1
|
Bansal D, Ghahramanzadehasl H, Cardenas-Morcoso D, Desport J, Frache G, Bengasi G, Boscher ND. Directly-Fused Ni(II)Porphyrin Conjugated Polymers with Blocked meso-Positions: Impact on Electrocatalytic Properties. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400665. [PMID: 38629260 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
The oxidative coupling reaction of two Ni(II) porphyrins meso-substituted with three and four phenyl groups, Ni(II) 5,10,15-(triphenyl)porphyrin (NiPh3P) and Ni(II) 5,10,15,20-(tetraphenyl)porphyrin (NiPh4P) respectively, was investigated in a oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) process. Irrespective of the number of meso-substituents, high-resolution mass spectrometry evidences the formation of oligomeric species containing up to five porphyrin units. UV-Vis-NIR and XPS analyses of the oCVD films highlighted a strong dependence of the intermolecular coupling reaction with the substrate temperature. Specifically, higher substrate temperatures yield lowering of valence band maxima and reduction of the band gap. The formation of conjugated polymeric assemblies results in increased conductivities as compared to their sublimed counterparts. Yet, electrocatalytic measurements exhibit water oxidation onset overpotentials (308 mV for pNiPh3P and 343 mV for pNiPh4P) comparatively higher than the onset overpotential measured for the oCVD film from Ni(II) 5,15-(diphenyl)porphyrin (pNiPh2P), i. e. 283 mV. Although DFT and comparative oCVD studies suggest the formation of directly fused porphyrins involving 'phenyl-mediated' and β-β linkages when reacting tetra-meso-substituted porphyrins, the present findings highlight that multiple direct fusion (β-β/meso-meso/β-β or meso-β/β-meso) is essential for Ni(II) porphyrin-based conjugated polymers to enable a dinuclear radical oxo-coupling operating mechanism for water oxidation at low overpotential and durable catalytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Bansal
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Hadi Ghahramanzadehasl
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Drialys Cardenas-Morcoso
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jessica Desport
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Gilles Frache
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Giuseppe Bengasi
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas D Boscher
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nishiori D, Menzel JP, Armada N, Reyes Cruz EA, Nannenga BL, Batista VS, Moore GF. Breaking a Molecular Scaling Relationship Using an Iron-Iron Fused Porphyrin Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:11622-11633. [PMID: 38639470 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The design of efficient electrocatalysts is limited by scaling relationships governing trade-offs between thermodynamic and kinetic performance metrics. This ″iron law″ of electrocatalysis arises from synthetic design strategies, where structural alterations to a catalyst must balance nucleophilic versus electrophilic character. Efforts to circumvent this fundamental impasse have focused on bioinspired applications of extended coordination spheres and charged sites proximal to a catalytic center. Herein, we report evidence for breaking a molecular scaling relationship involving electrocatalysis of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) by leveraging ligand design. We achieve this using a binuclear catalyst (a diiron porphyrin), featuring a macrocyclic ligand with extended electronic conjugation. This ligand motif delocalizes electrons across the molecular scaffold, improving the catalyst's nucleophilic and electrophilic character. As a result, our binuclear catalyst exhibits low overpotential and high catalytic turnover frequency, breaking the traditional trade-off between these two metrics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Nishiori
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Jan Paul Menzel
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Nicholas Armada
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Edgar A Reyes Cruz
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Brent L Nannenga
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Victor S Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Gary F Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mu X, Liu Y, Xiao GB, Xu C, Gao X, Cao J. Porphyrin Supramolecule as Surface Carrier Modulator Imparts Hole Transporter with Enhanced Mobility for Perovskite Photovoltaics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307152. [PMID: 37490622 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Modulating the surface charge transport behavior of hole transport materials (HTMs) would be as an potential approach to improve their hole mobility, while yet realized for fabricating efficient photovoltaic devices. Here, an oxygen bridged dimer-based monoamine FeIII porphyrin supramolecule is prepared and doped in HTM film. Theoretical analyses reveal that the polaron distributed on dimer can be coupled with the parallel arranged polarons on adjacent dimers. This polaron coupling at the interface of supramolecule and HTM can resonates with hole flux to increase hole transport efficiency. Mobility tests reveal that the hole mobility of doped HTM film is improved by 8-fold. Doped perovskite device exhibits an increased efficiency from 19.8 % to 23.2 %, and greatly improved stability. This work provides a new strategy to improve the mobility of HTMs by surface carrier modulation, therefore fabricating efficient photovoltaic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xijiao Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South road 222, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South road 222, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China
| | - Guo-Bin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South road 222, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China
| | - Chen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South road 222, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China
| | - Xingbang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South road 222, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China
| | - Jing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South road 222, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bansal D, Cardenas-Morcoso D, Boscher N. Conjugated porphyrin polymer films with nickel single sites for the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2023; 11:5188-5198. [PMID: 36911162 PMCID: PMC9990145 DOI: 10.1039/d2ta07748e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Directly fused nickel(ii) porphyrins are successfully investigated as heterogeneous single-site catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Conjugated polymer thin films from Ni(ii) 5,15-(di-4-methoxycarbonylphenyl)porphyrin (pNiDCOOMePP) and Ni(ii) 5,15-diphenylporphyrin (pNiDPP) showed an OER onset overpotential of 270 mV, and current densities of 1.6 mA cm-2 and 1.2 mA cm-2 at 1.6 V vs. RHE, respectively, representing almost a hundred times higher activity than those of monomeric thin films. The fused porphyrin thin films are more kinetically and thermodynamically active than their non-polymerized counterparts mainly due to the formation of conjugated structures enabling a dinuclear radical oxo-coupling (ROC) mechanism at low overpotential. More importantly, we have deciphered the role of the porphyrin substituent in the conformation and performance of porphyrin conjugated polymers as (1) to control the extension of the conjugated system during the oCVD reaction, allowing the retention of the valence band deep enough to provide a high thermodynamic water oxidation potential, (2) to provide a flexible molecular geometry to facilitate O2 formation from the interaction between the Ni-O sites and to weaken the π-bond of the *Ni-O sites for enhanced radical character, and (3) to optimize the water interaction with the central metal cation of the porphyrin for superior electrocatalytic properties. These findings open the scope for molecular engineering and further integration of directly fused porphyrin-based conjugated polymers as efficient heterogeneous catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Bansal
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-Sur-Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Drialys Cardenas-Morcoso
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-Sur-Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas Boscher
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-Sur-Alzette Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hazari AS, Chandra S, Kar S, Sarkar B. Metal Complexes of Singly, Doubly and Triply Linked Porphyrins and Corroles: An Insight into the Physicochemical Properties. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104550. [PMID: 35088477 PMCID: PMC9311859 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Metal complexes of multi‐porphyrins and multi‐corroles are unique systems that display a host of extremely interesting properties. Availability of free meso and β positions allow formation of different types of directly linked bis‐porphyrins giving rise to intriguing optical and electronic properties. While the fields of metalloporphyrin and corroles monomer have seen exponential growth in the last decades, the chemistry of metal complexes of bis‐porphyrins and bis‐corroles remain rather underexplored. Therefore, the impact of covalent linkages on the optical, electronic, (spectro)electrochemical, magnetic and electrocatalytic activities of metal complexes of bis‐porphyrins and ‐corroles has been summarized in this review article. This article shows that despite the (still) somewhat difficult synthetic access to these molecules, their extremely exciting properties do make a strong case for pursuing research on these classes of compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Singha Hazari
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Koordinationschemie Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Shubhadeep Chandra
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Koordinationschemie Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Sanjib Kar
- School of Chemical Sciences National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar 752050 India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute Training School Complex Mumbai 400094 (India)
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Koordinationschemie Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cardenas-Morcoso D, Vey E, Heiderscheid M, Frache G, Boscher ND. Electronic and energy level engineering of directly fused porphyrin-conjugated polymers - impact of the central metal cation. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:2194-2204. [PMID: 35308894 PMCID: PMC8830115 DOI: 10.1039/d1tc05452j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The integration of porphyrins and their derivatives in functional devices for solar-assisted fuel production is both highly attractive and challenging due to the difficulties in processing them. This limitation is overcome in the gas-phase approach, particularly by oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD), leading to the simultaneous synthesis and deposition of conjugated porphyrin coatings. We have investigated the impact of the metal cation of 5,15-diphenyl metalloporphyrins (MDPP; M = Co, Cu, Mg, Zn, Pd, Pt, Ag, Ru, Ag, and FeCl) on the dehydrogenative coupling reaction leading to fused-metalloporphyrin thin films via oCVD and on the optoelectronic properties of the resulting thin films. We found that the nature of the chelated cation strongly affects the intermolecular coupling efficiency, as well as the occurrence of side reactions such as chlorination, intramolecular cyclization, demetallation/re-metalation, and oxidation of the porphyrin core. Moreover, we discussed the influence of the above-mentioned reactions on the optoelectronic properties of the fused metalloporphyrin coatings, in view of their potential application in photo-electrocatalytic systems. This study paves the way toward the engineering and future implementation of porphyrin-based systems for clean and efficient solar fuel production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drialys Cardenas-Morcoso
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-sur-Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Eloa Vey
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-sur-Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Max Heiderscheid
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-sur-Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Gilles Frache
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-sur-Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas D Boscher
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-sur-Alzette Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|