1
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Han Q, Li Z, Sun K, Tao ML, Shi MX, Yang DX, Xia JX, Wan JJ, Wang JZ. Spontaneous chiral resolution of pentahelicene molecules on Cd(0001). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:10292-10296. [PMID: 35437551 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00778a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chiral resolution is of fundamental importance to conglomerate or racemate crystallization. Here we demonstrate that the spontaneous chiral resolution of pentahelicene racemates occurred in the monolayer domains. When deposited on a Cd(0001) surface, pentahelicene molecules crystallize into a commensurate (6 × 6)R0° structure built mainly from homochiral trimers. Spontaneous chirality separation takes place in the form of opposite mirror domains, where 2D enantiomorphism is not expressed by the oblique adlattice, but by the supramolecular chirality of the pentahelicene trimers. Furthermore, annealing the sample or extreme close-packing lead to the presence of lattice handedness through the formation of a porous network structure or an edge-on phase. These results provide valuable insight for 2D conglomerate crystallization and stereochemical recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Han
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro&Nano Structure Optoelectronics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Zuo Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro&Nano Structure Optoelectronics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Kai Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro&Nano Structure Optoelectronics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Min-Long Tao
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro&Nano Structure Optoelectronics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Ming-Xia Shi
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro&Nano Structure Optoelectronics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Da-Xiao Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro&Nano Structure Optoelectronics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Jing-Xiang Xia
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro&Nano Structure Optoelectronics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Jia-Jie Wan
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro&Nano Structure Optoelectronics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Jun-Zhong Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro&Nano Structure Optoelectronics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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2
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Elimelech O, Aviv O, Oded M, Peng X, Harries D, Banin U. Entropy of Branching Out: Linear versus Branched Alkylthiols Ligands on CdSe Nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2022; 16:4308-4321. [PMID: 35157440 PMCID: PMC8945696 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Surface ligands of semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) play key roles in determining their colloidal stability and physicochemical properties and are thus enablers also for the NCs flexible manipulation toward numerous applications. Attention is usually paid to the ligand binding group, while the impact of the ligand chain backbone structure is less discussed. Using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), we studied the effect of structural changes in the ligand chain on the thermodynamics of the exchange reaction for oleate coated CdSe NCs, comparing linear and branched alkylthiols. The investigated alkylthiol ligands differed in their backbone length, branching position, and branching group length. Compared to linear ligands, lower exothermicity and entropy loss were observed for an exchange with branched ligands, due to steric hindrance in ligand packing, thereby justifying their previous classification as "entropic ligands". Mean-field calculations for ligand binding demonstrate the contribution to the overall entropy originating from ligand conformational entropy, which is diminished upon binding mainly by packing of NC-bound ligands. Model calculations and the experimental ITC data both point to an interplay between the branching position and the backbone length in determining the entropic nature of the branched ligand. Our findings suggest that the most entropic ligand should be a short, branched ligand with short branching group located toward the middle of the ligand chain. The insights provided by this work also contribute to a future smarter NC surface design, which is an essential tool for their implementation in diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orian Elimelech
- The
Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Omer Aviv
- The
Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Meirav Oded
- The
Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Xiaogang Peng
- Department
of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Daniel Harries
- The
Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
- The
Fritz Haber Center, The Hebrew University
of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Uri Banin
- The
Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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3
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Irziqat B, Berger J, Mendieta-Moreno JI, Sundar MS, Bedekar AV, Ernst KH. Transition from Homochiral Clusters to Racemate Monolayers during 2D Crystallization of Trioxa[11]helicene on Ag(100). Chemphyschem 2021; 22:293-297. [PMID: 33289221 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of chiral crystallization into homochiral crystals is known for more than 170 years, yet it is still poorly understood. Studying crystallization on surfaces under well-defined condition seems a promising approach towards better understanding the intermolecular chiral recognition mechanisms during nucleation and growth. The two-dimensional aggregation of racemic trioxaundecahelicene on the single crystalline silver(100) surface has been investigated with scanning tunneling microscopy and with non-contact atomic force microscopy, as well as molecular modeling simulations. A transition from homochiral cluster motifs to heterochiral assembly into large islands with increasing coverage is observed. Force field modelling confirms higher stability of heterochiral arrangements from twelve molecules on. Results are discussed with respect to previous findings for the all-carbon heptahelicene on the same surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahaaeddin Irziqat
- Surface Science and Coating Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jan Berger
- Surface Science and Coating Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Nanosurf Laboratory, Institute of Physics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jesús I Mendieta-Moreno
- Nanosurf Laboratory, Institute of Physics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mothuku Shyam Sundar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ashutosh V Bedekar
- Department of Chemistry, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 002, India
| | - Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Surface Science and Coating Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Nanosurf Laboratory, Institute of Physics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00, Prague, Czech Republic
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4
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Karagoz B, Payne M, Reinicker A, Kondratyuk P, Gellman AJ. A Most Enantioselective Chiral Surface: Tartaric Acid on All Surfaces Vicinal to Cu(110). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:16438-16443. [PMID: 31729881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective chemistry on intrinsically chiral surfaces is the quintessential form of structure-sensitive surface chemistry, arising purely from the dissymmetry of the surface structure. Identification or design of chiral surface structures that maximize enantioselectivity for a given processes is extremely challenging because of the limited magnitude of the enantiospecific interaction energetics of chiral molecules with chiral surfaces. Using spherical Cu single crystals exposing surfaces with a continuous two-dimensional distribution of crystallographic orientations, we mapped the enantiospecific surface reaction kinetics of tartaric acid decomposition across the surface orientation space. These measurements reveal both the mechanistic origin of enantioselectivity and identify the structural features of the most enantiospecific surface orientation.
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5
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Mairena A, Wienke M, Martin K, Avarvari N, Terfort A, Ernst KH, Wäckerlin C. Stereospecific Autocatalytic Surface Explosion Chemistry of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7705-7709. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Mairena
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Martin Wienke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kévin Martin
- Laboratoire Moltech Anjou, Université d’Angers, 49045 Angers, France
| | - Narcis Avarvari
- Laboratoire Moltech Anjou, Université d’Angers, 49045 Angers, France
| | - Andreas Terfort
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe-University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Wäckerlin
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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6
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7
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Dutta S, Gellman AJ. Enantiomer surface chemistry: conglomerate versus racemate formation on surfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:7787-7839. [PMID: 29165467 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00555e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Research on surface chirality is motivated by the need to develop functional chiral surfaces for enantiospecific applications. While molecular chirality in 3D has been the subject of study for almost two centuries, many aspects of 2D chiral surface chemistry have yet to be addressed. In 3D, racemic mixtures of chiral molecules tend to aggregate into racemate (molecularly heterochiral) crystals much more frequently than conglomerate (molecularly homochiral) crystals. Whether chiral adsorbates on surfaces preferentially aggregate into heterochiral rather than homochiral domains (2D crystals or clusters) is not known. In this review, we have made the first attempt to answer the following question based on available data: in 2D racemic mixtures adsorbed on surfaces, is there a clear preference for homochiral or heterochiral aggregation? The current hypothesis is that homochiral packing is preferred on surfaces; in contrast to 3D where heterochiral packing is more common. In this review, we present a simple hierarchical scheme to categorize the chirality of adsorbate-surface systems. We then review the body of work using scanning tunneling microscopy predominantly to study aggregation of racemic adsorbates. Our analysis of the existing literature suggests that there is no clear evidence of any preference for either homochiral or heterochiral aggregation at the molecular level by chiral and prochiral adsorbates on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Dutta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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8
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Rieger A, Sax C, Bauert T, Wäckerlin C, Ernst KH. Chiral molecules adsorbed on a solid surface: Tartaric acid diastereomers and their surface explosion on Cu(111). Chirality 2018; 30:369-377. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Rieger
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Cédric Sax
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Tobias Bauert
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Christian Wäckerlin
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Dübendorf Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zurich; Zürich Switzerland
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9
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Varga K, Tannir S, Haynie BE, Leonard BM, Dzyuba SV, Kubelka J, Balaz M. CdSe Quantum Dots Functionalized with Chiral, Thiol-Free Carboxylic Acids: Unraveling Structural Requirements for Ligand-Induced Chirality. ACS NANO 2017; 11:9846-9853. [PMID: 28956912 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Functionalization of colloidal quantum dots (QDs) with chiral cysteine derivatives by phase-transfer ligand exchange proved to be a simple yet powerful method for the synthesis of chiral, optically active QDs regardless of their size and chemical composition. Here, we present induction of chirality in CdSe by thiol-free chiral carboxylic acid capping ligands (l- and d-malic and tartaric acids). Our circular dichroism (CD) and infrared experimental data showed how the presence of a chiral carboxylic acid capping ligand on the surface of CdSe QDs was necessary but not sufficient for the induction of optical activity in QDs. A chiral bis-carboxylic acid capping ligand needed to have three oxygen-donor groups during the phase-transfer ligand exchange to successfully induce chirality in CdSe. Intrinsic chirality of CdSe nanocrystals was not observed as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy and reverse phase-transfer ligand exchange with achiral 1-dodecanethiol. Density functional theory geometry optimizations and CD spectra simulations suggest an explanation for these observations. The tridentate binding via three oxygen-donor groups had an energetic preference for one of the two possible binding orientations on the QD (111) surface, leading to the CD signal. By contrast, bidentate binding was nearly equienergetic, leading to cancellation of approximately oppositely signed corresponding CD signals. The resulting induced CD of CdSe functionalized with chiral carboxylic acid capping ligands was the result of hybridization of the (achiral) QD and (chiral) ligand electronic states controlled by the ligand's absolute configuration and the ligand's geometrical arrangement on the QD surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Varga
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire , 46 College Road, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Shambhavi Tannir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming , 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Benjamin E Haynie
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire , 46 College Road, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Brian M Leonard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming , 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Sergei V Dzyuba
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University , Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Jan Kubelka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming , 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Milan Balaz
- Underwood International College, Integrated Science and Engineering Division, Yonsei University , Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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10
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Mairena A, Zoppi L, Seibel J, Tröster AF, Grenader K, Parschau M, Terfort A, Ernst KH. Heterochiral to Homochiral Transition in Pentahelicene 2D Crystallization Induced by Second-Layer Nucleation. ACS NANO 2017; 11:865-871. [PMID: 28060482 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Gaining insight into molecular recognition at the molecular level, in particular, during nucleation of crystallites, is challenging and calls for studying well-defined model systems. Investigated by means of submolecular resolution scanning tunneling microscopy and theoretical molecular modeling, we report chiral recognition phenomena in the 2D crystallization of the helical chiral aromatic hydrocarbon pentahelicene on a Cu(111) surface. Homochiral, van der Waals bonded dimers constitute building blocks for self-assembly but form heterochiral as well as homochiral long-range-ordered structures. 2D racemate crystals, built up by homochiral dimers of both enantiomers, are observed at coverages close to a full monolayer. As soon as the coverage leads to second-layer nucleation, the dense racemate phase in the first layer disappears and a homochiral dimer conglomerate phase of lower 2D density appears. Our results show that, at the onset of second-layer nucleation, a local change of enantiomeric composition in the first layer occurs, causing the transition from a 2D racemate to a 2D conglomerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Mairena
- Nanoscale Materials Science, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Laura Zoppi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich , CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Seibel
- Nanoscale Materials Science, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Alix F Tröster
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Konstantin Grenader
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Manfred Parschau
- Nanoscale Materials Science, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Terfort
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Nanoscale Materials Science, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich , CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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11
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Therrien AJ, Lawton TJ, Mernoff B, Lucci FR, Pushkarev VV, Gellman AJ, Sykes ECH. Chiral nanoscale pores created during the surface explosion of tartaric acid on Cu(111). Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:14282-14285. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc05820e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The autocatalytic decomposition of tartaric acid on Cu(111) exhibits unique kinetics, which are linked to a hexagonal surface structure adopted at high coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T. J. Lawton
- Department of Chemistry
- Tufts University
- Medford
- USA
| | - B. Mernoff
- Department of Chemistry
- Tufts University
- Medford
- USA
| | - F. R. Lucci
- Department of Chemistry
- Tufts University
- Medford
- USA
| | - V. V. Pushkarev
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - A. J. Gellman
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh
- USA
- W.E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation
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12
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Seibel J, Parschau M, Ernst KH. From Homochiral Clusters to Racemate Crystals: Viable Nuclei in 2D Chiral Crystallization. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:7970-3. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b02262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Seibel
- Empa,
Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Parschau
- Empa,
Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Empa,
Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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13
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Yun Y, Gellman AJ. Enantiospecific Adsorption of Amino Acids on Naturally Chiral Cu{3,1,17}R&S Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:6055-6063. [PMID: 25933641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase equilibrium adsorption of D- and L-serine (Ser) mixtures and D- and L-phenylalanine (Phe) mixtures has been studied on the naturally chiral Cu{3,1,17}(R&S) surfaces. (13)C labeling of the l enantiomers (*L-Ser and *L-Phe) has enabled mass spectrometric enantiodiscrimination of the species desorbing from the surface following equilibrium adsorption. On the Cu{3,1,17}(R&S) surfaces, both equilibrium adsorption and the thermal decomposition kinetics of the D and *L enantiomers exhibit diastereomerism. Following exposure of the surfaces to D/*L mixtures, the relative equilibrium coverages of the two enantiomers are equal to their relative partial pressures in the gas phase, θ(D)/θ(*L) = P(D)/P(*L). This implies that adsorption is not measurably enantiospecific. The decomposition kinetics of Ser are enantiospecific whereas those of Phe are not. Comparison of these results with those for aspartic acid, alanine, and lysine suggests that enantiospecific adsorption on the naturally chiral Cu surfaces occurs for those amino acids that have side chains with functional groups that allow strong interactions with the surface. There is no apparent correlation between amino acids that exhibit enantiospecific adsorption and those that exhibit enantiospecific decomposition kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongju Yun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Andrew J Gellman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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14
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Bai Y, Abbasi R, Wang C, Abbott NL. Liquid Crystals Anchored on Mixed Monolayers of Chiral versus Achiral Molecules: Continuous Change in Orientation as a Function of Enantiomeric Excess. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Bai Y, Abbasi R, Wang C, Abbott NL. Liquid crystals anchored on mixed monolayers of chiral versus achiral molecules: continuous change in orientation as a function of enantiomeric excess. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8079-83. [PMID: 24841757 PMCID: PMC4241358 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The orientations of liquid crystals (LCs) anchored on monolayers formed from mixtures of chiral versus achiral molecules were compared. Changes in the enantiomeric excess of mixed monolayers of chiral dipeptides gave rise to continuous changes in the orientations of nematic LCs, allowing arbitrary tuning of the azimuthal orientations of LCs over a range of ≈100°. In contrast, the same LCs exhibited discontinuous changes in orientation on surfaces presenting mixtures of achiral molecules. These striking differences in the anchoring of LCs on surfaces presenting chiral versus achiral molecules provide insights into the molecular origins of ordering transitions of LCs, and provide new principles based on chiral monolayers for the rational design of surfaces that permit continuous tuning of the orientations of LCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Bai
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison WI 53705, USA
| | - Reza Abbasi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison WI 53705, USA
| | - Chenxuan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison WI 53705, USA
| | - Nicholas L. Abbott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison WI 53705, USA
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16
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Shi XR, Wei D, Sholl D. Theoretical Study of a “Surface Explosion”: Decomposition of Acetic Acid on Rh Surfaces. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400826d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Rong Shi
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
| | - Daniel Wei
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
| | - David Sholl
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
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17
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Seibel J, Allemann O, Siegel JS, Ernst KH. Chiral Conflict among Different Helicenes Suppresses Formation of One Enantiomorph in 2D Crystallization. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:7434-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja402012j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Seibel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600
Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Allemann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jay S. Siegel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600
Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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18
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Xu H, Saletra WJ, Iavicoli P, Van Averbeke B, Ghijsens E, Mali KS, Schenning APHJ, Beljonne D, Lazzaroni R, Amabilino DB, De Feyter S. Pasteurian Segregation on a Surface Imaged In Situ at the Molecular Level. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11981-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Xu H, Saletra WJ, Iavicoli P, Van Averbeke B, Ghijsens E, Mali KS, Schenning APHJ, Beljonne D, Lazzaroni R, Amabilino DB, De Feyter S. Pasteurian Segregation on a Surface Imaged In Situ at the Molecular Level. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Song Y, Wang Y, Wan L, Ye S, Hou H, Wang L. Scanning tunneling microscopy study of α,ω-dihexylsexithiophene adlayers on Au(111): a chiral separation induced by a surface. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2012; 18:885-891. [PMID: 22849803 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927612000566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of α,ω-dihexylsexithiophene molecules on an Au(111) surface was examined by using scanning tunneling microscopy at room temperature, revealing the internal molecular structures of the sexithiophene backbones and the hexyl side chains. The α,ω-dihexylsexithiophene formed a large and well-ordered monolayer in which the molecule lay flatly on the Au(111) surface and was separated into two chiral domains. A detailed observation reveals that the admolecules were packed in one lamellae with their molecular axis aligned along the main axis of the Au(111) substrate with their hexyl chains deviated from <110> direction of the Au(111) substrate by 12 ± 0.5°. In contrast to the behavior in the three-dimensional bulk structure, flat-lying adsorption introduced molecular chirality: right- and left-handed molecules separate into domains of two different orientations, which are mirror symmetric with respect to the <121> direction of the Au(111) substrate. Details of the adlayer structure and the chiral self-assembly were discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghai Song
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, People's Republic of China.
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21
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De Cat I, Gobbo C, Van Averbeke B, Lazzaroni R, De Feyter S, van Esch J. Controlling the Position of Functional Groups at the Liquid/Solid Interface: Impact of Molecular Symmetry and Chirality. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:20942-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ja209018u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inge De Cat
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cristian Gobbo
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Self-assembling Systems, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard Van Averbeke
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan van Esch
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Self-assembling Systems, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
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22
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Iski EV, Tierney HL, Jewell AD, Sykes ECH. Spontaneous Transmission of Chirality through Multiple Length Scales. Chemistry 2011; 17:7205-12. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin V. Iski
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave., Medford, MA 02155 (USA), Fax: (+1) 617‐627‐3773
| | - Heather L. Tierney
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave., Medford, MA 02155 (USA), Fax: (+1) 617‐627‐3773
| | - April D. Jewell
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave., Medford, MA 02155 (USA), Fax: (+1) 617‐627‐3773
| | - E. Charles H. Sykes
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave., Medford, MA 02155 (USA), Fax: (+1) 617‐627‐3773
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24
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Roth C, Parschau M, Ernst KH. Chiral Reconstruction of a Metal Surface by Adsorption of Racemic Malic Acid. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:1572-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Yang B, Wang Y, Cun H, Du S, Xu M, Wang Y, Ernst KH, Gao HJ. Direct Observation of Enantiospecific Substitution in a Two-Dimensional Chiral Phase Transition. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:10440-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ja102989y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China, and Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Yeliang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China, and Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Huanyao Cun
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China, and Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Shixuan Du
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China, and Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Mingchun Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China, and Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Yue Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China, and Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China, and Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Hong-Jun Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China, and Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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26
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Cun H, Wang Y, Yang B, Zhang L, Du S, Wang Y, Ernst KH, Gao HJ. Homochiral recognition among organic molecules on copper(110). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:3402-3406. [PMID: 19831415 DOI: 10.1021/la903193a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of a prochiral quinacridone derivative (QA16C) with two alkyl chains of 16 carbon atoms on a Cu(110) surface was investigated with variable-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. QA16C molecules prefer to assemble at 150 K into short homochiral molecular lines with two enantiomorphous orientations in which the lateral alkyl chains exhibit partial disorder. With increasing sample temperatures, the QA16C lines form larger well-ordered homochiral domains. As a reason for the homochiral recognition, we identify a rigid alignment of the molecule due to the interaction with the substrate. In addition, lateral intermolecular interactions in the form of hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyao Cun
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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27
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Ernst KH. Amplification of chirality at solid surfaces. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2010; 40:41-50. [PMID: 19911299 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-009-9185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Symmetry-breaking phenomena in two-dimensional crystallization at surfaces are reviewed and the potential impact to chiral amplification in three-dimensional systems in connection with the origin of homochirality in the biomolecular world is discussed. Adsorption of prochiral molecules leads to two-dimensional conglomerates, i.e., on a local scale spontaneously to homochiral crystal structures. Small enantiomeric excess or chiral impurities in this environment install homochirality on a global scale, that is, on the entire surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Molecular Surface Science, Empa-Swiss Materials Testing and Research Laboratories, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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28
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Parschau M, Ellerbeck U, Ernst KH. Chirality transfer by epitaxial mismatch in multi-layered homochiral molecular films. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Roth C, Passerone D, Ernst KH. Pasteur's quasiracemates in 2D: chiral conflict between structurally different enantiomers induces single-handed enantiomorphism. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:8645-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc03060k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Abstract
Abstract
Phenomena like transfer, expression and amplification of chirality in molecular monolayers are reviewed. Chirality can be bestowed onto achiral surfaces by adsorption of chiral molecules. This offers a good opportunity to study two-dimensional chiral crystallization phenomena, like lateral resolution of enantiomers or the transfer of handedness from single molecules into mesoscopic ensembles at high resolution with scanning probe microscopy. Induction of homochirality on surfaces via cooperatively amplified interactions in molecular monolayers is a new phenomenon of supramolecular surface chirality. Prochiral molecules will turn into either handedness upon adsorption, but doping with intrinsically chiral molecules breaks this symmetry and induces homochirality. A similar effect is induced by a small enantiomeric excess. The excess molecules provide the chiral bias that becomes amplified into single lattice chirality.
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31
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Parschau M, Passerone D, Rieder KH, Hug H, Ernst KH. Umwandlung der absoluten Konfiguration einzelner Adsorbatkomplexe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200805740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Parschau M, Passerone D, Rieder KH, Hug H, Ernst KH. Switching the Chirality of Single Adsorbate Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:4065-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200805740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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33
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Zhang J, Li B, Cui X, Wang B, Yang J, Hou JG. Spontaneous Chiral Resolution in Supramolecular Assembly of 2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine on Au(111). J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:5885-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9001986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Cui
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - J. G. Hou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
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34
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Wang L, You W, Huang W. Studies on one 2D cadmium(II) coordination polymer and two mononuclear cadmium(II) complexes with trans or cis configuration having 3-bromo, 3,6-dibromo, and 3,8-dibromo 1,10-phenanthroline ligands. J Mol Struct 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2008.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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Cortés R, Mascaraque A, Schmidt-Weber P, Dil H, Kampen TU, Horn K. Coexistence of racemic and homochiral two-dimensional lattices formed by a prochiral molecule: dicarboxystilbene on Cu(110). NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:4162-4167. [PMID: 19367879 DOI: 10.1021/nl801592c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Dicarboxystilbene, a molecule that becomes chiral in the adsorbed state through the loss of its improper axis of rotation, forms long-range "handed" structures when adsorbed on Cu(110) as revealed by scanning tunnelling microscopy. We show that these structures are created from chiral "adsorption complex" building blocks, giving rise to a complete set of racemic and enantiomerically pure structural assemblies. We interpret the formation of these structures in terms of a balance between hydrogen bond mediated intermolecular interactions and the adsorbate-surface structural relationship and discuss the reasons for temperature-induced conversion from the metastable enantiomerically pure to the racemic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Cortés
- Departamento Física de Materiales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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36
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Jones G, Jenkins SJ. Insight into the Reduction of Pyruvic Acid to Lactic Acid over Cu{110}: The Crucial Role of Intramolecular Tunneling in Direct Hydrogenation. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:14483-92. [DOI: 10.1021/ja077786m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Jones
- The University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Stephen J. Jenkins
- The University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
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37
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Mamdouh W, Dong M, Kelly REA, Kantorovich LN, Besenbacher F. Coexistence of homochiral and heterochiral adenine domains at the liquid/solid interface. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:12048-52. [PMID: 17918893 DOI: 10.1021/jp076623h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the self-assembly of the DNA base molecule adenine (A) is imaged with high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at the liquid (1-octanol)/solid (HOPG) interface at room temperature. Rather surprisingly, the STM results reveal, for the first time, the spontaneous formation of two coexisting distinct (homo- and heterochiral) domains of adenine, which are formed at the liquid/solid interface without changing any experimental conditions. Ab initio density functional theory (DFT) calculations support our STM findings and suggest the existence of various A networks of nearly similar stability that all are constructed from the most stable A dimer.
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39
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Wolf SE, Loges N, Mathiasch B, Panthöfer M, Mey I, Janshoff A, Tremel W. Phase Selection of Calcium Carbonate through the Chirality of Adsorbed Amino Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:5618-23. [PMID: 17583884 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200700010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan E Wolf
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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40
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Wolf S, Loges N, Mathiasch B, Panthöfer M, Mey I, Janshoff A, Tremel W. Phasenselektion von Calciumcarbonat durch die Chiralität adsorbierter Aminosäuren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200700010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Pérez-García L, Amabilino DB. Spontaneous resolution, whence and whither: from enantiomorphic solids to chiral liquid crystals, monolayers and macro- and supra-molecular polymers and assemblies. Chem Soc Rev 2007; 36:941-67. [PMID: 17534480 DOI: 10.1039/b610714a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the great challenges in stereochemistry is the explanation of why some molecules resolve spontaneously while others do not. In this critical review the recent advances in the creation of chiral systems from achiral and racemic compounds in three-, two- and one-dimensional systems are discussed. There are some groups of molecules in some systems that do tend to display conglomerates, which may suggest that there are enantiophobic and enantiophilic molecules whose assembly is guided by the structural and thermodynamic properties of the systems in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluïsa Pérez-García
- Laboratori de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. mlperez@ ub.edu
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42
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Widmer R, Haug FJ, Ruffieux P, Gröning O, Bielmann M, Gröning P, Fasel R. Surface Chirality of CuO Thin Films. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:14103-8. [PMID: 17061893 DOI: 10.1021/ja0640703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD) investigations of CuO thin films electrochemically deposited on an Au(001) single-crystal surface from a solution containing chiral tartaric acid (TA). The presence of enantiopure TA in the deposition process results in a homochiral CuO surface, as revealed by XPD. On the other hand, XPD patterns of films deposited with racemic tartaric acid or the "achiral" meso-tartaric acid are completely symmetric. A detailed analysis of the experimental data using single scattering cluster calculations reveals that the films grown with l(+)-TA exhibit a CuO(1) orientation, whereas growth in the presence of d(-)-TA results in a CuO(11) surface orientation. A simple bulk-truncated model structure with two terminating oxygen layers reproduces the experimental XPD data. Deposition with alternating enantiomers of tartaric acid leads to CuO films of alternating chirality. Enantiospecifity of the chiral CuO surfaces is demonstrated by further deposition of CuO from a solution containing racemic tartaric acid. The pre-deposited homochiral films exhibit selectivity toward the same enantiomeric deposition pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Widmer
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland.
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43
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Parschau M, Behzadi B, Romer S, Ernst KH. Stereoisomeric influence on 2D lattice structure: achiralmeso-tartaric acidversus chiral tartaric acid. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.2426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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45
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Fasel R, Parschau M, Ernst KH. Amplification of chirality in two-dimensional enantiomorphous lattices. Nature 2006; 439:449-52. [PMID: 16437111 DOI: 10.1038/nature04419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The concept of chirality dates back to 1848, when Pasteur manually separated left-handed from right-handed sodium ammonium tartrate crystals. Crystallization is still an important means for separating chiral molecules into their two different mirror-image isomers (enantiomers), yet remains poorly understood. For example, there are no firm rules to predict whether a particular pair of chiral partners will follow the behaviour of the vast majority of chiral molecules and crystallize together as racemic crystals, or as separate enantiomers. A somewhat simpler and more tractable version of this phenomenon is crystallization in two dimensions, such as the formation of surface structures by adsorbed molecules. The relatively simple spatial molecular arrangement of these systems makes it easier to study the effects of specific chiral interactions; moreover, chiral assembly and recognition processes can be observed directly and with molecular resolution using scanning tunnelling microscopy. The enantioseparation of chiral molecules in two dimensions is expected to occur more readily because planar confinement excludes some bulk crystal symmetry elements and enhances chiral interactions; however, many surface structures have been found to be racemic. Here we show that the chiral hydrocarbon heptahelicene on a Cu111 surface does not undergo two-dimensional spontaneous resolution into enantiomers, but still shows enantiomorphism on a mesoscopic length scale that is readily amplified. That is, we observe formation of racemic heptahelicene domains with non-superimposable mirror-like lattice structures, with a small excess of one of the heptahelicene enantiomers suppressing the formation of one domain type. Similar to the induction of homochirality in achiral enantiomorphous monolayers by a chiral modifier, a small enantiomeric excess suffices to ensure that the entire molecular monolayer consists of domains having only one of two possible, non-superimposable, mirror-like lattice structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Fasel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Uberlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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46
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