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Abstract
The defining feature of the Nazarov cyclization is a 4π-conrotatory electrocyclization, resulting in the stereospecific formation of functionalized cyclopentanones. The reaction provides access to structural motifs that are found in many natural products and drug targets. Harnessing the full potential of the Nazarov cyclization broadens its utility by enabling the development of new methodologies and synthetic strategies. To achieve these goals through efficient cyclization design, it is helpful to think of the reaction as a two-stage process. The first stage involves a 4π-electrocyclization leading to the formation of an allylic cation, and the second stage corresponds to the fate of this cationic intermediate. With a complete understanding of the discrete events that characterize the overall process, one can optimize reactivity and control the selectivity of the different Stage 2 pathways.In this Account, we describe the development of methods that render the Nazarov cyclization catalytic and chemoselective, focusing specifically on advances made in our lab between 2002 and 2015. The initial discovery made in our lab involved reactions of electronically asymmetric ("polarized") substrates, which cyclize efficiently in the catalytic regime using mild Lewis acidic reagents. These cyclizations also exhibit selective eliminative behavior, increasing their synthetic utility. Research directed toward catalytic asymmetric Nazarov cyclization led to the serendipitous discovery of a 4π-cyclization coupled to a well-behaved Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement, representing an underexplored Stage 2 process. With careful choice of promoter and loading, it is possible to access either the rearrangement or the elimination pathway. Additional experimental and computational studies provided an effective model for anticipating the migratory behavior of substiutents in the rearrangements. Problem-solving efforts prompted investigation of alternative methods for generating pentadienyl cation intermediates, including oxidation of allenol ethers and addition of nucleophiles to dienyl diketones. These Nazarov cyclization variants afford cyclopentenone products with vicinal stereogenic centers and a different arrangement of substituents around the ring. A nucleophilic addition/cyclization/elimination sequence can be executed enantioselectively using catalytic amounts of a nonracemic chiral tertiary amine.In summary, the discovery and development of several new variations on the Nazarov electrocyclization are described, along with synthetic applications. This work illustrates how strongly substitution patterns can impact the efficiency of the 4π-electrocyclization (Stage 1), allowing for mild Lewis acid catalysis. Over the course of these studies, we have also identified new ways to access the critical pentadienyl cation intermediates and demonstrated strategies that exploit and control the different cationic pathways available post-electrocyclization (Stage 2 processes). These advances in Nazarov chemistry were subsequently employed in the synthesis of natural product targets such as (±)-merrilactone A, (±)-rocaglamide, and (±)-enokipodin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J. Frontier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Jackson J. Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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2
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Prandi C, Occhiato EG. From synthetic control to natural products: a focus on N-heterocycles. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:2385-2402. [PMID: 30624033 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Natural products containing a N-heterocycle motif are widespread in nature and medicinal plants, in particular, have proved to be a source of almost unlimited N-derived structures with high molecular diversity. Because of their intrinsic potential for use in both biomedical and agricultural applications, there is a general need for new compounds and for the synthesis of 'natural-inspired' analogues. Importantly, transition of a natural product from discovery to a 'market lead' is associated with an increasingly challenging demand for more of the compound, which cannot be met by isolation from natural plant sources, often due to low extraction yields and uneven availability of the plant source itself. Synthesis remains the most reliable approach to provide valuable products for the market. In this review, a comprehensive overview of our contribution to synthetic access to N-derived natural products is given. Major strengths of the proposed methodologies are discussed critically. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ernesto G Occhiato
- Department of Chemistry 'U. Schiff', Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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González-Pérez AB, Villar P, de Lera AR. A Computational Study of Model Parent Systems and Reported Aza-(Iso)Nazarov/Aza-(Iso)Piancatelli Electrocyclic Reactions. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adán B. González-Pérez
- University of Vigo; Department of Organic Chemistry and Center of Biomedical Research (CINBIO); Lagoas-Marcosende 36310 Vigo Spain
| | - Pedro Villar
- University of Vigo; Department of Organic Chemistry and Center of Biomedical Research (CINBIO); Lagoas-Marcosende 36310 Vigo Spain
| | - Angel R. de Lera
- University of Vigo; Department of Organic Chemistry and Center of Biomedical Research (CINBIO); Lagoas-Marcosende 36310 Vigo Spain
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Holt C, Alachouzos G, Frontier AJ. Leveraging the Halo-Nazarov Cyclization for the Chemodivergent Assembly of Functionalized Haloindenes and Indanones. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5461-5469. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Connor Holt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 414 Hutchison Hall, 100 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627-0216, United States
| | - Georgios Alachouzos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 414 Hutchison Hall, 100 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627-0216, United States
| | - Alison J. Frontier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 414 Hutchison Hall, 100 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627-0216, United States
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Gouranourimi A, Chipman A, Babaahmadi R, Olding A, Yates BF, Ariafard A. Nazarov cyclisations initiated by DDQ-oxidised pentadienyl ether: a mechanistic investigation from the DFT perspective. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:9021-9029. [PMID: 30427044 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02590h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Nazarov cyclisation is an important and reliable reaction for the synthesis of cyclopentenones. Density functional theory (DFT) has been utilised to study the mechanism of Nazarov cyclisations initiated by oxidation of pentadienyl ethers by a benzoquinone derivative (DDQ), as recently reported by West et al. (Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2017, 56, 6335). We determined that the reaction is most likely initiated by a hydride transfer from the pentadienyl ether to an oxygen of DDQ through a concerted pathway and not a single electron transfer mechanism. This oxidation by hydride abstraction leads to the formation of a pentadienyl cation from which the 4π electrocyclisation occurs, giving an alkoxycyclopentenyl cation. The ensuing cation is subsequently deprotonated by the reduced DDQ to afford an enol ether product. Consistent with experimental results, the hydride transfer is calculated to be the rate determining step and it can be accelerated by using electron donating substituents on the pentadienyl ether substrate. Indeed, the electron donating substituents increase the HOMO energy of the ether, making it more reactive toward oxidation. It is predicted that an unsubstituted benzoquinone, due to having a higher lying LUMO, shows much less reactivity than DDQ. Interestingly, we found an excellent correlation between the hydride transfer activation energy and the gap between the ether HOMO and the benzoquinone LUMO. From this correlation, we propose a predictive formula for reactivity of different types of substrates in the corresponding reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Gouranourimi
- School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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6
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Rinaldi A, Petrović M, Magnolfi S, Scarpi D, Occhiato EG. Pentannulation Reaction by Tandem Gold(I)-Catalyzed Propargyl Claisen Rearrangement/Nazarov Cyclization of Enynyl Vinyl Ethers. Org Lett 2018; 20:4713-4717. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Rinaldi
- Department of Chemistry “U. Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Florence, Italy
| | - Martina Petrović
- Department of Chemistry “U. Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Magnolfi
- Department of Chemistry “U. Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Florence, Italy
| | - Dina Scarpi
- Department of Chemistry “U. Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Florence, Italy
| | - Ernesto G. Occhiato
- Department of Chemistry “U. Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Florence, Italy
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Lombardi C, Artuso E, Grandi E, Lolli M, Spyrakis F, Priola E, Prandi C. Recent advances in the synthesis of analogues of phytohormones strigolactones with ring-closing metathesis as a key step. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:8218-8231. [PMID: 28880031 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01917c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we synthesized and evaluated the biological activity of structural analogues of natural strigolactones in which the butenolide D-ring has been replaced with a γ-lactam. The key step to obtain the α,β-unsaturated-γ-lactam was an RCM on suitably substituted amides. Strigolactones (SLs) are plant hormones with various developmental functions. As soil signaling chemicals, they are required for establishing beneficial mycorrhizal plant/fungus symbiosis. Beside these auxinic roles, recently SLs have been successfully investigated as antitumoral agents. Peculiar to the SL perception system is the enzymatic activity of the hormone receptor. SARs data have shown that the presence of the butenolide D-ring is crucial to retain the biological activity. The substitution of the butenolide with a lactam might shed light on the mechanism of perception. In the following, a dedicated in silico study suggested the binding modes of the synthesized compounds to the receptor of SLs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lombardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 7 10125, Turin, Italy.
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8
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Pusch S, Tröster A, Lefrancois D, Farahani P, Dreuw A, Bach T, Opatz T. Mechanism and cis/trans Selectivity of Vinylogous Nazarov-type [6π] Photocyclizations. J Org Chem 2018; 83:964-972. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pusch
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10−14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Tröster
- Department
Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Daniel Lefrancois
- Interdisciplinary
Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer
Feld 205A, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pooria Farahani
- Instituto
de Química, Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade de São Paulo, C. P. 05508-000, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary
Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer
Feld 205A, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department
Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10−14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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9
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Ateşin TA, Martinez GM, Flores D. It Is Not Just Up to the Substrate: Palladium(0) Cyclizes Nazarov Substrates through Intramolecular Allylic Alkylation. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tülay A. Ateşin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas 78539-2999, United States
| | - Gabriela M. Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas 78539-2999, United States
| | - David Flores
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas 78539-2999, United States
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10
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Scarpi D, Petrović M, Fiser B, Gómez-Bengoa E, Occhiato EG. Construction of Cyclopenta[b]indol-1-ones by a Tandem Gold(I)-Catalyzed Rearrangement/Nazarov Reaction and Application to the Synthesis of Bruceolline H. Org Lett 2016; 18:3922-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Scarpi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “U. Schiff”, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Martina Petrović
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “U. Schiff”, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Béla Fiser
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I, Universidad del País Vasco/UPV-EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Enrique Gómez-Bengoa
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I, Universidad del País Vasco/UPV-EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Ernesto G. Occhiato
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “U. Schiff”, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
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11
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Asari AH, Lam YH, Tius MA, Houk KN. Origins of the Stereoselectivity in a Thiourea–Primary Amine-Catalyzed Nazarov Cyclization. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13191-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Austin H. Asari
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Yu-hong Lam
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Marcus A. Tius
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- The Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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12
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Petrović M, Scarpi D, Fiser B, Gómez-Bengoa E, Occhiato EG. Annulated N-Heterocycles by Tandem Gold(I)-Catalyzed [3,3]-Rearrangement/Nazarov Reaction of Propargylic Ester Derivatives: an Experimental and Computational Study. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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13
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Patel A, West FG, Houk KN. Reactivity and Stereoselectivity of 6π and Nazarov Electrocyclizations of Bridged Bicyclic Trienes and Divinyl Ketones. J Org Chem 2015; 80:2790-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashay Patel
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - F. G. West
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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14
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Morgan TDR, LeBlanc LM, Ardagh GH, Boyd RJ, Burnell DJ. Torquoselectivity in the Nazarov Reactions of Allenyl Vinyl Ketones. J Org Chem 2015; 80:1042-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502532a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. R. Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University,
P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Luc M. LeBlanc
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University,
P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Giselle H. Ardagh
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University,
P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Russell J. Boyd
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University,
P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - D. Jean Burnell
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University,
P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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Daneshfar Z, Rostami A. Cellulose sulfonic acid as a green, efficient, and reusable catalyst for Nazarov cyclization of unactivated dienones and pyrazoline synthesis. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19773b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A high yielding and eco-friendly procedure for the preparation of cyclopentenoid and pyrazoline derivatives via cellulose sulfonic acid-mediated electrocyclization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Daneshfar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Shahid Beheshti University
- Tehran
- I. R. Iran
| | - Ali Rostami
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Shahid Beheshti University
- Tehran
- I. R. Iran
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Zhu L, Xi ZG, Lv J, Luo S. In(III)/PhCO2H Binary Acid Catalyzed Tandem [2 + 2] Cycloaddition and Nazarov Reaction between Alkynes and Acetals. Org Lett 2013; 15:4496-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol4020464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecule Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory for Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Guo Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecule Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory for Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Lv
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecule Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory for Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sanzhong Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecule Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory for Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
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Flynn BL, Manchala N, Krenske EH. Opposing Auxiliary Conformations Produce the Same Torquoselectivity in an Oxazolidinone-Directed Nazarov Cyclization. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9156-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4036434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard L. Flynn
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Narasimhulu Manchala
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Elizabeth H. Krenske
- School of Chemistry and Molecular
Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology
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18
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Spencer WT, Vaidya T, Frontier AJ. Beyond the Divinyl Ketone: Innovations in the Generation and Nazarov Cyclization of Pentadienyl Cation Intermediates. European J Org Chem 2013; 2013:10.1002/ejoc.201300134. [PMID: 24348092 PMCID: PMC3862358 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The requirement for new strategies for synthesizing five-membered carbocycles has driven an expansion in the study of the Nazarov cyclization. This renewed interest in the reaction has led to the discovery of several interesting new methods for generating the pentadienyl cation intermediate central to the cyclization. Methods reviewed include carbon-heteroatom ionization, functionalization of a double bond, nucleophilic addition, or electrocyclic ring opening. Additional variations employ unconventional substrates to produce novel pentacycles, such as the iso- and imino-Nazarov. Herein, we provide an overview of these unconventional, yet highly useful versions of the Nazarov cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T. Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, RC Box 270216, Rochester, NY 14627
| | - Tulaza Vaidya
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Baker Laboratory Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Alison J. Frontier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, RC Box 270216, Rochester, NY 14627
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19
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Lebœuf D, Theiste E, Gandon V, Daifuku SL, Neidig ML, Frontier AJ. Efficient Nazarov cyclization/Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement terminated by a Cu(II)-promoted oxidation: synthesis of 4-alkylidene cyclopentenones. Chemistry 2013; 19:4842-8. [PMID: 23436470 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The discovery and elucidation of a new Nazarov cyclization/Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement/oxidation sequence is described that constitutes an efficient strategy for the synthesis of 4-alkylidene cyclopentenones. DFT computations and EPR experiments were conducted to gain further mechanistic insight into the reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lebœuf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
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20
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Blangetti M, Rosso H, Prandi C, Deagostino A, Venturello P. Suzuki-miyaura cross-coupling in acylation reactions, scope and recent developments. Molecules 2013; 18:1188-213. [PMID: 23344208 PMCID: PMC6270041 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18011188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first report and due to its handiness and wide scope, the Suzuki-Miyaura (SM) cross coupling reaction has become a routine methodology in many laboratories worldwide. With respect to other common transition metal catalyzed cross couplings, the SM reaction has been so far less exploited as a tool to introduce an acyl function into a specific substrate. In this review, the various approaches found in the literature will be considered, starting from the direct SM acylative coupling to the recent developments of cross coupling between boronates and acyl chlorides or anhydrides. Special attention will be dedicated to the use of masked acyl boronates, alkoxy styryl and alkoxy dienyl boronates as coupling partners. A final section will be then focused on the acyl SM reaction as key synthetic step in the framework of natural products synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Blangetti
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; E-Mail:
| | - Heléna Rosso
- Chemistry Department, Turin University, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; E-Mails: (H.R.); (A.D.); (P.V.)
| | - Cristina Prandi
- Chemistry Department, Turin University, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; E-Mails: (H.R.); (A.D.); (P.V.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-11-670-7643; Fax: +39-11-670-7642
| | - Annamaria Deagostino
- Chemistry Department, Turin University, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; E-Mails: (H.R.); (A.D.); (P.V.)
| | - Paolo Venturello
- Chemistry Department, Turin University, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; E-Mails: (H.R.); (A.D.); (P.V.)
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21
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Lebœuf D, Gandon V, Ciesielski J, Frontier AJ. Experimental and theoretical studies on the Nazarov cyclization/Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement sequence. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:6296-308. [PMID: 22471833 PMCID: PMC3382077 DOI: 10.1021/ja211970p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Highly functionalized cyclopentenones can be generated by a chemoselective copper(II)-mediated Nazarov/Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement sequence of divinyl ketones. A detailed investigation of this sequence is described including a study of substrate scope and limitations. After the initial 4π electrocyclization, this reaction proceeds via two different sequential [1,2]-shifts, with selectivity that depends upon either migratory ability or the steric bulkiness of the substituents at C1 and C5. This methodology allows the creation of vicinal stereogenic centers, including adjacent quaternary centers. This sequence can also be achieved by using a catalytic amount of copper(II) in combination with NaBAr(4)(f), a weak Lewis acid. During the study of the scope of the reaction, a partial or complete E/Z isomerization of the enone moiety was observed in some cases prior to the cyclization, which resulted in a mixture of diastereomeric products. Use of a Cu(II)-bisoxazoline complex prevented the isomerization, allowing high diastereoselectivity to be obtained in all substrate types. In addition, the reaction sequence was studied by DFT computations at the UB3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level, which are consistent with the proposed sequences observed, including E/Z isomerizations and chemoselective Wagner-Meerwein shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lebœuf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627
| | - Vincent Gandon
- ICMMO, UMR CNRS 8182, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
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Lebœuf D, Huang J, Gandon V, Frontier AJ. Using Nazarov electrocyclization to stage chemoselective [1,2]-migrations: stereoselective synthesis of functionalized cyclopentenones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:10981-5. [PMID: 21953873 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201104870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Lebœuf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
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Lebœuf D, Huang J, Gandon V, Frontier AJ. Using Nazarov Electrocyclization to Stage Chemoselective [1,2]-Migrations: Stereoselective Synthesis of Functionalized Cyclopentenones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201104870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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G. Occhiato E, Prandi C, Scarpi D. Carbonylative Palladium-Catalyzed Reactions of Lactam-, Lactone-, and Thiolactone-Derived Vinyl Triflates and Phosphates for the Synthesis of N-, O-, and S-Heterocycles. HETEROCYCLES 2010. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-09-sr(s)5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Canterbury DP, Herrick IR, Um J, Houk KN, Frontier AJ. A Torquoselective Extrusion of Isoxazoline N-Oxides. Application to the Synthesis of Aryl Vinyl and Divinyl Ketones for Nazarov Cyclization. Tetrahedron 2009; 65:3165-3179. [PMID: 20161228 PMCID: PMC2703503 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A mild, convenient reaction sequence for the synthesis of Nazarov cyclization substrates is described. The [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition of a nitrone and an electron-deficient alkyne gives an isolable isoxazoline intermediate, which upon oxidation undergoes stereoselective extrusion of nitrosomethane to give aryl vinyl or divinyl ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Canterbury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14627
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Marx VM, Burnell DJ. Synthesis of 5-hydroxycyclopent-2-enones from allenyl vinyl ketones via an interrupted Nazarov cyclization. Org Lett 2009; 11:1229-31. [PMID: 19215105 DOI: 10.1021/ol900029d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of an allenyl vinyl ketone with trifluoroacetic acid leads to Nazarov cyclization, and the intermediate carbocation is trapped efficiently by trifluoroacetate. Hydrolysis of the ester with methanol and basic alumina provides, in good to excellent overall yield, a 5-hydroxycyclopent-2-enone in which the alcohol is predominantly trans to a substituent at C-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Marx
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J3
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Cavalli A, Pacetti A, Recanatini M, Prandi C, Scarpi D, Occhiato E. Predicting Reactivity and Stereoselectivity in the Nazarov Reaction: A Combined Computational and Experimental Study. Chemistry 2008; 14:9292-304. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Canterbury DP, Frontier AJ, Um JM, Cheong PHY, Goldfeld DA, Huhn RA, Houk KN. Origins of stereoselectivity in the oxido-alkylidenation of alkynes. Org Lett 2008; 10:4597-600. [PMID: 18798638 PMCID: PMC2662994 DOI: 10.1021/ol8019154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A mild, convenient oxido-alkylidenation of alkynes is described. The three-step sequence involves the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of a nitrone and an alkynoate, oxidation of the resulting isoxazoline, and stereoselective extrusion of nitrosomethane. Quantum mechanical calculations identified the interactions of R3 with the oxidant and the preferred conformation of a diradical intermediate as major factors controlling the stereoselectivity of the oxidation and torquoselectivity of the extrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Canterbury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14627-0216
| | - Alison J. Frontier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14627-0216
| | - Joann M. Um
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Paul H.-Y. Cheong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Dahlia A. Goldfeld
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Richard A. Huhn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
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Marcus A, Lee A, Davis R, Tantillo D, Sarpong R. Pronounced Steric Effects of Substituents in the Nazarov Cyclization of Aryl Dienyl Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200801542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Marcus A, Lee A, Davis R, Tantillo D, Sarpong R. Pronounced Steric Effects of Substituents in the Nazarov Cyclization of Aryl Dienyl Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:6379-83. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Deagostino A, Larini P, Occhiato EG, Pizzuto L, Prandi C, Venturello P. Synthesis of Weinreb Amides via Pd-Catalyzed Aminocarbonylation of Heterocyclic-Derived Triflates. J Org Chem 2008; 73:1941-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jo7024898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Deagostino
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Organica Applicata, Università di Torino, Corso Massimo D'Azeglio, 48, I-10125 Torino, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica Organica “U. Schiff”, and HeteroBioLab, Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Paolo Larini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Organica Applicata, Università di Torino, Corso Massimo D'Azeglio, 48, I-10125 Torino, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica Organica “U. Schiff”, and HeteroBioLab, Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Ernesto G. Occhiato
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Organica Applicata, Università di Torino, Corso Massimo D'Azeglio, 48, I-10125 Torino, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica Organica “U. Schiff”, and HeteroBioLab, Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Lorena Pizzuto
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Organica Applicata, Università di Torino, Corso Massimo D'Azeglio, 48, I-10125 Torino, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica Organica “U. Schiff”, and HeteroBioLab, Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Cristina Prandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Organica Applicata, Università di Torino, Corso Massimo D'Azeglio, 48, I-10125 Torino, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica Organica “U. Schiff”, and HeteroBioLab, Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Paolo Venturello
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Organica Applicata, Università di Torino, Corso Massimo D'Azeglio, 48, I-10125 Torino, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica Organica “U. Schiff”, and HeteroBioLab, Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Walz I, Togni A. Ni(ii)-catalyzed enantioselective Nazarov cyclizations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:4315-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b806870d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Shi FQ, Li X, Xia Y, Zhang L, Yu ZX. DFT Study of the Mechanisms of In Water Au(I)-Catalyzed Tandem [3,3]-Rearrangement/Nazarov Reaction/[1,2]-Hydrogen Shift of Enynyl Acetates: A Proton-Transport Catalysis Strategy in the Water-Catalyzed [1,2]-Hydrogen Shift. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:15503-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ja071070+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Mahmoud B, West F. Efficient intermolecular 3+2 trapping of the Nazarov intermediate with vinyl sulfides. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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35
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Bartali L, Guarna A, Larini P, Occhiato EG. Carbonylative Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reaction of Lactam-, Lactone-, and Thiolactone-Derived Enol Triflates for the Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Dienones. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200601089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Polo V, Andrés J. Lewis Acid and Substituent Effects on the Molecular Mechanism for the Nazarov Reaction of Penta-1,4-dien-3-one and Derivatives. A Topological Analysis Based on the Combined Use of Electron Localization Function and Catastrophe Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2007; 3:816-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ct7000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Polo
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad Jaime I, Apartado 224, 12080, Castellón, Spain
| | - Juan Andrés
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad Jaime I, Apartado 224, 12080, Castellón, Spain
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