1
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Ma W, Liu H, Li X. Chemical Synthesis of Peptides and Proteins Bearing Base-Labile Post-Translational Modifications: Evolution of the Methods in Four Decades. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300348. [PMID: 37380612 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The S-palmitoylation on Cys residue and O-acetylation on Ser/Thr residues are two types of base-labile post-translational modifications (PTMs) in cells. The lability of these PTMs to bases and nucleophiles makes the peptides/proteins bearing S-palmitoyl or O-acetyl groups challenging synthetic targets, which cannot be prepared via the standard Fmoc-SPPS and native chemical ligation. In this review, we summarized the efforts towards their preparation in the past 40 years, with the focus on the evolution of synthetic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Ma
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
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2
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Ma W, Wu H, Liu S, Wei T, Li XD, Liu H, Li X. Chemical Synthesis of Proteins with Base-Labile Posttranslational Modifications Enabled by a Boc-SPPS Based General Strategy Towards Peptide C-Terminal Salicylaldehyde Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214053. [PMID: 36344442 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chemical synthesis of proteins bearing base-labile post-translational modifications (PTMs) is a challenging task. For instance, O-acetylation and S-palmitoylation PTMs cannot survive Fmoc removal conditions during Fmoc-solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). In this work, we developed a new Boc-SPPS-based strategy for the synthesis of peptide C-terminal salicylaldehyde (SAL) esters, which are the key reaction partner in Ser/Thr ligation and Cys/Pen ligation. The strategy utilized the semicarbazone-modified aminomethyl (AM) resin, which could support the Boc-SPPS and release the peptide SAL ester upon treatment with TFA/H2 O and pyruvic acid. The non-oxidative aldehyde regeneration was fully compatible with all the canonical amino acids. Armed with this strategy, we finished the syntheses of the O-acetylated protein histone H3(S10ac, T22ac) and the hydrophobic S-palmitoylated peptide derived from caveolin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Ma
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Hongxiang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Tongyao Wei
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Xiang David Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
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3
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Larsen J, Rosholm KR, Kennard C, Pedersen SL, Munch HK, Tkach V, Sakon JJ, Bjørnholm T, Weninger KR, Bendix PM, Jensen KJ, Hatzakis NS, Uline MJ, Stamou D. How Membrane Geometry Regulates Protein Sorting Independently of Mean Curvature. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:1159-1168. [PMID: 32724850 PMCID: PMC7379390 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Biological membranes have distinct geometries that confer specific functions. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the phenomenological geometry/function correlations remain elusive. We studied the effect of membrane geometry on the localization of membrane-bound proteins. Quantitative comparative experiments between the two most abundant cellular membrane geometries, spherical and cylindrical, revealed that geometry regulates the spatial segregation of proteins. The measured geometry-driven segregation reached 50-fold for membranes of the same mean curvature, demonstrating a crucial and hitherto unaccounted contribution by Gaussian curvature. Molecular-field theory calculations elucidated the underlying physical and molecular mechanisms. Our results reveal that distinct membrane geometries have specific physicochemical properties and thus establish a ubiquitous mechanistic foundation for unravelling the conserved correlations between biological function and membrane polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik
B. Larsen
- Bionanotecnology
and Nanomedicine Laboratory, University
of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Nano-Science
Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Lundbeck
Foundation Center Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kadla R. Rosholm
- Bionanotecnology
and Nanomedicine Laboratory, University
of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Nano-Science
Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Lundbeck
Foundation Center Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Celeste Kennard
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of South
Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Søren L. Pedersen
- Lundbeck
Foundation Center Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik K. Munch
- Lundbeck
Foundation Center Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vadym Tkach
- Bionanotecnology
and Nanomedicine Laboratory, University
of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Nano-Science
Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Lundbeck
Foundation Center Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John J. Sakon
- Department
of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - Thomas Bjørnholm
- Bionanotecnology
and Nanomedicine Laboratory, University
of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Nano-Science
Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Lundbeck
Foundation Center Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Keith R. Weninger
- Department
of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | | | - Knud J. Jensen
- Lundbeck
Foundation Center Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikos S Hatzakis
- Bionanotecnology
and Nanomedicine Laboratory, University
of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Nano-Science
Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Lundbeck
Foundation Center Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark J. Uline
- Center
for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Systems, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
- (M.J.U.) E-mail:
| | - Dimitrios Stamou
- Bionanotecnology
and Nanomedicine Laboratory, University
of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Nano-Science
Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Lundbeck
Foundation Center Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center
for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Systems, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- (D.S.)
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4
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Kimura R, Shibata M, Koeda S, Miyagawa A, Yamamura H, Mizuno T. Development of New Antimicrobial Agents from Cationic PG-Surfactants Containing Oligo-Lys Peptides. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:4072-4082. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Kimura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Masahide Shibata
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Shuhei Koeda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyagawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Hatsuo Yamamura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Mizuno
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
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5
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Krajcovicova S, Stankova J, Dzubak P, Hajduch M, Soural M, Urban M. A Synthetic Approach for the Rapid Preparation of BODIPY Conjugates and their use in Imaging of Cellular Drug Uptake and Distribution. Chemistry 2018; 24:4957-4966. [PMID: 29411907 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201706093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A solid-phase synthetic (SPS) method was developed for the preparation of BODIPY-labeled bioactive compounds that allows for fast and simple synthesis of conjugates for use in fluorescent microscopy. The approach was used to visualize cellular uptake and distribution of cytotoxic triterpenes in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Krajcovicova
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, Faculty of Science, 17. Listopadu 12, 77100, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Stankova
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University in Olomouc, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Hnevotinska 5, 77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Dzubak
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University in Olomouc, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Hnevotinska 5, 77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Hajduch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University in Olomouc, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Hnevotinska 5, 77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Soural
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, Faculty of Science, 17. Listopadu 12, 77100, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Urban
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University in Olomouc, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Hnevotinska 5, 77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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6
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Shishina AK, Kovrigina EA, Galiakhmetov AR, Rathore R, Kovrigin EL. Study of Förster Resonance Energy Transfer to Lipid Domain Markers Ascertains Partitioning of Semisynthetic Lipidated N-Ras in Lipid Raft Nanodomains. Biochemistry 2018; 57:872-881. [PMID: 29280621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellular membranes are heterogeneous planar lipid bilayers displaying lateral phase separation with the nanometer-scale liquid-ordered phase (also known as "lipid rafts") surrounded by the liquid-disordered phase. Many membrane-associated proteins were found to permanently integrate into the lipid rafts, which is critical for their biological function. Isoforms H and N of Ras GTPase possess a unique ability to switch their lipid domain preference depending on the type of bound guanine nucleotide (GDP or GTP). This behavior, however, has never been demonstrated in vitro in model bilayers with recombinant proteins and therefore has been attributed to the action of binding of Ras to other proteins at the membrane surface. In this paper, we report the observation of the nucleotide-dependent switch of lipid domain preferences of the semisynthetic lipidated N-Ras in lipid raft vesicles in the absence of additional proteins. To detect segregation of Ras molecules in raft and disordered lipid domains, we measured Förster resonance energy transfer between the donor fluorophore, mant, attached to the protein-bound guanine nucleotides, and the acceptor, rhodamine-conjugated lipid, localized into the liquid-disordered domains. Herein, we established that N-Ras preferentially populated raft domains when bound to mant-GDP, while losing its preference for rafts when it was associated with a GTP mimic, mant-GppNHp. At the same time, the isolated lipidated C-terminal peptide of N-Ras was found to be localized outside of the liquid-ordered rafts, most likely in the bulk-disordered lipid. Substitution of the N-terminal G domain of N-Ras with a homologous G domain of H-Ras disrupted the nucleotide-dependent lipid domain switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Shishina
- Chemistry Department, Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Elizaveta A Kovrigina
- Chemistry Department, Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Azamat R Galiakhmetov
- Chemistry Department, Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Rajendra Rathore
- Chemistry Department, Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Evgenii L Kovrigin
- Chemistry Department, Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
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7
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Chuh KN, Batt AR, Pratt MR. Chemical Methods for Encoding and Decoding of Posttranslational Modifications. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:86-107. [PMID: 26933738 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A large array of posttranslational modifications can dramatically change the properties of proteins and influence different aspects of their biological function such as enzymatic activity, binding interactions, and proteostasis. Despite the significant knowledge that has been gained about the function of posttranslational modifications using traditional biological techniques, the analysis of the site-specific effects of a particular modification, the identification of the full complement of modified proteins in the proteome, and the detection of new types of modifications remains challenging. Over the years, chemical methods have contributed significantly in both of these areas of research. This review highlights several posttranslational modifications where chemistry-based approaches have made significant contributions to our ability to both prepare homogeneously modified proteins and identify and characterize particular modifications in complex biological settings. As the number and chemical diversity of documented posttranslational modifications continues to rise, we believe that chemical strategies will be essential to advance the field in years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly N Chuh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Anna R Batt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Matthew R Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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8
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Koeda S, Suzuki T, Noji T, Kawakami K, Itoh S, Dewa T, Kamiya N, Mizuno T. Rational design of novel high molecular weight solubilization surfactants for membrane proteins from the peptide gemini surfactants (PG-surfactants). Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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9
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Shibata M, Koeda S, Noji T, Kawakami K, Ido Y, Amano Y, Umezawa N, Higuchi T, Dewa T, Itoh S, Kamiya N, Mizuno T. Design of New Extraction Surfactants for Membrane Proteins from Peptide Gemini Surfactants. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2469-2479. [PMID: 27571354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of additional extraction surfactants for membrane proteins is necessary for membrane protein research, since optimal combinations for the successful extraction of target membrane proteins from biological membranes that minimize protein denaturation are hard to predict. In particular, those that have a unique basal molecular framework are quite attractive and highly desired in this research field. In this study, we successfully constructed a new extraction surfactant for membrane proteins, NPDGC12KK, from the peptide-gemini-surfactant (PG-surfactant) molecular framework. The PG-surfactant is a U-shaped lipopeptide scaffold, consisting of a short linker peptide (-X-) between two long alkyl-chain-modified Cys residues and a peripheral peptide (Y-) at the N-terminal side of long alkyl-chain-modified Cys residues. Using photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) derived from Thermosynecoccus vulcanus as representative membrane proteins, we evaluated whether NPDGC12KK could solubilize membrane proteins while maintaining structure and functions. Neither the membrane integral domain nor the cytoplasmic domain of PSI and PSII suffered any damage upon the use of NPDGC12KK based on detailed photophysical measurements. Using thylakoid membranes of T. vulcanus as a representative biological membrane sample, we performed experiments to extract membrane proteins, such as PSI and PSII. Based on the extraction efficiency and maintenance of protein supramolecular structure established using clear native-PAGE analyses, we proved that NPDGC12KK functions as a novel class of peptide-containing extraction surfactants for membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahide Shibata
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Shuhei Koeda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Noji
- Osaka City University , The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science & Technology (OCARINA), 3-3-138 Sugimoto-cho, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kawakami
- Osaka City University , The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science & Technology (OCARINA), 3-3-138 Sugimoto-cho, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yuya Ido
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yuichi Amano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University , 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Naoki Umezawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University , 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Tsunehiko Higuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University , 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Takehisa Dewa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Shigeru Itoh
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University , Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kamiya
- Osaka City University , The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science & Technology (OCARINA), 3-3-138 Sugimoto-cho, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Mizuno
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Mejuch
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University of Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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11
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Calce E, Leone M, Mercurio FA, Monfregola L, De Luca S. Solid-Phase S-Alkylation Promoted by Molecular Sieves. Org Lett 2015; 17:5646-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Calce
- Institute of Biostructures
and Bioimaging, National Research Council, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Marilisa Leone
- Institute of Biostructures
and Bioimaging, National Research Council, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Anna Mercurio
- Institute of Biostructures
and Bioimaging, National Research Council, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Monfregola
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Stefania De Luca
- Institute of Biostructures
and Bioimaging, National Research Council, 80134 Naples, Italy
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12
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Calce E, Leone M, Monfregola L, De Luca S. Lipidated peptides via post-synthetic thioalkylation promoted by molecular sieves. Amino Acids 2014; 46:1899-905. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1742-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Abstract
One of the main reasons of the high diversity and complexity of the human proteome compared to the human genome is the extensive work performed by the posttranslational machinery to incorporate numerous different functionalities on proteins. The covalent attachment of chemical moieties in proteins after translation is known as posttranslational modification (PTM) and has a crucial role in controlling protein localization and activity. Relevant modifications include phosphorylation, carboxymethylation, glycosylation, acetylation, or lipidation. Despite their essential role on protein function, the synthesis of fully posttranslationally modified proteins has been challenging. However, important advances on chemical biology have enabled the synthesis of fully posttranslationally modified peptides and proteins. As a result of this, peptides bearing, i.e., phosphorylated amino acids, C-terminal methylations, lipid modifications, or nonnatural tags have become accessible. These peptides, as well as the corresponding proteins obtained using ligation techniques, have been invaluable tools in biochemical and biophysical studies. As an example of these advances, this chapter describes the methods developed for the synthesis of lipidated peptides from the Ras and Rab families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rosi
- Abt. Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Dortmund, Germany
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14
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Chemical Synthesis and Biological Function of Lipidated Proteins. PROTEIN LIGATION AND TOTAL SYNTHESIS I 2014; 362:137-82. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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15
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Krishnan KS, Bengtsson C, Good JAD, Mirkhanov S, Chorell E, Johansson LBÅ, Almqvist F. Synthesis of Fluorescent Ring-Fused 2-Pyridone Peptidomimetics. J Org Chem 2013; 78:12207-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401844y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James A. D. Good
- Umeå University, Department of Chemistry, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå
Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Erik Chorell
- Umeå University, Department of Chemistry, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Fredrik Almqvist
- Umeå University, Department of Chemistry, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå
Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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16
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Koeda S, Umezaki K, Noji T, Ikeda A, Kawakami K, Kondo M, Yamamoto Y, Shen JR, Taga K, Dewa T, Ito S, Nango M, Tanaka T, Mizuno T. Application of peptide gemini surfactants as novel solubilization surfactants for photosystems I and II of cyanobacteria. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:11667-11680. [PMID: 23957575 DOI: 10.1021/la402167v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We designed novel peptide gemini surfactants (PG-surfactants), DKDKC12K and DKDKC12D, which can solubilize Photosystem I (PSI) of Thermosynecoccus elongatus and Photosystem II (PSII) of Thermosynecoccus vulcanus in an aqueous buffer solution. To assess the detailed effects of PG-surfactants on the original supramolecular membrane protein complexes and functions of PSI and PSII, we applied the surfactant exchange method to the isolated PSI and PSII. Spectroscopic properties, light-induced electron transfer activity, and dynamic light scattering measurements showed that PSI and PSII could be solubilized not only with retention of the original supramolecular protein complexes and functions but also without forming aggregates. Furthermore, measurement of the lifetime of light-induced charge-separation state in PSI revealed that both surfactants, especially DKDKC12D, displayed slight improvement against thermal denaturation below 60 °C compared with that using β-DDM. This degree of improvement in thermal resistance still seems low, implying that the peptide moieties did not interact directly with membrane protein surfaces. By conjugating an electron mediator such as methyl viologen (MV(2+)) to DKDKC12K (denoted MV-DKDKC12K), we obtained derivatives that can trap the generated reductive electrons from the light-irradiated PSI. After immobilization onto an indium tin oxide electrode, a cathodic photocurrent from the electrode to the PSI/MV-DKDKC12K conjugate was observed in response to the interval of light irradiation. These findings indicate that the PG-surfactants DKDKC12K and DKDKC12D provide not only a new class of solubilization surfactants but also insights into designing other derivatives that confer new functions on PSI and PSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Koeda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
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17
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Al-Mulla EAJ, Bt Ibrahim NA, Al-Karkhi IHT, Shameli K, Zidan M, Ahmad MB, Yunus WMZW. Synthesis of palm oil-based fatty methylhydrazide. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-012-0745-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Zimmermann TJ, Bürger M, Tashiro E, Kondoh Y, Martinez NE, Görmer K, Rosin-Steiner S, Shimizu T, Ozaki S, Mikoshiba K, Watanabe N, Hall D, Vetter IR, Osada H, Hedberg C, Waldmann H. Boron-Based Inhibitors of Acyl Protein Thioesterases 1 and 2. Chembiochem 2012; 14:115-22. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Palomo JM. Click reactions in protein chemistry: from the preparation of semisynthetic enzymes to new click enzymes. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:9309-18. [PMID: 23023600 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26409a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Click-chemistry is an approach based on cycloaddition reactions which has been successfully used as a chemical approach for complex organic molecules and which has recently starred in a boom in the world of protein chemistry. The advantage of the use of this technique in protein chemistry is based on a very high and efficient chemoselectivity, which usually requires simple or no purification and is extremely rate-accelerated in aqueous media. The perspective discusses some of the most recent advances in the application of this reaction in selective enzyme surface modification for the creation of new semisynthetic enzymes (fluorescence labeled enzymes, peptide-enzyme conjugates, glycosylated enzymes), and interestingly, the recent design and creation of "click" enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Palomo
- Departamento de Biocatálisis. Instituto de Catálisis (CSIC). C/ Marie Curie 2. Cantoblanco. Campus UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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20
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Görmer K, Bürger M, Kruijtzer JAW, Vetter I, Vartak N, Brunsveld L, Bastiaens PIH, Liskamp RMJ, Triola G, Waldmann H. Chemical-biological exploration of the limits of the Ras de- and repalmitoylating machinery. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1017-23. [PMID: 22488913 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A dynamic de-/repalmitoylation cycle determines localization and activity of H- and N-Ras. This combined cellular de- and repalmitoylation machinery has been shown to be substrate tolerant--it accepts variation of amino acid sequence, structure and configuration. Here, semisynthetic Ras-proteins in which the C-terminal amino acids are replaced by peptoid residues are used to reveal the first limitations of substrate recognition by the de- and repalmitoylating machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Görmer
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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21
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Mullen DG, Kyro K, Hauser M, Gustavsson M, Veglia G, Becker JM, Naider F, Distefano MD. Synthesis of a-factor peptide from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and photoactive analogues via Fmoc solid phase methodology. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 19:490-7. [PMID: 21134758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
a-Factor from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a farnesylated dodecapeptide involved in mating. The molecule binds to a G-protein coupled receptor and hence serves as a simple system for studying the interactions between prenylated molecules and their cognate receptors. Here, we describe the preparation of a-factor and two photoactive analogues via Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis using hydrazinobenzoyl AM NovaGel™ resin; the structure of the synthetic a-factor was confirmed by MS-MS analysis and NMR; the structures of the analogues were confirmed by MS-MS analysis. Using a yeast growth arrest assay, the analogues were found to have activity comparable to a-factor itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Mullen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M. Palomo
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, Instituto de Catálisis (CSIC), c/ Marie Curie 2, Cantoblanco Campus UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain, Fax: +34‐91‐585‐4760
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23
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Triola G, Gerauer M, Görmer K, Brunsveld L, Waldmann H. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Lipidated Ras Peptides Employing the Ellman Sulfonamide Linker. Chemistry 2010; 16:9585-91. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Rocks O, Gerauer M, Vartak N, Koch S, Huang ZP, Pechlivanis M, Kuhlmann J, Brunsveld L, Chandra A, Ellinger B, Waldmann H, Bastiaens PIH. The palmitoylation machinery is a spatially organizing system for peripheral membrane proteins. Cell 2010; 141:458-71. [PMID: 20416930 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Reversible S-palmitoylation of cysteine residues critically controls transient membrane tethering of peripheral membrane proteins. Little is known about how the palmitoylation machinery governs their defined localization and function. We monitored the spatially resolved reaction dynamics and substrate specificity of the core mammalian palmitoylation machinery using semisynthetic substrates. Palmitoylation is detectable only on the Golgi, whereas depalmitoylation occurs everywhere in the cell. The reactions are not stereoselective and lack any primary consensus sequence, demonstrating that substrate specificity is not essential for de-/repalmitoylation. Both palmitate attachment and removal require seconds to accomplish. This reaction topography and rapid kinetics allows the continuous redirection of mislocalized proteins via the post-Golgi sorting apparatus. Unidirectional secretion ensures the maintenance of a proper steady-state protein distribution between the Golgi and the plasma membrane, which are continuous with endosomes. This generic spatially organizing system differs from conventional receptor-mediated targeting mechanisms and efficiently counteracts entropy-driven redistribution of palmitoylated peripheral membrane proteins over all membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Rocks
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Görmer K, Waldmann H, Triola G. Efficient Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Disulfides. J Org Chem 2010; 75:1811-3. [DOI: 10.1021/jo902695a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Görmer
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto Hahn Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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26
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Tan KT, Guiu-Rozas E, Bon RS, Guo Z, Delon C, Wetzel S, Arndt S, Alexandrov K, Waldmann H, Goody RS, Wu YW, Blankenfeldt W. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Peptide-Based Rab Geranylgeranyl Transferase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 52:8025-37. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901117d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kirill Alexandrov
- Department of Physical Biochemistry
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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27
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Aldhoun M, Massi A, Dondoni A. Click azide-nitrile cycloaddition as a new ligation tool for the synthesis of tetrazole-tethered C-glycosyl alpha-amino acids. J Org Chem 2009; 73:9565-75. [PMID: 18847242 DOI: 10.1021/jo801670k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins play a key role in a multitude of biological events in living organisms. Hence, neoglycopeptides obtained from unnatural C-glycosyl alpha-amino acids can be used as synthetic probes in studies aiming at clarifying the role of the carbohydrate domain in glycoprotein biological activity. A new class of C-glycosyl alpha-amino acids featuring a nitrogenated heterocycle ring holding the carbohydrate and glycinyl moiety was designed in our laboratory. Having previously prepared isoxazole-, 1,2,3-triazole-, and pyridine-tethered compounds, the family has now been enlarged by a group of newcomers represented by tetrazole derivatives. Two sets of compounds have been prepared, one being constituted of C-galactosyl and C-ribosyl O-tetrazolyl serines while the other contains S-tetrazolyl cysteine derivatives. In both cases, the synthetic scheme involved a two-step route, the first one being the thermal cycloaddition of a sugar azide with p-toluensulfonyl cyanide (TsCN) to give a 1-substituted 5-sulfonyl tetrazole and the second the replacement of the tosyl group with a serine or cysteine residue. For the high efficiency and operational simplicity, the azide-TsCN cycloaddition appears to be a true click process. Finally, one of the amino acids prepared was incorporated into a tripeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aldhoun
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Organica, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
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28
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Dondoni A, Massi A, Nanni P, Roda A. A New Ligation Strategy for Peptide and Protein Glycosylation: Photoinduced Thiol-Ene Coupling. Chemistry 2009; 15:11444-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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29
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Alexander M, Gerauer M, Pechlivanis M, Popkirova B, Dvorsky R, Brunsveld L, Waldmann H, Kuhlmann J. Mapping the isoprenoid binding pocket of PDEdelta by a semisynthetic, photoactivatable N-Ras lipoprotein. Chembiochem 2009; 10:98-108. [PMID: 18846587 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Biologically functional Ras isoforms undergo post-translational modifications starting with farnesylation of the most C-terminal cysteine. Combined with further processing steps, this isoprenylation allows for the anchoring of these proteins in endomembranes, where signal transduction events take place. The specific localization is subject to dynamic regulation and assumed to modulate the activity of Ras proteins by governing their spatiotemporal distribution. The delta subunit of phosphodiesterase (PDEdelta) has attracted attention as a solubilization factor of isoprenylated Ras. In this study, we demonstrate that critical residues in the putative isoprenoid pocket of PDEdelta can be mapped by coupling with a semisynthetic N-Ras lipoprotein in which the native farnesyl group of the processed protein was replaced by a photoactivatable geranyl benzophenone moiety. The crosslinked product included parts of beta-sheet 9 of PDEdelta, which contains the highly conserved amino acids V145 and L147. Modeling of the PDEdelta-geranyl benzophenone (GerBP) complex supports the conclusion that the photolabeled sequence is embedded in the putative isoprenoid pocket of PDEdelta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Alexander
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn Strasse 11, Dortmund, Germany
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30
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Cini E, Lampariello LR, Rodriquez M, Taddei M. Synthesis and application in SPPS of a stable amino acid isostere of palmitoyl cysteine. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Ficht S, Payne RJ, Guy RT, Wong CH. Solid-phase synthesis of peptide and glycopeptide thioesters through side-chain-anchoring strategies. Chemistry 2008; 14:3620-9. [PMID: 18278777 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An efficient new strategy for the synthesis of peptide and glycopeptide thioesters is described. The method relies on the side-chain immobilization of a variety of Fmoc-amino acids, protected at their C-termini, on solid supports. Once anchored, peptides were constructed using solid-phase peptide synthesis according to the Fmoc protocol. After unmasking the C-terminal carboxylate, either thiols or amino acid thioesters were coupled to afford, after cleavage, peptide and glycopeptide thioesters in high yields. Using this method a significant proportion of the proteinogenic amino acids could be incorporated as C-terminal amino acid residues, therefore providing access to a large number of potential targets that can serve as acyl donors in subsequent ligation reactions. The utility of this methodology was exemplified in the synthesis of a 28 amino acid glycopeptide thioester, which was further elaborated to an N-terminal fragment of the glycoprotein erythropoietin (EPO) by native chemical ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ficht
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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32
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Triola G, Brunsveld L, Waldmann H. Racemization-Free Synthesis of S-Alkylated Cysteines via Thiol-ene Reaction. J Org Chem 2008; 73:3646-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo800198s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Triola
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto Hahn Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany, Department of Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Otto Hahn Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany, and Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Otto Hahn Strasse 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto Hahn Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany, Department of Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Otto Hahn Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany, and Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Otto Hahn Strasse 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto Hahn Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany, Department of Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Otto Hahn Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany, and Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Otto Hahn Strasse 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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33
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Abstract
Small-molecule fluorescent probes embody an essential facet of chemical biology. Although numerous compounds are known, the ensemble of fluorescent probes is based on a modest collection of modular "core" dyes. The elaboration of these dyes with diverse chemical moieties is enabling the precise interrogation of biochemical and biological systems. The importance of fluorescence-based technologies in chemical biology elicits a necessity to understand the major classes of small-molecule fluorophores. Here, we examine the chemical and photophysical properties of oft-used fluorophores and highlight classic and contemporary examples in which utility has been built upon these scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Chemistry
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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34
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You L, Gokel GW. Fluorescent, synthetic amphiphilic heptapeptide anion transporters: evidence for self-assembly and membrane localization in liposomes. Chemistry 2008; 14:5861-70. [PMID: 18481800 PMCID: PMC2617740 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic anion transporters (SATs) of the general type (n-C18H37)2N-COCH2OCH2CO-(Gly)3-Pro-(Gly)3-O-n-C7H15, 1, are amphiphilic peptides that form anion-conducting pores in bilayer membranes. To better understand membrane insertion, assembly and aggregation dynamics, and membrane penetration, four novel fluorescent structures were prepared for use in both aqueous buffer and phospholipid bilayers. The fluorescent residues pyrene, indole, dansyl, and NBD were incorporated into 1 to give 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Assembly of peptide amphiphiles in buffer was confirmed by monitoring changes in the pyrene monomer/excimer peaks observed for 2. Solvent-dependent fluorescence changes that were observed for indole (3) and dansyl (4) side-chained SATs in bilayers showed that these residues experienced an environment between epsilon=9 (CH2Cl2) and epsilon=24 (EtOH) in polarity. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between 2 and 3 demonstrated aggregation of SAT monomers within the bilayer. This self-assembly led to pore formation, which was detected as Cl(-) release from the liposomes. The results of acrylamide quenching of fluorescent SATs supported membrane insertion. Studies with NBD-labeled SAT 5 showed that peptide partition into the bilayer is relatively slow. Dithionite quenching of NBD-SATs suggests that the amphiphilic peptides are primarily in the bilayer's outer leaflet. Images obtained by using a fluorescence microscope revealed membrane localization of a fluorescent SAT. Taken together, this study helps define the insertion, membrane localization, and aggregation behavior of this family of synthetic anion transporters in liposomal bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei You
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
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35
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Brunsveld L, Kuhlmann J, Alexandrov K, Wittinghofer A, Goody RS, Waldmann H. Lipidated ras and rab peptides and proteins--synthesis, structure, and function. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:6622-46. [PMID: 17031879 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200600855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemical biology can be defined as the study of biological phenomena from a chemical approach. Based on the analysis of relevant biological phenomena and their structural foundation, unsolved problems are identified and tackled through a combination of chemistry and biology. Thus, new synthetic methods and strategies are developed and employed for the construction of compounds that are used to investigate biological procedures. Solid-phase synthesis has emerged as the preferred method for the synthesis of lipidated peptides, which can be chemoselectively ligated to proteins of the Ras superfamily. The generated peptides and proteins have solved biological questions in the field of the Ras-superfamily GTPases that are not amendable to chemical or biological techniques alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Brunsveld
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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36
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Woo YH, Mitchell AR, Camarero JA. The Use of Aryl Hydrazide Linkers for the Solid Phase Synthesis of Chemically Modified Peptides. Int J Pept Res Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-006-9064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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37
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Brunsveld L, Kuhlmann J, Alexandrov K, Wittinghofer A, Goody RS, Waldmann H. Lipidierte Ras- und Rab-Peptide und -Proteine: Synthese, Struktur und Funktion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200600855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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38
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Brunsveld L, Kuhlmann J, Waldmann H. Synthesis of palmitoylated Ras-peptides and -proteins. Methods 2006; 40:151-65. [PMID: 17012027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, an overview is given and details are provided for the synthesis of lipidated Ras (rat-adeno-sarcoma)-peptides and -proteins. The progress made in the synthesis of the lipidated peptides from the Ras superfamily is discussed with special emphasis on the recently developed solid-phase synthesis methods, since these methods have turned out to be the preferred synthesis method for the majority of the required peptides. Solid-phase lipopeptide synthesis has given access to native and modified peptides on a scale that allows peptide-consuming studies like for ligation to proteins and concomitant X-ray crystal structure determination. The access to these peptides has also enabled biological questions concerning these peptides and proteins to be resolved. The review describes different solid-phase methods, which are individually suited for different types of lipopeptides, differing for example in lipidation pattern or amino acid side-chain functionality, and their ligation to proteins. Finally, an example is provided how these peptides can serve to resolve biological aspects of the Ras family GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Brunsveld
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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39
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de Araújo AD, Palomo JM, Cramer J, Seitz O, Alexandrov K, Waldmann H. Diels–Alder Ligation of Peptides and Proteins. Chemistry 2006; 12:6095-109. [PMID: 16807971 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The development of the Diels-Alder cycloaddition as a new method for the site-specific chemoselective ligation of peptides and proteins under mild conditions is reported. Peptides equipped with a 2,4-hexadienyl ester and an N-terminal maleimide react in aqueous media to give cycloadducts in high yields and depending on the amino acid sequence with high stereoselectivity. Except for the cysteine SH group the transformation is compatible with all amino acid side chain functional groups. For ligation to proteins the hexadienyl group was attached to avidin and streptavidin noncovalently by means of complex formation with a biotinylated peptide or by covalent attachment of a hexadienyl ester-containing label to lysine side chains incorporated into the proteins. Site-specific attachment of the hexadienyl unit into a Rab protein was achieved by means of expressed protein ligation followed by protection of the generated cysteine SH by means of Ellman's reagent. The protein reacted with different maleimido-modified peptides under mild conditions to give the fully functional cycloadducts in high yield. The results demonstrate that the Diels-Alder ligation offers an advantageous and technically straightforward new opportunity for the site-specific equipment of peptides and proteins with further functional groups and labels. It proceeds under very mild conditions and is compatible with most functional groups found in proteins. Its combination with other ligation methods, in particular expressed protein ligation is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Dantas de Araújo
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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40
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Palomo JM, Lumbierres M, Waldmann H. Efficient Solid-Phase Lipopeptide Synthesis Employing the Ellman Sulfonamide Linker. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:477-81. [PMID: 16331699 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200503298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Palomo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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41
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Palomo JM, Lumbierres M, Waldmann H. Efficient Solid-Phase Lipopeptide Synthesis Employing the Ellman Sulfonamide Linker. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200503298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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