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Yu P, Hu S, Tian X, Shen W, Yu P, Guo K, Xie Y, Bao L, Lu X. Steering Lu 3N clusters in C 76-78 cages: cluster configuration dominated by cage transformation. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:17290-17296. [PMID: 36377636 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05049h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
While the strong interaction between the internal unit and the fullerene cage inside metallofullerenes is widely acknowledged, how the cage transformation interacts with the cluster configuration remains elusive. For this purpose, we herein synthesized three metallofullerene molecules with an easy-to-compare cluster configuration and cage arrangement, namely Lu3N@Cs(17 490)-C76, Lu3N@C2(22 010)-C78, and Lu3N@D3h(5)-C78. The three lutetium-based nitride clusterfullerenes (NCFs) with small C76-78 carbon cages were synthesized by a modified arc-discharge method and their structures were unambiguously confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Notably, the cage transformation from Cs(17 490)-C76 to C2(22 010)-C78via a simple C2-unit insertion leads to a remarkable configuration change of the encapsulated Lu3N cluster from an unusual asymmetric plane to a common symmetric one. This close correlation between the cluster configuration and cage transformation is further confirmed by the pyramidal Lu3N cluster in Lu3N@D3h(5)-C78 other than the symmetric planar Lu3N unit in Lu3N@C2(22 010)-C78, as a result of an even larger difference in the cage arrangement. Astonishingly, such a cluster shrinkage, accompanied by an increase in the cage size from Cs(17 490)-C76 to D3h(5)-C78, is dramatically opposite to the cluster expansion with cage elongation found in La2C2- or Y2C2-based metallofullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074 China.
| | - Shuaifeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074 China.
| | - Xinyue Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074 China.
| | - Wangqiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074 China.
| | - Pengyuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074 China.
| | - Kun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074 China.
| | - Yunpeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074 China.
| | - Lipiao Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074 China.
| | - Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074 China.
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Yang S, Wei T, Jin F. When metal clusters meet carbon cages: endohedral clusterfullerenes. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:5005-5058. [PMID: 28681052 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00498a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fullerenes have the characteristic of a hollow interior, and this unique feature triggers intuitive inspiration to entrap atoms, ions or clusters inside the carbon cage in the form of endohedral fullerenes. In particular, upon entrapping an otherwise unstable metal cluster into a carbon cage, the so-called endohedral clusterfullerenes fulfil the mutual stabilization of the inner metal cluster and the outer fullerene cage with a specific isomeric structure which is often unstable as an empty fullerene. A variety of metal clusters have been reported to form endohedral clusterfullerenes, including metal nitrides, carbides, oxides, sulfides, cyanides and so on, making endohedral clusterfullerenes the most variable and intriguing branch of endohedral fullerenes. In this review article, we present an exhaustive review on all types of endohedral clusterfullerenes reported to date, including their discoveries, syntheses, separations, molecular structures and properties as well as their potential applications in versatile fields such as biomedicine, energy conversion, and so on. At the end, we present an outlook on the prospect of endohedral clusterfullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China.
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Konarev DV, Zorina LV, Khasanov SS, Popov AA, Otsuka A, Yamochi H, Saito G, Lyubovskaya RN. A crystalline anionic complex of scandium nitride endometallofullerene: experimental observation of single-bonded (Sc3N@Ih-C80(-))2 dimers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:10763-6. [PMID: 27511304 PMCID: PMC5730043 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc05550h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Reduction of scandium nitride clusterfullerene, Sc3N@Ih-C80, by sodium fluorenone ketyl in the presence of cryptand[2,2,2] allows the crystallization of the {cryptand[2,2,2](Na(+))}2(Sc3N@Ih-C80(-))2·2.5C6H4Cl2 (1) salt. The Sc3N@Ih-C80˙(-) radical anions are dimerized to form single-bonded (Sc3N@Ih-C80(-))2 dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri V. Konarev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS
,
Chernogolovka
, Moscow region
, 142432 Russia
.
| | - Leokadiya V. Zorina
- Institute of Solid State Physics RAS
,
Chernogolovka
, Moscow region
, 142432 Russia
| | - Salavat S. Khasanov
- Institute of Solid State Physics RAS
,
Chernogolovka
, Moscow region
, 142432 Russia
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Helmholtzstraße 20
,
01069 Dresden
, Germany
| | - Akihiro Otsuka
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University
,
Sakyo-ku
, Kyoto 606-8502
, Japan
| | - Hideki Yamochi
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University
,
Sakyo-ku
, Kyoto 606-8502
, Japan
| | - Gunzi Saito
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University
,
1-501 Shiogamaguchi
, Tempaku-ku
, Nagoya 468-8502
, Japan
- Toyota Physical and Chemical Research Institute
,
41-1
, Yokomichi
, Nagakute
, Aichi 480-1192
, Japan
| | - Rimma N. Lyubovskaya
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS
,
Chernogolovka
, Moscow region
, 142432 Russia
.
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Zhang Y, Popov AA. Transition-Metal and Rare-Earth-Metal Redox Couples inside Carbon Cages: Fullerenes Acting as Innocent Ligands. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om5000387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), D-01171 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), D-01171 Dresden, Germany
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5
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Zhang Y, Popov AA, Dunsch L. Endohedral metal or a fullerene cage based oxidation? Redox duality of nitride clusterfullerenes Ce(x)M(3-x)N@C(78-88) (x = 1, 2; M = Sc and Y) dictated by the encaged metals and the carbon cage size. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:1038-1048. [PMID: 24292599 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05433k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Redox behavior of endohedral metallofullerenes, in particular their oxidation process, can be classified as a fullerene-based or endohedral species-based process according to the mechanism of the electron transfer. Here we report on the phenomenon of the strain-driven electrochemical behavior achieved by encapsulating the cerium-containing clusters into a series of carbon cages ranging from C78 to C88. The Ce-based mixed metal nitride clusterfullerenes CexM3-xN@C2n (x = 1, 2; M = Sc or Y; 2n = 78-88) were synthesized and characterized. The magnitude of the inherent strain caused by the limited inner space of the carbon cage for the relatively large nitride clusters can be varied by choosing different scaffold metals (Sc, Lu, or Y) to tailor the size of the encaged CexM3-xN cluster and by matching the nitride cluster with different fullerene cages in the size range from C78 to C88. The redox properties of CexM3-xN@C2n were investigated by cyclic and square wave voltammetry. The mechanism of the electrochemical oxidation of Ce-based mixed metal nitride clusterfullerenes, in particular whether the fullerene-based oxidation or the Ce(III) → Ce(IV) process is observed, is found to be dependent on the scaffold metal and the size of the fullerene cage. The endohedral oxidation of Ce(III) to Ce(IV) was observed for a number of compounds as revealed by the negative shift of their oxidation potentials with respect to the values measured for the non-Ce analogues. Experimental studies are supported by DFT calculations. We conclude that the prerequisites for the Ce-based endohedral oxidation process are suitable inherent cluster-cage strain and sufficiently high oxidation potential of the fullerene cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Popov
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden , D-01171 Dresden, Germany
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Popov AA, Chen N, Pinzón JR, Stevenson S, Echegoyen LA, Dunsch L. Redox-active scandium oxide cluster inside a fullerene cage: spectroscopic, voltammetric, electron spin resonance spectroelectrochemical, and extended density functional theory study of Sc4O2@C80 and its ion radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:19607-18. [PMID: 22924339 DOI: 10.1021/ja306728p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The clusterfullerene Sc(4)O(2)@C(80) with a mixed redox state of scandium was found to be an exciting molecule for endohedral electrochemistry as demonstrated by means of an in situ electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroelectrochemical study of the spin density distribution in its electrochemically generated cation and anion radicals. The compound exhibits two reversible reduction and oxidation steps with a relatively small electrochemical gap of 1.10 V. The ESR spectra of the ion radicals have a rich hyperfine structure caused by two pairs of equivalent Sc atoms. The Sc-based hyperfine structure with large hyperfine coupling constants shows that both oxidation and reduction of Sc(4)O(2)@C(80) are in cavea redox processes, which is the subject of endohedral electrochemistry. The assignment of the experimentally determined a((45)Sc) values to the two types of Sc atoms in the Sc(4)O(2) cluster was accomplished by extended density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations. Sc atoms adopting a divalent state in the neutral Sc(4)O(2)@C(80) exhibited an especially large coupling constant of 150.4 G in the cation radical, which is the record high a((45)Sc) value for Sc-based endohedral metallofullerenes. Such a high value is explained by the nature of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) localized on the six-atom Sc(4)O(2) cluster. This HOMO is a Sc-Sc bonding MO and hence has large contributions from the 4s atomic orbitals of Sc(II). We claim that ESR spectroelectrochemistry is an invaluable experimental tool in the studies of metal-metal bonding in endohedral metallofullerenes and in endohedral electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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Chen N, Beavers CM, Mulet-Gas M, Rodríguez-Fortea A, Munoz EJ, Li YY, Olmstead MM, Balch AL, Poblet JM, Echegoyen L. Sc2S@C(s)(10528)-C72: a dimetallic sulfide endohedral fullerene with a non isolated pentagon rule cage. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:7851-60. [PMID: 22519825 DOI: 10.1021/ja300765z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A non isolated pentagon rule metallic sulfide clusterfullerene, Sc(2)S@C(s)(10528)-C(72), has been isolated from a raw mixture of Sc(2)S@C(2n) (n = 35-50) obtained by arc-discharging graphite rods packed with Sc(2)O(3) and graphite powder under an atmosphere of SO(2) and helium. Multistage HPLC methods were utilized to isolate and purify the Sc(2)S@C(72). The purified Sc(2)S@C(s)(10528)-C(72) was characterized by mass spectrometry, UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystallographic analysis unambiguously elucidated that the C(72) fullerene cage violates the isolated pentagon rule, and the cage symmetry was assigned to C(s)(10528)-C(72). The electrochemical behavior of Sc(2)S@C(s)(10528)-C(72) shows a major difference from those of Sc(2)S@C(s)(6)-C(82) and Sc(2)S@C(3v)(8)-C(82) as well as the other metallic clusterfullerenes. Computational studies show that the Sc(2)S cluster transfers four electrons to the C(72) cage and C(s)(10528)-C(72) is the most stable cage isomer for both empty C(72)(4-) and Sc(2)S@C(72), among the many possibilities. The structural differences between the reported fullerenes with C(72) cages are discussed, and it is concluded that both the transfer of four electrons to the cage and the geometrical requirements of the encaged Sc(2)S cluster play important roles in the stabilization of the C(s)(10528)-C(72) cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, USA
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Rudolf M, Wolfrum S, Guldi DM, Feng L, Tsuchiya T, Akasaka T, Echegoyen L. Endohedral Metallofullerenes-Filled Fullerene Derivatives towards Multifunctional Reaction Center Mimics. Chemistry 2012; 18:5136-48. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Ma Y, Wang T, Wu J, Feng Y, Xu W, Jiang L, Zheng J, Shu C, Wang C. Size effect of endohedral cluster on fullerene cage: preparation and structural studies of Y3N@C78-C2. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:4955-4957. [PMID: 22057827 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr11327e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A new metallofullerene Y(3)N@C(78)-C(2) was synthesized and characterized. It was shown that Y(3)N@C(78) has an unconventional C(78)-C(2) cage with two pairs of fused pentagons closely bonded with two yttrium atoms. DFT calculations showed that the size of the ionic radii of the metals forming the caged cluster plays an important role in the non-isolated-pentagon-rule-feature of the C(78) cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing, 100190, China
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11
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Klod S, Dunsch L. A combination of in situ ESR and in situ NMR spectroelectrochemistry for mechanistic studies of electrode reactions: the case of p-benzoquinone. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2011; 49:725-729. [PMID: 21972011 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A combined in situ NMR and in situ ESR spectroelectrochemical study of a reaction mechanism is presented detecting and describing the whole number of paramagnetic and diamagnetic intermediates and final products in an electrode reaction. While in situ NMR spectroelectrochemistry provides a powerful method for the study of structural or electronic changes of diamagnetic molecules in any electrochemical reaction mechanism, in situ ESR spectroelectrochemistry is the method of choice to detect paramagnetic structures and to characterise their electronic state via the g-value and hyperfine splitting in redox reactions. To demonstrate the power of this combination of magnetic spectroscopies in electrochemistry, the reduction of p-benzoquinone to hydroquinone is followed by both these spectroelectrochemical methods at selected pH values, thus considering the influence of the proton on the reaction mechanism. The results of both in situ spectroelectrochemical methods at the same redox system are used to get the complete reaction mechanism of p-benzoquinone at electrodes in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Klod
- Centre of Spectroelectrochemistry, Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
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12
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Chen N, Pinzón JR, Echegoyen L. Influence of the Encapsulated Clusters on the Electrochemical Behaviour of Endohedral Fullerene Derivatives: Comparative Study of N-Tritylpyrrolidino Derivatives of Sc3N@Ih-C80 and Lu3N@Ih-C80. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:1422-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201001015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Zhang L, Popov AA, Yang S, Klod S, Rapta P, Dunsch L. An endohedral redox system in a fullerene cage: the Ce based mixed-metal cluster fullerene Lu2CeN@C80. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:7840-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c002918a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Valencia R, Rodríguez-Fortea A, Clotet A, de Graaf C, Chaur MN, Echegoyen L, Poblet JM. Electronic structure and redox properties of metal nitride endohedral fullerenes M(3)N@C(2n) (M=Sc, Y, La, and Gd; 2n=80, 84, 88, 92, 96). Chemistry 2009; 15:10997-1009. [PMID: 19760713 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An extensive study of the redox properties of metal nitride endohedral fullerenes (MNEFs) based on DFT computational calculations has been performed. The electronic structure of the singly oxidized and reduced MNEFs has been thoroughly analyzed and the first anodic and cathodic potentials, as well as the electrochemical gaps, have been predicted for a large number of M(3)N@C(2n) systems (M=Sc, Y, La, and Gd; 2n=80, 84, 88, 92, and 96). In particular, calculations that include thermal and entropic effects correctly predict the different anodic behavior of the two isomers (I(h) and D(5h)) of Sc(3)N@C(80), which is the basis for their electrochemical separation. Important differences were found in the electronic structure of reduced M(3)N@C(80) when M=Sc or when M is a more electropositive metal, such as Y or Gd. Moreover, the changes in the electrochemical gaps within the Gd(3)N@C(2n) series (2n=80, 84, and 88) have been rationalized and the use of Y-based computational models to study the Gd-based systems has been justified. The redox properties of the largest MNEFs characterized so far, La(3)N@C(2n) (2n=92 and 96), were also correctly predicted. Finally, the quality of these predictions and their usefulness in distinguishing the carbon cages for MNEFs with unknown structures is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Valencia
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili c/Marcellí Domingo s/n, Campus Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Chaur MN, Melin F, Ortiz AL, Echegoyen L. Chemical, electrochemical, and structural properties of endohedral metallofullerenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:7514-38. [PMID: 19777461 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200901746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the first experimental evidence of the existence of endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) was obtained, the search for carbon cages with encapsulated metals and small molecules has become a very active field of research. EMFs exhibit unique electronic and structural features, with potential applications in many fields. Furthermore, functionalized EMFs offer additional potential applications because of their higher solubility and their ease of characterization by X-ray crystallography and other techniques. Herein we review the general field of EMFs, particularly of functionalized EMFs. We also address their structures and their (electrochemical) properties, as well as applications of these fascinating compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel N Chaur
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, 219 Hunter Laboratories, Clemson, SC 29631-0973, USA
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Chaur M, Melin F, Ortiz A, Echegoyen L. Chemische, elektrochemische und Struktureigenschaften von endohedralen Metallofullerenen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200901746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Beavers CM, Chaur MN, Olmstead MM, Echegoyen L, Balch AL. Large Metal Ions in a Relatively Small Fullerene Cage: The Structure of Gd3N@C2(22010)-C78 Departs from the Isolated Pentagon Rule. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:11519-24. [DOI: 10.1021/ja903741r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Beavers
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, and Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - Manuel N. Chaur
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, and Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - Marilyn M. Olmstead
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, and Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, and Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - Alan L. Balch
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, and Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
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Tarábek J, Yang S, Dunsch L. Redox Properties of Mixed Lutetium/Yttrium Nitride Clusterfullerenes: Endohedral LuxY3−xN@C80(I) (x=0-3) Compounds. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:1037-43. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200800811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tang SW, Sun LL, Sun H, Feng JD, Wang RS, Chang YF, Hao LZ. Search for the most stable Ca@C44 isomer: structural stability and electronic property investigations. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:124705. [PMID: 19334870 DOI: 10.1063/1.3100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulated by the mass spectroscopic observation of the metallofullerene Ca@C(44), we have performed a systematic investigation to search for the most stable isomer using HF/3-21G approximately LanL2DZ, HF/6-31+G(d), B3LYP/6-31+G(d), and MP2/6-31+G(d)//B3LYP/6-31+G(d) methods. The Ca@C(44) (D(2):53) isomer with eight adjacent pentagons in the fullerene framework is predicted to possess the lowest energy. The thermodynamics stability explorations of Ca@C(44) isomers at different temperatures show that Ca@C(44) (D(2):53) is the most thermodynamically stable in the temperature range of absolute zero to 4000 K. The encapsulation of Ca atom in C(44) fullerene is exothermic, and the electronic structure of Ca@C(44) (D(2):53) can be described formally as Ca(2+)@C(44) (2-). Further analysis on the frontier molecular orbitals and density of states of Ca@C(44) (D(2):53) suggests that both highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital are carbonlike with low Ca character, and the carbon cage possesses high chemical activity. In addition, the vibrational spectrum of Ca@C(44) (D(2):53) has been simulated and analyzed to gain an insight into the metal-cage vibrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Wei Tang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People's Republic of China
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Chaur MN, Athans AJ, Echegoyen L. Metallic nitride endohedral fullerenes: synthesis and electrochemical properties. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Zhao M, Zhang L, Chen N, Wang C, Fan L, Yang S. Electrochemistry of Sc3N@C78 embedded in didodecyldimethylammonium bromide films in aqueous solution. Mikrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-008-0095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rapta P, Popov AA, Yang S, Dunsch L. Charged States of Sc3N@C68: An In Situ Spectroelectrochemical Study of the Radical Cation and Radical Anion of a Non-IPR Fullerene. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:5858-65. [DOI: 10.1021/jp802655f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rapta
- Group of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, D-01171 Dresden, Germany, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, SK-81237 Bratislava, Slovak Republic, and Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Group of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, D-01171 Dresden, Germany, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, SK-81237 Bratislava, Slovak Republic, and Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Group of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, D-01171 Dresden, Germany, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, SK-81237 Bratislava, Slovak Republic, and Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Lothar Dunsch
- Group of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, D-01171 Dresden, Germany, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, SK-81237 Bratislava, Slovak Republic, and Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
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Zalibera M, Rapta P, Dunsch L. The power of in situ ESR spectroelectrochemistry in the analysis of a C84 fullerene isomer. Electrochem commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Chaur M, Melin F, Elliott B, Kumbhar A, Athans A, Echegoyen L. New M3N@C2n Endohedral Metallofullerene Families (M=Nd, Pr, Ce;n=40–53): Expanding the Preferential Templating of the C88 Cage and Approaching the C96 Cage. Chemistry 2008; 14:4594-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Plonska-Brzezinska ME, Athans AJ, Paige Phillips J, Stevenson S, Echegoyen L. A reinvestigation of the electrochemical behavior of Sc3N@C80. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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The Large Nd3N@C2n (40≤n≤49) Cluster Fullerene Family: Preferential Templating of a C88 Cage by a Trimetallic Nitride Cluster. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200703489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Melin F, Chaur M, Engmann S, Elliott B, Kumbhar A, Athans A, Echegoyen L. The Large Nd3N@C2n (40≤n≤49) Cluster Fullerene Family: Preferential Templating of a C88 Cage by a Trimetallic Nitride Cluster. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:9032-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200703489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhang L, Chen N, Fan L, Wang C, Yang S. Electrochemistry of Sc3N@C78 and Sc3N@C80 (Ih): On achieving reversible redox waves of the trimetal nitride endohedral fullerenes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dunsch L, Yang S. Metal nitride cluster fullerenes: their current state and future prospects. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2007; 3:1298-320. [PMID: 17657757 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200700036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The world of endohedral fullerenes was significantly enlarged over the past seven years by the cluster fullerenes, which contain structures such as the M(2)C(2) carbides and the M(3)N nitrides. While the carbide clusters are generated under the standard arc-burning conditions according to stabilization conditions, the nitride cluster fullerenes (NCFs) are formed by varying the composition of the cooling gas atmosphere in the arc-burning process. The special conditions for NCF synthesis is described in detail and the optimum conditions for the production of NCFs as the main product in fullerene syntheses are given. A general review of all NCFs reported to date consists of the structures, properties, and stability of the NCFs as well as the abundance of the NCFs in the fullerene soot. It is shown that all cages with even carbon atoms from C(68) to C(98) are available as endohedral nitride cluster structures (with the exception of C(72), C(74), and C(76)). Specifically, the NCFs form the largest number of structures that violate the isolated pentagon rule (IPR). Finally some practical applications of these cluster fullerenes are illustrated and an outlook is given, taking the superior stability of these endohedral fullerenes into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Dunsch
- Group of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, 01171 Dresden, Germany.
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Dunsch L, Yang S. Endohedral clusterfullerenes--playing with cluster and cage sizes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:3067-81. [PMID: 17612731 DOI: 10.1039/b704143h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The family of endohedral fullerenes was significantly enlarged within the past six years by the clusterfullerenes containing structures like the M(2)C(2) carbides and the M(3)N nitrides. While the carbide clusters are generated under the standard arc burning conditions according to the stabilisation energy the nitride clusterfullerene type is formed by varying the composition of the cooling gas atmosphere in the arc burning process. The special situation in nitride clusterfullerene synthesis is described in detail and the optimum conditions for the production of nitride clusterfullerenes as the main product in fullerene synthesis are discussed. A review of new nitride clusterfullerenes reported recently is given summarizing the structures, properties and the stability of metal nitride clusterfullerenes. It is shown that all cages with even carbon atoms of C(68) and beyond are available as endohedral nitride clusterstructures. Furthermore the nitride clusterfullerenes are that class of endohedral fullerenes forming the largest number of non-IPR structures. Finally the prospects of this evolving field are briefly discussed taking the superior stability of these endohedral clusterfullerenes into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Dunsch
- Abteilung Elektrochemie und leitfähige Polymere, Leibniz-Institut für Festkörper- und Werkstofforschung Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Yang S, Rapta P, Dunsch L. The spin state of a charged non-IPR fullerene: the stable radical cation of Sc3N@C68. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:189-91. [PMID: 17180242 DOI: 10.1039/b610550e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In-situ ESR/UV-vis-NIR spectroelectrochemistry was implemented to probe the spin state of the radical cation of a non-IPR cluster-fullerene Sc(3)N@C(68), which represents the first study on the stable paramagnetic cation of an endohedral fullerene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Yang
- Group of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden, D-01171, Dresden, Germany.
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