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Ayarde-Henríquez L, Guerra C, Duque-Noreña M, Chamorro E. Revisiting the bonding evolution theory: a fresh perspective on the ammonia pyramidal inversion and bond dissociations in ethane and borazane. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:27394-27408. [PMID: 37792471 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03572g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
This work offers a comprehensive and fresh perspective on the bonding evolution theory (BET) framework, originally proposed by Silvi and collaborators [X. Krokidis, S. Noury and B. Silvi, Characterization of elementary chemical processes by catastrophe theory, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1997, 101, 7277-7282]. By underscoring Thom's foundational work, we identify the parametric function characterizing bonding events along a reaction pathway through a three-step sequence to establish such association rigorously, namely: (a) computing the determinant of the Hessian matrix at all potentially degenerate critical points, (b) computing the relative distance between these points, and (c) assigning the unfolding based on these computations and considering the maximum number of critical points for each unfolding. In-depth examination of the ammonia inversion and the dissociation of ethane and ammonia borane molecules yields a striking discovery: no elliptic umbilic flag is detected along the reactive coordinate for any of the systems, contradicting previous reports. Our findings indicate that the core mechanisms of these chemical reactions can be understood using only two folds, the simplest polynomial of Thom's theory, leading to considerable simplification. In contrast to previous reports, no signatures of the elliptic umbilic unfolding were detected in any of the systems examined. This finding dramatically simplifies the topological rationalization of electron rearrangements within the BET framework, opening new approaches for investigating complex reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Ayarde-Henríquez
- Trinity College Dublin, The university of Dublin. School of Physics, College Green Dublin 2, Ireland.
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Centro de Química Teórica y Computacional (CQT&C), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
| | - Cristian Guerra
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Centro de Química Teórica y Computacional (CQT&C), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
- Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Facultad de Ingeniería, Avenida Pedro de Valdivia 425, 7500912, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Universidad de Córdoba, Grupo de Química Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Carrera 6 No. 77-305, Montería-Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Mario Duque-Noreña
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Centro de Química Teórica y Computacional (CQT&C), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Avenida República 275, 8370146, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
| | - Eduardo Chamorro
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Centro de Química Teórica y Computacional (CQT&C), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Avenida República 275, 8370146, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
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2
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Ju M, Lu Z, Novaes LFT, Alvarado JIM, Lin S. Frustrated Radical Pairs in Organic Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19478-19489. [PMID: 37656899 PMCID: PMC10625356 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Frustrated radical pairs (FRPs) describe the phenomenon that two distinct radicals─which would otherwise annihilate each other to form a closed-shell covalent adduct─can coexist in solution, owing to steric repulsion or weak bonding association. FRPs are typically formed via spontaneous single-electron transfer between two sterically encumbered precursors─an oxidant and a reductant─under ambient conditions. The two components of a FRP exhibit orthogonal chemical properties and can often act in cooperativity to achieve interesting radical reactivities. Initially observed in the study of traditional frustrated Lewis pairs, FRPs have recently been shown to be capable of homolytically activating various chemical bonds. In this Perspective, we will discuss the discovery of FRPs, their fundamental reactivity in chemical bond activation, and recent developments of their use in synthetic organic chemistry, including in C-H bond functionalization. We anticipate that FRPs will provide new reaction strategies for solving challenging problems in modern organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luiz F. T. Novaes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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3
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Jennifer G A, Gao Y, Schreckenbach G, Varathan E. Periodic Trends in the Stabilization of Actinyls in Their Higher Oxidation States Using Pyrrophen Ligands. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:6920-6933. [PMID: 37104857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the prominent existence and unique chemistry of actinyls, their complexation with suitable ligands is of significant interest. The complexation of high-valent actinyl moieties (An = U, Np, Pu and Am) with the acyclic sal-porphyrin analogue called "pyrrophen" (L(1)) and its dimethyl derivative (L(2)) with four nitrogen and two oxygen donor atoms was studied using relativistic density functional theory. Based on the periodic trends, the [UVO2-L(1)/L(2)]1- complexes show shorter bond lengths and higher bond orders that increase across the series of pentavalent actinyl complexes mainly due to the localization of the 5f orbitals. Among the hexavalent complexes, the [UVIO2-L(1)/L(2)] complexes have the shortest bonds. Following the uranyl complex, due to the plutonium turn, the [AmVIO2-L(1)/L(2)] complexes exhibit comparable properties with those of the former. Charge analysis suggests the complexation to be facilitated through ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) mainly through σ donation. Thermodynamic feasibility of complexation was modeled using hydrated actinyl moieties in aqueous medium and was found to be spontaneous. The dimethylated pyrrophen (L(2)) shows higher magnitudes of thermodynamic parameters indicating increased feasibility compared to the unsubstituted ligand (L(1)). Energy decomposition analysis (EDA) along with extended transition-state-natural orbitals for chemical valence theory (ETS-NOCV) analysis shows that the dominant electrostatic contributions decrease across the series and are counteracted by Pauli repulsion. Slight but considerable covalency is provided to hexavalent actinyl complexes by orbital contributions; this was confirmed by molecular orbital (MO) analysis that suggests strong covalency in americyl (VI) complexes. In addition to the pentavalent and hexavalent actinyl moieties, heptavalent actinyl species of neptunyl, plutonyl, and americyl were studied. Beyond the influence of the charges, the geometric and electronic properties point to the stabilization of neptunyl (VII) in the pyrrophen ligand environment, while the others shift to a lower (+VI) and relatively stable OS on complexation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Jennifer G
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yang Gao
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation (Mianyang Central Hospital), Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Georg Schreckenbach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Elumalai Varathan
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
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4
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Kaya S, Putz MV. Atoms-In-Molecules' Faces of Chemical Hardness by Conceptual Density Functional Theory. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248825. [PMID: 36557957 PMCID: PMC9782142 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The chemical hardness concept and its realization within the conceptual density functional theory is approached with innovative perspectives, such as the electronegativity and hardness equalization of atoms in molecules connected with the softness kernel, in order to examine the structure-reactivity equalization ansatz between the electronic sharing index and the charge transfer either in the additive or geometrical mean picture of bonding. On the other hand, the maximum hardness principle presents a relation with the chemical stability of the hardness concept. In light of the inverse relation between hardness and polarizability, the minimum polarizability principle has been proposed. Additionally, this review includes important applications of the chemical hardness concept to solid-state chemistry. The mentioned applications support the validity of the electronic structure principles regarding chemical hardness and polarizability in solid-state chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savas Kaya
- Department of Pharmacy, Health Services Vocational School, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, Turkey
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (M.V.P.)
| | - Mihai V. Putz
- Laboratory of Computational and Structural Physical-Chemistry for Nanosciences and QSAR, Biology-Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Biology, Geography, West University of Timișoara, Pestalozzi Str. No. 16A, RO-300115 Timișoara, Romania
- Scientific Laboratory of Renewable Energies-Photovoltaics, R&D National Institute for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter (INCEMC-Timisoara), Dr. Aurel Podeanu Str. No. 144, RO-300569 Timișoara, Romania
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (M.V.P.)
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5
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Pal R, Patra SG, Chattaraj PK. Can a chemical bond be exclusively covalent or ionic? J CHEM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-022-02094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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6
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Frenking G. Heretical thoughts about the present understanding and description of the chemical bond*. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2110168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Frenking
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia, Spain
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Anila S, Suresh CH, Schaefer HF. Demarcating Noncovalent and Covalent Bond Territories: Imine-CO 2 Complexes and Cooperative CO 2 Capture. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4952-4961. [PMID: 35862882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemical bond territory is rich with covalently bonded molecules wherein a strong bond is formed by equal or unequal sharing of a quantum of electrons. The noncovalent version of the bonding scenarios expands the chemical bonding territory to a weak domain wherein the interplay of electrostatic and π-effects, dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole, and induced dipole-induced dipole interactions, and hydrophobic effects occur. Here we study both the covalent and noncovalent interactive behavior of cyclic and acyclic imine-based functional molecules (XN) with CO2. All parent XN systems preferred the formation of noncovalent (nc) complex XN···CO2, while more saturated such systems (XN') produced both nc and covalent (c) complexes XN'+-(CO2)-. In all such cases, crossover from an nc to c complex is clearly demarcated with the identification of a transition state (ts). The complexes XN'···CO2 and XN'+-(CO2)- are bond stretch isomers, and they define the weak and strong bonding territories, respectively, while the ts appears as the demarcation point of the two territories. Cluster formation of XN with CO2 reinforces the interaction between them, and all become covalent clusters of general formula (XN+-(CO2)-)n. The positive cooperativity associated with the NH···OC hydrogen bond formation between any two XN'+-(CO2)- units strengthened the N-C coordinate covalent bond and led to massive stabilization of the cluster. For instance, the stabilizing interaction between the XN unit with CO2 is increased from 2-7 kcal/mol range in a monomer complex to 14-31 kcal/mol range for the octamer cluster (XN'+-(CO2)-)8. The cooperativity effect compensates for the large reduction in the entropy of cluster formation. Several imine systems showed the exergonic formation of the cluster and are predicted as potential candidates for CO2 capture and conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Anila
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Cherumuttathu H Suresh
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens 30602, Georgia, United States
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8
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Zhao L, Pan S, Frenking G. The Nature of the Polar Covalent Bond . J Chem Phys 2022; 157:034105. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0097304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations using density functional theory are reported for the diatomic molecules LiF, BeO, and BN. The nature of the interatomic interactions is analyzed with the EDA-NOCV method, and the results are critically discussed and compared with data from QTAIM, NBO and Mayer approaches. Polar bonds, like nonpolar bonds, are caused by the interference of wave functions, which lead to an accumulation of electronic charge in the bonding region. Polar bonds generally have a larger percentage of electrostatic bonding to the total attraction, but nonpolar bonds may also possess large contributions from Coulombic interaction. The term "ionic contribution" refers to VB structures and is misleading because it refers to separate fragments with negligible overlap that occur only in the solid state and in solution, not in a molecule. The EDA-NOCV method gives detailed information about the individual orbital contributions, which can nicely be identified by visual inspection of the associated deformation densities. It is very important, particularly for polar bonds to distinguish between the interatomic interactions of the final dissociation products after bond rupture and the interactions between the fragments in the eventually formed bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhao
- Nanjing Tech University College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, China
| | | | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg Fachbereich 15, Germany
- Nanjing Tech University College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
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9
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Rodrigues Silva D, de Azevedo Santos L, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM, P Freitas M, Fonseca Guerra C. Dipolar repulsion in α-halocarbonyl compounds revisited. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20883-20891. [PMID: 34528039 PMCID: PMC8479779 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02502c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The concept of dipolar repulsion has been widely used to explain several phenomena in organic chemistry, including the conformational preferences of carbonyl compounds. This model, in which atoms and bonds are viewed as point charges and dipole moment vectors, respectively, is however oversimplified. To provide a causal model rooted in quantitative molecular orbital theory, we have analyzed the rotational isomerism of haloacetaldehydes OHC–CH2X (X = F, Cl, Br, I), using relativistic density functional theory. We have found that the overall trend in the rotational energy profiles is set by the combined effects of Pauli repulsion (introducing a barrier around gauche that separates minima at syn and anti), orbital interactions (which can pull the anti minimum towards anticlinal to maximize hyperconjugation), and electrostatic interactions. Only for X = F, not for X = Cl–I, electrostatic interactions push the preference from syn to anti. Our bonding analyses show how this trend is related to the compact nature of F versus the more diffuse nature of the heavier halogens. Beyond point charges! The point charge concept within dipolar repulsion model is valid for compact atoms like fluorine. This model breaks down for larger halogens, for which the electrostatic attraction between nuclei and charge densities dominates.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rodrigues Silva
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
| | - Lucas de Azevedo Santos
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Matheus P Freitas
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
| | - Célia Fonseca Guerra
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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10
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Polestshuk P. TWOE Code: An Efficient Tool for Explicit Partition of Coupled Cluster and Configuration Interaction Energies into Atomic and Diatomic Contributions. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:3198-3207. [PMID: 33848147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The efficient implementation of the TWOE program for evaluating the atomic and interatomic energy components at post-HF level was developed. The systematic convergence of these terms up to a near full-CI limit was performed for the first time for a series of coupled cluster methods: CCSD → CCSDT → CCSDTQ → CCSDTQP. A comparison with corresponding CI approaches (up to fifth excitation level) is additionally discussed. For a set of diatomic systems, it was demonstrated that, along with a full molecular energy convergence, all its components are also converged but with different patterns. It was found that not all components are decreased in their values at increasing computational rank. For instance, atomic energy parts are decreased while interatomic (interaction) energies are increased as the limiting level is approached. Two schemes were employed for atomic partition of molecules: the Baders approach and planes dissection. Influence of dynamical correlation effects on atomic energy components was analyzed in detail. Current TWOE implementation allows one, in principle, to work with any ab initio method providing the two-particle density matrix. It is believed that the developed program will be a useful tool for a real space energy decomposition that helps to reveal the most peculiar points in the structure of the total and correlation energies of a molecule.
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11
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Fernández I, Holzmann N, Frenking G. The Valence Orbitals of the Alkaline-Earth Atoms. Chemistry 2020; 26:14194-14210. [PMID: 32666598 PMCID: PMC7702052 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations of the alkaline‐earth oxides, imides and dihydrides of the alkaline‐earth atoms (Ae=Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) and the calcium cluster Ca6H9[N(SiMe3)2]3(pmdta)3 (pmdta=N,N,N′,N′′,N′′‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine) have been carried out by using density functional theory. Analysis of the electronic structures by charge and energy partitioning methods suggests that the valence orbitals of the lighter atoms Be and Mg are the (n)s and (n)p orbitals. In contrast, the valence orbitals of the heavier atoms Ca, Sr and Ba comprise the (n)s and (n−1)d orbitals. The alkaline‐earth metals Be and Mg build covalent bonds like typical main‐group elements, whereas Ca, Sr and Ba covalently bind like transition metals. The results not only shed new light on the covalent bonds of the heavier alkaline‐earth metals, but are also very important for understanding and designing experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Centro de Innovación en, Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicole Holzmann
- Research Center for Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany.,Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for, Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
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12
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Narsaria AK, Poater J, Fonseca Guerra C, Ehlers AW, Hamlin TA, Lammertsma K, Bickelhaupt FM. Distortion-Controlled Redshift of Organic Dye Molecules. Chemistry 2020; 26:2080-2093. [PMID: 31815315 PMCID: PMC7027851 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is shown, quantum chemically, how structural distortion of an aromatic dye molecule can be leveraged to rationally tune its optoelectronic properties. By using a quantitative Kohn-Sham molecular orbital (KS-MO) approach, in combination with time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT), the influence of various structural and electronic tuning parameters on the HOMO-LUMO gap of a benzenoid model dye have been investigated. These parameters include 1) out-of-plane bending of the aromatic core, 2) bending of the bridge with respect to the core, 3) the nature of the bridge itself, and 4) π-π stacking. The study reveals the coupling of multiple structural distortions as a function of bridge length and number of bridges in benzene to be chiefly responsible for a decreased HOMO-LUMO gap, and consequently, red-shifting of the absorption wavelength associated with the lowest singlet excitation (λ≈560 nm) in the model cyclophane systems. These physical insights together with a rational approach for tuning the oscillator strength were leveraged for the proof-of-concept design of an intense near-infrared (NIR) absorbing cyclophane dye at λ=785 nm. This design may contribute to a new class of distortion-controlled NIR absorbing organic dye molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayush K. Narsaria
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for, Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jordi Poater
- ICREAPg. Lluís Companys 2308010BarcelonaSpain
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUBUniversitat de BarcelonaMartí i Franquès 1-1108028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Célia Fonseca Guerra
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for, Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Gorlaeus LaboratoriesLeiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Andreas W. Ehlers
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of JohannesburgAuckland ParkJohannesburg2006South Africa
| | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for, Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Koop Lammertsma
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for, Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of JohannesburgAuckland ParkJohannesburg2006South Africa
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for, Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Institute of Molecules and Materials (IMM)Radboud University NijmegenHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
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13
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Poręba T, Ernst M, Zimmer D, Macchi P, Casati N. Pressure‐Induced Polymerization and Electrical Conductivity of a Polyiodide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Poręba
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation—Condensed MatterPaul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen–PSI Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Michelle Ernst
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Dominik Zimmer
- Institute of GeosciencesGoethe-University Frankfurt, Crystallography/Mineralogy Altenhoeferallee 1 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Piero Macchi
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
- Department of ChemistryMaterials and Chemical Engineering Polytechnic of Milan Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Nicola Casati
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation—Condensed MatterPaul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen–PSI Switzerland
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14
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Poręba T, Ernst M, Zimmer D, Macchi P, Casati N. Pressure-Induced Polymerization and Electrical Conductivity of a Polyiodide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:6625-6629. [PMID: 30844119 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report the high-pressure structural characterization of an organic polyiodide salt in which a progressive addition of iodine to triiodide groups occurs. Compression leads to the initial formation of discrete heptaiodide units, followed by polymerization to a 3D anionic network. Although the structural changes appear to be continuous, the insulating salt becomes a semiconducting polymer above 10 GPa. The features of the pre-reactive state and the polymerized state are revealed by analysis of the computed electron and energy densities. The unusually high electrical conductivity can be explained with the formation of new bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Poręba
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation-Condensed Matter, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Ernst
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Zimmer
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Crystallography/Mineralogy, Altenhoeferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Piero Macchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering Polytechnic of Milan, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Casati
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation-Condensed Matter, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
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15
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Zhao L, Hermann M, Schwarz WHE, Frenking G. The Lewis electron-pair bonding model: modern energy decomposition analysis. Nat Rev Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-018-0060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Zhao L, Schwarz WHE, Frenking G. The Lewis electron-pair bonding model: the physical background, one century later. Nat Rev Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-018-0052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Pecher L, Tonner R. Deriving bonding concepts for molecules, surfaces, and solids with energy decomposition analysis for extended systems. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Pecher
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Ralf Tonner
- Fachbereich Chemie and Material Sciences Center Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
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18
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Andrés J, González-Navarrete P, Safont VS, Silvi B. Curly arrows, electron flow, and reaction mechanisms from the perspective of the bonding evolution theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:29031-29046. [PMID: 29077108 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06108k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite the usefulness of curly arrows in chemistry, their relationship with real electron density flows is still imprecise, and even their direct connection to quantum chemistry is still controversial. The paradigmatic description - from first principles - of the mechanistic aspects of a given chemical process is based mainly on the relative energies and geometrical changes at the stationary points of the potential energy surface along the reaction pathway; however, it is not sufficient to describe chemical systems in terms of bonding aspects. Probing the electron density distribution during a chemical reaction can provide important insights, enabling us to understand and control chemical reactions. This aim has required an extension of the relationships between the concepts of traditional chemistry and those of quantum mechanics. Bonding evolution theory (BET), which combines the topological analysis of the electron localization function (ELF) and Thom's catastrophe theory (CT), provides a powerful method that offers insight into the molecular mechanism of chemical rearrangements. In agreement with the laws of physical and aspects of quantum theory, BET can be considered an appropriate tool to tackle chemical reactivity with a wide range of possible applications. In this work, BET is applied to address a long-standing problem: the ability to monitor the flow of electron density. BET analysis shows a connection between quantum mechanics and bond making/forming processes. Likewise, the present approach retrieves the classical curly arrows used to describe the rearrangements of chemical bonds and provides detailed physical grounds for this type of representation. We demonstrate this procedure using the test set of prototypical examples of thermal ring apertures, and the degenerated Cope rearrangement of semibullvalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Andrés
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain.
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19
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Zhao L, von Hopffgarten M, Andrada DM, Frenking G. Energy decomposition analysis. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | | | | | - Gernot Frenking
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) Donostia Spain
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20
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Baranac-Stojanović M. 4π-Electron B-N Monocycles: Stability and (Anti)aromaticity. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marija Baranac-Stojanović
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Belgrade; Studentski trg 12-16, P. O. Box 158 11000 Belgrade Serbia
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21
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Scharf LT, Andrada DM, Frenking G, Gessner VH. The Bonding Situation in Metalated Ylides. Chemistry 2017; 23:4422-4434. [PMID: 28121371 PMCID: PMC5396261 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations have been carried out to study the electronic structure of metalated ylides particularly in comparison to their neutral analogues, the bisylides. A series of compounds of the general composition Ph3 P-C-L with L being either a neutral or an anionic ligand were analyzed and the impact of the nature of the substituent L and the total charge on the electronics and bonding situation was studied. The charge at the carbon atom as well as the dissociation energies, bond lengths, and Wiberg bond indices strongly depend on the nature of L. Here, not only the charge of the ligand but also the position of the charge within the ligand backbone plays an important role. Independent of the substitution pattern, the NBO analysis reveals the preference of unsymmetrical bonding situations (P=C-L or P-C=L) for almost all compounds. However, Lewis structures with two lone-pair orbitals at the central carbon atom are equally valid for the description of the bonding situation. This is confirmed by the pronounced lone-pair character of the frontier orbitals. Energy decomposition analysis mostly reveals the preference of several bonding situations, mostly with dative and ylidic electron-sharing bonds (e.g., P→C- -L). In general, the anionic systems show a higher preference of the ylidic bonding situations compared to the neutral analogues. However, in most of the cases different resonance structures have to be considered for the description of the "real" bonding situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart T. Scharf
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie IIRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Strasse35032MarburgGermany
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Strasse35032MarburgGermany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie IIRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
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22
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Baranac-Stojanović M, Stojanović M, Aleksić J. Theoretical study of azido gauche effect and its origin. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00369b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The strength and origin of the azido gauche effect were studied by ab initio calculations and compared with the well-known fluorine gauche effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jovana Aleksić
- Center for Chemistry ICTM
- University of Belgrade
- 11000 Belgrade
- Serbia
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23
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Levine DS, Horn PR, Mao Y, Head-Gordon M. Variational Energy Decomposition Analysis of Chemical Bonding. 1. Spin-Pure Analysis of Single Bonds. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:4812-4820. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Levine
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center
for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Paul R. Horn
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center
for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yuezhi Mao
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center
for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center
for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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24
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Ghiasi R, Heidarbeigi A. Substituent effect on the structure and properties of dialumene. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023616080088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations using the complete active space of the valence orbitals have been carried out for Hn CCHn (n=0-3) and N2. The quadratic force constants and the stretching potentials of Hn CCHn have been calculated at the CASSCF/cc-pVTZ level. The bond dissociation energies of the C-C bonds of C2 and HC≡CH were computed using explicitly correlated CASPT2-F12/cc-pVTZ-F12 wave functions. The bond dissociation energies and the force constants suggest that C2 has a weaker C-C bond than acetylene. The analysis of the CASSCF wavefunctions in conjunction with the effective bond orders of the multiple bonds shows that there are four bonding components in C2, while there are only three in acetylene and in N2. The bonding components in C2 consist of two weakly bonding σ bonds and two electron-sharing π bonds. The bonding situation in C2 can be described with the σ bonds in Be2 that are enforced by two π bonds. There is no single Lewis structure that adequately depicts the bonding situation in C2. The assignment of quadruple bonding in C2 is misleading, because the bond is weaker than the triple bond in HC≡CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hermann
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany.
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27
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On Quantum Chemical Topology. CHALLENGES AND ADVANCES IN COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-29022-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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28
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Andrada DM, Holzmann N, Hamadi T, Frenking G. Direct estimate of the internal π-donation to the carbene centre within N-heterocyclic carbenes and related molecules. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:2727-36. [PMID: 26877795 PMCID: PMC4734353 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifteen cyclic and acylic carbenes have been calculated with density functional theory at the BP86/def2-TZVPP level. The strength of the internal X→p(π) π-donation of heteroatoms and carbon which are bonded to the C(II) atom is estimated with the help of NBO calculations and with an energy decomposition analysis. The investigated molecules include N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), the cyclic alkyl(amino)carbene (cAAC), mesoionic carbenes and ylide-stabilized carbenes. The bonding analysis suggests that the carbene centre in cAAC and in diamidocarbene have the weakest X→p(π) π-donation while mesoionic carbenes possess the strongest π-donation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego M Andrada
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Holzmann
- Laboratoire International Associé Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UMR 7565, Université de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Thomas Hamadi
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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30
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Fantuzzi F, Nascimento MAC. Description of Polar Chemical Bonds from the Quantum Mechanical Interference Perspective. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 10:2322-32. [PMID: 26580752 DOI: 10.1021/ct500334f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Generalized Product Function Energy Partitioning (GPF-EP) method has been applied to a set of molecules, AH (A = Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F), CO and LiF with quite different dipole moments, in order to investigate the role played by the quantum interference effect in the formation of polar chemical bonds. The calculations were carried out with GPF wave functions treating all the core electrons as a single Hartree-Fock group and the bonding electrons at the Generalized Valence Bond Perfect-Pairing (GVB-PP) level, with the cc-pVTZ basis set. The results of the energy partitioning into interference and quasi-classical contributions along the respective Potential Energy Surfaces (PES) show that the main contribution to the depth of the potential wells comes from the interference term, which is an indication that all the molecules mentioned above form typical covalent bonds. In all cases, the stabilization promoted by the interference term comes from the kinetic contribution, in agreement with previous results. The analysis of the effect of quantum interference on the electron density reveals that while polarization effects (quasi-classical) tend to displace electronic density from the most polarizable atom toward the less polarizable one, interference (quantum effects) counteracts by displacing electronic density to the bond region, giving rise to the right electronic density and dipole moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Fantuzzi
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
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31
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Aleksić J, Stojanović M, Baranac-Stojanović M. Origin of Fluorine/Sulfur Gauche Effect of β-Fluorinated Thiol, Sulfoxide, Sulfone, and Thionium Ion. J Org Chem 2015; 80:10197-207. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Aleksić
- Center
for Chemistry ICTM, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 473, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milovan Stojanović
- Center
for Chemistry ICTM, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 473, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Baranac-Stojanović
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, P.O. Box 158, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Stojanović M, Aleksić J, Baranac-Stojanović M. The effect of steric repulsion on the torsional potential of n-butane: a theoretical study. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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33
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Holzmann N, Hermann M, Frenking G. The boron-boron triple bond in NHC→B 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 B←NHC. Chem Sci 2015; 6:4089-4094. [PMID: 29218175 PMCID: PMC5707517 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01504a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Thorough examination of the electronic structure of the compound B2(NHCMe)2 provides convincing evidence for a B
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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B triple bond.
Quantum chemical calculations of the compound B2(NHCMe)2 and a thorough examination of the electronic structure with an energy decomposition analysis provide strong evidence for the appearance of boron–boron triple bond character. This holds for the model compound and for the isolated diboryne B2(NHCR)2 of Braunschweig which has an even slightly shorter B–B bond. The bonding situation in the molecule is best described in terms of NHCMe→B2←NHCMe donor–acceptor interactions and concomitant π-backdonation NHCMe←B2→NHCMe which weakens the B–B bond, but the essential features of a triple bond are preserved. An appropriate formula which depicts both interactions is the sketch NHCMe⇄B
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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B⇄NHCMe. Calculations of the stretching force constants FBB which take molecules that have genuine single, double and triple bonds as references suggest that the effective bond order of B2(NHCMe)2 has the value of 2.34. The suggestion by Köppe and Schnöckel that the strength of the boron–boron bond in B2(NHCH)2 is only between a single and a double bond is repudiated. It misleadingly takes the force constant FBB of OBBO as the reference value for a B–B single bond which ignores π bonding contributions. The alleged similarity between the B–O bonds in OBBO and the B–C bonds in B2(NHCMe)2 is a mistaken application of the principle of isolable relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Holzmann
- Fachbereich Chemie , Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2 , 35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Markus Hermann
- Fachbereich Chemie , Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2 , 35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie , Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2 , 35032 Marburg , Germany.,Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) , P.K. 1072 , 20080 Donostia , Spain .
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Fernández I. Combined activation strain model and energy decomposition analysis methods: a new way to understand pericyclic reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:7662-71. [PMID: 24638229 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00346b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The recently introduced activation strain model (ASM) has allowed us to gain more insight into the intimacies of different fundamental processes in chemistry. In combination with the energy decomposition analysis (EDA) method, we have nowadays a very useful tool to quantitatively understand the physical factors that govern the activation barriers of reactions within organic and organometallic chemistry. In this Perspective article, we present selected illustrative examples of the application of this method to pericyclic reactions (Diels-Alder and double group transfer reactions) to show that this methodology nicely complements other more traditional, widely used theoretical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
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35
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36
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Wang WY, Wang L, Ma NN, Zhu CL, Qiu YQ. Ferrocene/fullerene hybrids showing large second-order nonlinear optical activities: impact of the cage unit size. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:10078-88. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01134e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ferrocene/fullerene complexes through face-to-face fusion enjoy the merits of both ferrocene and fullerene due to their strong donor–acceptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yong Wang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- People's Republic of China
| | - Na-Na Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Normal University
- Xinxiang
- People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Li Zhu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Qing Qiu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- People's Republic of China
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37
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Nijesh K, Rojisha VC, De S, Parameswaran P. 2-Adamantylidene and its heavier analogues: hyperconjugation versus lone pair stability and electrophilicity versus nucleophilicity. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:4693-706. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03801k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Too heavy to bend: The Cieplak-type hyperconjugative interaction mainly contributes to the stability of 2C and 2Si whereas the inertness of lone pairs is the major factor for 2Ge and 2Sn. These molecules (2X; X = C–Sn) can be classified as a class of ambiphilic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karikkeeriyil Nijesh
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Calicut
- Kozhikode
- India
| | - Vallyanga Chalil Rojisha
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Calicut
- Kozhikode
- India
| | - Susmita De
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Calicut
- Kozhikode
- India
| | - Pattiyil Parameswaran
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Calicut
- Kozhikode
- India
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38
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Baranac-Stojanović M, Aleksić J, Stojanović M. Energy decomposition analysis of gauche preference in 2-haloethanol, 2-haloethylamine (halogen = F, Cl), their protonated forms and anti preference in 1-chloro-2-fluoroethane. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01164g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Small, electronegative elements contribute more electrostatic and orbital stabilization to the anti → gauche isomerization, and greater steric repulsion. The first and the latter actually oppose our traditional view of conformational equilibria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jovana Aleksić
- Center for Chemistry ICTM
- University of Belgrade
- 11000 Belgrade
- Serbia
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39
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40
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Gámez JA, Hermann M, Frenking G. Structures and Bonding Situation of the Allyl Systems and Cyclic Isomers [H 2E- E(H)- EH 2] -,·,+( E= C, Si, Ge, Sn). Z Anorg Allg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201300473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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41
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Ghiasi R, Manochehri M, Yadegari N. A quantum chemistry study of ruthenabenzene complexes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024413090331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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42
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Celik MA, Frenking G, Neumüller B, Petz W. Exploiting the Twofold Donor Ability of Carbodiphosphoranes: Theoretical Studies of [(PPh3)2C→EH2]q(Eq=Be, B+, C2+, N3+, O4+) and Synthesis of the Dication [(Ph3P)2CCH2]2+. Chempluschem 2013; 78:1024-1032. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201300169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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43
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Zamani M, Dabbagh HA. Quantitative analysis of intermolecular forces for hydrogen bond driven self-assembly of resorcinol and bis(pyridine) substituted ethylene cocrystals, before and after [2 + 2] dimerization. Struct Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-012-0197-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Esterhuysen C, Frenking G. Complexation behavior of two-coordinated carbon compounds containing fluorenyl ligands. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:13349-56. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt32872d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Fernández I, Frenking G. Neutral noble gas compounds exhibiting a Xe-Xe bond: structure, stability and bonding situation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:14869-77. [PMID: 22699392 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41244f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structure and stability towards decomposition of eight novel noble gas compounds having a Xe-Xe bond, which have not been experimentally observed so far, have been studied computationally. In addition, the nature of the Xe-Xe interaction has been analysed by a combination of the most popular methods to study the bonding situation of molecules, i.e. Natural Bond Orbital, Atom in Molecules and Energy Decomposition Analysis methods. Two related series of compounds have been considered: HXeXeX (X = F to I) and RXeXeR' (R = halogen atom). Our calculations indicate that the replacement of the fluorine atom by a heavier group 17 congener in the HXeXeX series leads to a less stable compound, thus making more difficult its experimental observation. The same effect occurs in the RXeXeR' series, but these species are more kinetically protected against the decomposition reaction and therefore, their experimental detection is more likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Flener Lovitt C, Frenking G, Girolami GS. Donor–Acceptor Properties of Bidentate Phosphines. DFT Study of Nickel Carbonyls and Molecular Dihydrogen Complexes. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om200456j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charity Flener Lovitt
- School
of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews
Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans Meerwein-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gregory S. Girolami
- School
of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews
Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Jia JF, Wu HS, Mo Y. The generalized block-localized wavefunction method: A case study on the conformational preference and C–O rotational barrier of formic acid. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:144315. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3702630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Jia
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, Shanxi 041004, China
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48
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Are They Linear, Bent, or Cyclic? Quantum Chemical Investigation of the Heavier Group 14 and Group 15 Homologues of HCN and HNC. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:1296-311. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201200022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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49
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Celik MA, Sure R, Klein S, Kinjo R, Bertrand G, Frenking G. Borylene complexes (BH)L2 and nitrogen cation complexes (N+)L2: isoelectronic homologues of carbones CL2. Chemistry 2012; 18:5676-92. [PMID: 22434609 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations using DFT (BP86, M05-2X) and ab initio methods (CCSD(T), SCS-MP2) have been carried out on the borylene complexes (BH)L(2) and nitrogen cation complexes (N(+))L(2) with the ligands L=CO, N(2), PPh(3), NHC(Me), CAAC, and CAAC(model). The results are compared with those obtained for the isoelectronic carbones CL(2). The geometries and bond dissociation energies of the ligands, the proton affinities, and adducts with the Lewis acids BH(3) and AuCl were calculated. The nature of the bonding has been analyzed with charge and energy partitioning methods. The calculated borylene complexes (BH)L(2) have trigonal planar coordinated boron atoms which possess rather short B-L bonds. The calculated bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of the ligands for complexes where L is a carbene (NHC or CAAC) are very large (D(e) =141.6-177.3 kcal mol(-1)) which suggest that such species might become isolated in a condensed phase. The borylene complexes (BH)(PPh(3))(2) and (BH)(CO)(2) have intermediate bond strengths (D(e) =90.1 and 92.6 kcal mol(-1)). Substituted homologues with bulky groups at boron which protect the boron atom from electrophilic attack might also be stable enough to become isolated. The BDE of (BH)(N(2))(2) is much smaller (D(e) =31.9 kcal mol(-1)), but could become observable in a low-temperature matrix. The proton affinities of the borylene complexes are very large, particularly for the bulky adducts with L=PPh(3), NHC(Me), CAAC(model) and CAAC and thus, they are superbases. All (BH)L(2) molecules bind strongly AuCl either η(1) (L=N(2), PPh(3), NHC(Me), CAAC) or η(2) (L=CO, CAAC(model)). The BDEs of H(3)B-(BH)L(2) adducts which possess a hitherto unknown boron→boron donor-acceptor bond are smaller than for the AuCl complexes. The strongest bonded BH(3) adduct that might be isolable is (BH)(PPh(3))(2)-BH(3) (D(e) =36.2 kcal mol(-1)). The analysis of the bonding situation reveals that (BH)-L(2) bonding comes mainly from the orbital interactions which has three major contributions, that is, the donation from the symmetric (σ) and antisymmetric (π(||)) combination of the ligand lone-pair orbitals into the vacant MOs of BH L→(BH)←L and the L←(BH)→L π backdonation from the boron lone-pair orbital. The nitrogen cation complexes (N(+))L(2) have strongly bent L-N-L geometries, in which the calculated bending angle varies between 113.9° (L=N(2)) and 146.9° (L=CAAC). The BDEs for (N(+))L(2) are much larger than those of the borylene complexes. The carbene ligands NHC and CAAC but also the phosphane ligands PPh(3) bind very strongly between D(e) =358.4 kcal mol(-1) (L=PPh(3)) and D(e) =412.5 kcal mol(-1) (L=CAAC(model)). The proton affinities (PA) of (N(+))L(2) are much smaller and they bind AuCl and BH(3) less strongly compared with (BH)L(2). However, the PAs (N(+))L(2) for complexes with bulky ligands L are still between 139.9 kcal mol(-1) (L=CAAC(model)) and 168.5 kcal mol(-1) (L=CAAC). The analysis of the (N(+))-L(2) bonding situation reveals that the binding interactions come mainly from the L→(N(+))←L donation while L←(N(+) )→L π backdonation is rather weak.
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Taw FL, Clark AE, Mueller AH, Janicke MT, Cantat T, Scott BL, Hay PJ, Hughes RP, Kiplinger JL. Titanium(IV) Trifluoromethyl Complexes: New Perspectives on Bonding from Organometallic Fluorocarbon Chemistry. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om201055e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felicia L. Taw
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Aurora E. Clark
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | | | - Michael T. Janicke
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Thibault Cantat
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Brian L. Scott
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Hay
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Russell P. Hughes
- Dartmouth College, 6128 Burke Laboratories, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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