for New Materials Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China.
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics Technology, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721016, China.
| | - Li Xu
- Research Institute for New Materials Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China.
| | - Chong Liu
- Research Institute for New Materials Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China.
| | - Yiya Wang
- Research Institute for New Materials Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China.
| | - Yangkun Xu
- Research Institute for New Materials Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China.
| | - Chengcheng Tao
- Research Institute for New Materials Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China.
| | - Tianchun Lang
- Research Institute for New Materials Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China.
| | - Lei Zhao
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics Technology, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721016, China.
| | - Bitao Liu
- Research Institute for New Materials Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China.
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics Technology, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721016, China.
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Sun J, Shengping Zhang BS, Alomar M, Alqarni AS, Najla Alotaibi MS, Badriah Alshahrani MS, Alghamdi AA, Kou Z, Shen W, Chen Y, Zhang J. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of MXene Quantum Dots. CHEM REC 2023:e202200268. [PMID: 36653938 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) with ultrahigh surface-to-volume ratio, abundant edge active sites, forceful quantum confinement and other remarkable physio-chemical properties, have garnered considerable research interest. MXene QDs, as an emerging member of them, have also attracted wide attention in the last six years, and shown great achievements in many fields. This critical review systematically summarizes the various methods for synthesizing MXene QDs. The characteristics and corresponding applications of various MXene QDs are also presented. The advantages and disadvantages of various synthetic methods, and the limitations of corresponding MXene QDs are compared and highlighted. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of synthesizing MXene QDs are proposed. We hope this review will enlighten researchers to the fabrication of more advancing and promising MXene-based QDs with proprietary properties in diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuxiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies and Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - B S Shengping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies and Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Muneerah Alomar
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P. O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Areej S Alqarni
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P. O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - M S Najla Alotaibi
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P. O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - M S Badriah Alshahrani
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P. O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer A Alghamdi
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P. O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zongkui Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Wangqiang Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Yingquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
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Enabling the fast sodium ions diffusion by constructing reduced graphene oxide/TiO2/MXenes tandem architecture for durable sodium ions battery. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bhargava Reddy MS, Kailasa S, Marupalli BCG, Sadasivuni KK, Aich S. A Family of 2D-MXenes: Synthesis, Properties, and Gas Sensing Applications. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2132-2163. [PMID: 35972775 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gas sensors, capable of detecting and monitoring trace amounts of gas molecules or volatile organic compounds (VOCs), are in great demand for numerous applications including diagnosing diseases through breath analysis, environmental and personal safety, food and agriculture, and other fields. The continuous emergence of new materials is one of the driving forces for the development of gas sensors. Recently, 2D materials have been gaining huge attention for gas sensing applications, owing to their superior electrical, optical, and mechanical characteristics. Especially for 2D MXenes, high specific area and their rich surface functionalities with tunable electronic structure make them compelling for sensing applications. This Review discusses the latest advancements in the 2D MXenes for gas sensing applications. It starts by briefly explaining the family of MXenes, their synthesis methods, and delamination procedures. Subsequently, it outlines the properties of MXenes. Then it describes the theoretical and experimental aspects of the MXenes-based gas sensors. Discussion is also extended to the relation between sensing performance and the structure, electronic properties, and surface chemistry. Moreover, it highlights the promising potential of these materials in the current gas sensing applications and finally it concludes with the limitations, challenges, and future prospects of 2D MXenes in gas sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sai Bhargava Reddy
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Saraswathi Kailasa
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, 506004, India
| | - Bharat C G Marupalli
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Shampa Aich
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
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Zhang X, Zhang W, Zhao H. Ultrasound-assisted fabrication of Ti 3C 2Tx MXene toward enhanced energy storage performance. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 86:106024. [PMID: 35533433 PMCID: PMC9092489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ti3C2Tx MXenes are normally fabricated by removal of main group element from the corresponding transition metal carbides, and they have been actively studied due to their superior energy storage performance. However, the low efficiency in removal of main group element (named as chemical etching) has significantly limited the application of MXene or MXene-related materials. Herein, we demonstrated an ultrasound-assisted approach to synthesize Ti3C2Tx MXene material by using Ti3AlC2 as the precursor. The experimental results indicate that the efficiency of chemical etching of Ti3AlC2 was dramatically promoted by ultrasound. The etching time was greatly shortened to 8 h while typically 24 h is sufficient in dilute hydrofluoric acid. Particularly, the high etching efficiency was achieved by using 2% hydrofluoric acid under the aid of ultrasound, which is lower in concentration than those reported in the previous literature. The specific capacitance of the 8 h sonicated sample is 155F/g, which is much higher than that of the un-sonicated sample prepared under the same experimental conditions. Additionally, the specific capacitance retention of the prepared 8 h sonicated sample was 97.5% after 20,000 cycles of charging/discharging, exhibiting an outstanding energy storage stability compared with the materials reported in previous literatures. It was proposed that removal of AlF3 from the surface of the etched particles was significantly promoted and the hydrogen bonds between the terminations of two different adjacent layers were broken by the acoustic cavitation effect of ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110159, PR China
| | - Wu Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110159, PR China.
| | - Haitao Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110159, PR China
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