1
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Nugent TC, Vos AE, Hussain I, El Damrany Hussein HA, Goswami F. A 2000 to 2020 Practitioner's Guide to Chiral Amine‐Based Enantioselective Aldol Reactions: Ketone Substrates, Best Methods, in Water Reaction Environments, and Defining Nuances. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. Nugent
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry Jacobs University Bremen 28759 Bremen Germany
| | - Alice E. Vos
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry Jacobs University Bremen 28759 Bremen Germany
| | - Ishtiaq Hussain
- Department of Pharmacy Abbottabad University of Science and Technology Havelian Abbottabad 22010 Pakistan
| | | | - Falguni Goswami
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry Jacobs University Bremen 28759 Bremen Germany
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2
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Lee HR, Kim SY, Park MJ, Park YS. An access to highly enantioenriched cis-3,5-disubstituted γ-lactones from α-bromoacetate and silyl enol ether. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7655-7663. [PMID: 34524343 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01403j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel synthetic strategy for highly enantioenriched cis-3,5-disubstituted γ-lactones has been developed by the AgOTf-promoted nucleophilic substitution of α-bromoacetates with silyl enol ethers and subsequent reductive lactonization. The utility of this synthetic method was further demonstrated through the concise stereodivergent synthesis of cis- and trans-2,4-disubstituted tetrahydrofurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Rim Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Seo Yun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Min Ji Park
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Yong Sun Park
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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3
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Demirbas N, Demirbas A. Organocatalyzed Heterocyclic Transformations In Green Media: A Review. CURRENT ORGANOCATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/2213337207999200805115813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Since the discovery of metal-free catalysts or organocatalysts about twenty
years ago, a number of small molecules with different structures have been used to accelerate organic
transformations. With the development of environmental awareness, to obtain highly efficient
scaffolds, scientists have directed their studies towards synthetic methodologies that minimize
or preferably eliminate the formation of waste, avoid toxic solvents and reagents and use renewable
starting materials as far as possible.
Methods:
In this connection, the organocatalytic reactions providing efficiency and selectivity for
most of the transformations have become an endless topic in organic chemistry since several advantages
from both practical and environmental standpoints. Organocatalysts contributing to the transformation
of reactants into products with the least possible waste production, have been serving the
concept of green chemistry.
Results and Conclusion:
Organocatalysts have been classified based on their binding capacity to
the substrate with covalent or noncovalent interactions involving hydrogen bonding and electrostatic
interaction. Diverse types of small organic compounds including proline and its derivatives,
phase-transfer catalysts, (thio)urease, phosphoric acids, sulfones, N-oxides, guanidines, cinchona
derivatives, aminoindanol, and amino acids have been utilized as hydrogen bonding organocatalysts
in different chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Demirbas
- Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Demirbas
- Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
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4
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Cortes-Clerget M, Yu J, Kincaid JRA, Walde P, Gallou F, Lipshutz BH. Water as the reaction medium in organic chemistry: from our worst enemy to our best friend. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4237-4266. [PMID: 34163692 PMCID: PMC8179471 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06000c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A review presenting water as the logical reaction medium for the future of organic chemistry. A discussion is offered that covers both the "on water" and "in water" phenomena, and how water is playing unique roles in each, specifically with regard to its use in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Yu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
| | - Joseph R A Kincaid
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
| | - Peter Walde
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Fabrice Gallou
- Chemical & Analytical Development Novartis Pharma AG 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Bruce H Lipshutz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
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5
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Jimeno C. Amino Acylguanidines as Bioinspired Catalysts for the Asymmetric Aldol Reaction. Molecules 2021; 26:826. [PMID: 33562560 PMCID: PMC7915246 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The binding and stabilizing effect of arginine residues in certain aldolases served as inspiring source for the development of a family of amino acylguanidine organocatalysts. Screening and optimization led to identify the threonine derivative as the most suitable catalyst for the asymmetric aldol addition of hydroxyacetone, affording the syn diastereomer in high ee. In contrast, the proline derivative yielded the anti diasteromer. MMFF models suggest the presence of an extensive hydrogen bonding network between the acylguanidinium group and the reaction intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciril Jimeno
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E08034 Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Balaji PV, Li Z, Saito A, Kumagai N, Shibasaki M. Direct Catalytic Asymmetric Addition of α‐Fluoronitriles to Aldehydes. Chemistry 2020; 26:15524-15527. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhao Li
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 141-0021 Japan
| | - Akira Saito
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 141-0021 Japan
| | - Naoya Kumagai
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 141-0021 Japan
| | - Masakatsu Shibasaki
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 141-0021 Japan
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7
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Hayashi Y, Wang X, Kawauchi G. Highly Enantioselective Access to syn-α,γ-Dihydroxycarbonyl Building Blocks via Organocatalyst-mediated Aldol Reaction as a Key Step. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Genki Kawauchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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8
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Qiu ZB, Ren XF, Chen XY, Chen LY, Ji J, Li Y. MgBr2OEt2-promoted direct Aldol reactions of S-aryl 2-fluoroethanethioate. J Fluor Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2019.109368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Świderek K, Nödling AR, Tsai YH, Luk LYP, Moliner V. Reaction Mechanism of Organocatalytic Michael Addition of Nitromethane to Cinnamaldehyde: A Case Study on Catalyst Regeneration and Solvent Effects. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:451-459. [PMID: 29256614 PMCID: PMC5785706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The Michael addition
of nitromethane to cinnamaldehyde has been
computationally studied in the absence of a catalyst and the presence
of a biotinylated secondary amine by a combined computational and
experimental approach. The calculations were performed at the density
functional theory (DFT) level with the M06-2X hybrid functional, and
a polarizable continuum model has been employed to mimic the effect
of two different solvents: dichloromethane (DCM) and water. Contrary
to common assumption, the product-derived iminium intermediate was
absent in both of the solvents tested. Instead, hydrating the C1–C2
double bond in the enamine intermediate directly yields the tetrahedral
intermediate, which is key for forming the product and regenerating
the catalyst. Enamine hydration is concerted and found to be rate-limiting
in DCM but segregated into two non-rate-limiting steps when the solvent
is replaced with water. However, further analysis revealed that the
use of water as solvent also raises the energy barriers for other
chemical steps, particularly the critical step of C–C bond
formation between the iminium intermediate and nucleophile; this consequently
lowers both the reaction yield and enantioselectivity of this LUMO-lowering
reaction, as experimentally detected. These findings provide a logical
explanation to why water often enhances organocatalysis when used
as an additive but hampers the reaction progress when employed as
a solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Świderek
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I , 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | | | - Yu-Hsuan Tsai
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University , CF10 3AT Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Louis Y P Luk
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University , CF10 3AT Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Vicent Moliner
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I , 12071 Castellón, Spain.,School of Chemistry, University of Bath , BA2 7AY Bath, United Kingdom
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10
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Yamashita Y, Yasukawa T, Yoo WJ, Kitanosono T, Kobayashi S. Catalytic enantioselective aldol reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4388-4480. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00824d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in catalytic asymmetric aldol reactions have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yasukawa
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Woo-Jin Yoo
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Taku Kitanosono
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Shū Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Wengang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Can Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Zhang D, Tanaka F. Determination of Relative Frequency of Carbanion Formation at α-Positions of Ketones under Aldol Reaction Catalysis Conditions. Org Lett 2017; 19:3803-3806. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongxin Zhang
- Chemistry and Chemical Bioengineering
Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Fujie Tanaka
- Chemistry and Chemical Bioengineering
Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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13
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Chakrabarty K, Basak A, Ghosh A, Das GK. Ionic liquid supported acid additive stabilizes the transition structure of organocatalytic asymmetric direct aldol reaction by proton donation: A quantum mechanical study. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633616500498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
ONIOM studies were performed on the transition structure (TS) of organocatalytic direct aldol reaction by using ionic liquid supported benzoic acid (ILS-PhCO2H) as an additive. Results obtained from this computation suggest direct involvement of ILS-PhCO2H in the TS as a proton donor. It has also come out from the present study that, the counter ion of the ILS-acid additive may also play significant role to maintain the proper TS geometry by holding the organocatalyst and the acid additive close together during the course of reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuheli Chakrabarty
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati Santiniketan-731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Atanu Basak
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati Santiniketan-731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Animesh Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati Santiniketan-731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Gourab Kanti Das
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati Santiniketan-731235, West Bengal, India
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14
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Abstract
Asymmetric organocatalysis often operates under near ambient conditions, which means it is air and moisture compatible. However, in many examples water is indeed necessary for achieving excellent catalytic results. Ranging from the addition of small amounts of water to a reaction, to complex catalytic systems in the presence of water as the only reaction medium, this review offers an illustrative classification of the uses of water in asymmetric organocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciril Jimeno
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modelling, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, E08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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Reddy UVS, Chennapuram M, Seki C, Kwon E, Okuyama Y, Nakano H. Catalytic Efficiency of Primary β-Amino Alcohols and Their Derivatives in Organocatalysis. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ummareddy Venkata Subba Reddy
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Lab; Department of Bioengineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Muroran Institute of Technology; 27-1 Mizumoto 050-8585 Muroran Japan
| | - Madhu Chennapuram
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Lab; Department of Bioengineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Muroran Institute of Technology; 27-1 Mizumoto 050-8585 Muroran Japan
| | - Chigusa Seki
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Lab; Department of Bioengineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Muroran Institute of Technology; 27-1 Mizumoto 050-8585 Muroran Japan
| | - Eunsang Kwon
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules; Graduate School of Sciences; Tohoku University; 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku 980-8578 Sendai Japan
| | - Yuko Okuyama
- Tohoku Pharmaceutical University; 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku 981-8558 Sendai Japan
| | - Hiroto Nakano
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Lab; Department of Bioengineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Muroran Institute of Technology; 27-1 Mizumoto 050-8585 Muroran Japan
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hong
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Wangsheng Sun
- Key
Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Dongxu Yang
- Key
Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Guofeng Li
- Key
Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Rui Wang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
- Key
Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
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17
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Water: the most versatile and nature’s friendly media in asymmetric organocatalyzed direct aldol reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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18
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Trost BM, Saget T, Lerchen A, Hung CIJ. Catalytic Asymmetric Mannich Reactions with Fluorinated Aromatic Ketones: Efficient Access to Chiral β-Fluoroamines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:781-4. [PMID: 26609784 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Reported herein is a Zn/Prophenol-catalyzed Mannich reaction using fluorinated aromatic ketones as nucleophilic partners for the direct enantio- and diastereoselective construction of β-fluoroamine motifs featuring a fluorinated tetrasubstituted carbon. The reaction can be run on a gram scale with a low catalyst loading without impacting its efficiency. Moreover, a related aldol reaction was also developed. Together, these reactions provide a new approach for the preparation of pharmaceutically relevant products possessing tetrasubstituted C-F centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M Trost
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080 (USA).
| | - Tanguy Saget
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080 (USA)
| | - Andreas Lerchen
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080 (USA)
| | - Chao-I Joey Hung
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080 (USA)
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19
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Trost BM, Saget T, Lerchen A, Hung CIJ. Catalytic Asymmetric Mannich Reactions with Fluorinated Aromatic Ketones: Efficient Access to Chiral β-Fluoroamines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Kabeshov MA, Kysilka O, Rulíšek L, Suleimanov YV, Bella M, Malkov AV, Kočovský P. Cross-Aldol Reaction of Isatin with Acetone Catalyzed by Leucinol: A Mechanistic Investigation. Chemistry 2015; 21:12026-33. [PMID: 26147182 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive mechanistic studies on the enantioselective aldol reaction between isatin (1 a) and acetone, catalyzed by L-leucinol (3 a), unraveled that isatin, apart from being a substrate, also plays an active catalytic role. Conversion of the intermediate oxazolidine 4 into the reactive syn-enamine 6, catalyzed by isatin, was identified as the rate-determining step by both the calculations (ΔG(≠) =26.1 kcal mol(-1) for the analogous L-alaninol, 3 b) and the kinetic isotope effect (kH /kD =2.7 observed for the reaction using [D6 ]acetone). The subsequent reaction of the syn-enamine 6 with isatin produces (S)-2 a (calculated ΔG(≠) =11.6 kcal mol(-1) ). The calculations suggest that the overall stereochemistry is controlled by two key events: 1) the isatin-catalyzed formation of the syn-enamine 6, which is thermodynamically favored over its anti-rotamer 7 by 2.3 kcal mol(-1) ; and 2) the high preference of the syn-enamine 6 to produce (S)-2 a on reaction with isatin (1 a) rather than its enantiomer (ΔΔG(≠) =2.6 kcal mol(-1) ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A Kabeshov
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leics LE11 3TU (UK). .,Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW (UK).
| | - Ondřej Kysilka
- FARMAK, Klášterní Hradisko, 77900 Olomouc (Czech Republic)
| | - Lubomír Rulíšek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Yury V Suleimanov
- Computation-based Science and Technology Research Center, Cyprus Institute, 20 Kavafi Str., Nicosia 2121 (Cyprus) & Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 (USA)
| | - Marco Bella
- Department of Chemistry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome (Italy)
| | - Andrei V Malkov
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leics LE11 3TU (UK).
| | - Pavel Kočovský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic). .,Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE 10691 Stockholm (Sweden) & Department of Organic Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague 2 (Czech Republic).
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21
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Chakrabarty K, Ghosh A, Basak A, Das GK. Stabilization of the transition structures of organocatalytic asymmetric direct aldol reaction in wet solvent free condition by the formation of water assisted supramolecular network: A DFT study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Gamedze MP, Nkambule CM. Dibutyltin oxide mediated diastereoselective cyclodehydration/sulfonylation of 1,2,4-triols. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.02.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Guo W, Wei J, Liu Y, Li C. Construction of anti-1,2-diols bearing chiral tertiary alcohol moiety using free hydroxyacetone as aldol donor by imidazole-based prolineamide catalyst. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Angeloni M, Piermatti O, Pizzo F, Vaccaro L. Synthesis of Zirconium Phosphonate SupportedL-Proline as an Effective Organocatalyst for Direct Asymmetric Aldol Addition. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Duschmalé J, Kohrt S, Wennemers H. Peptide catalysis in aqueous emulsions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:8109-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc01759e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Wan W, Gao W, Ma G, Ma L, Wang F, Wang J, Jiang H, Zhu S, Hao J. Asymmetric aldol reaction organocatalyzed by bifunctional N-prolyl sulfinamides under solvent-free conditions. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03362k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral bifunctional N-prolyl sulfinamide and its TFA salts were synthesized and applied in asymmetric aldol reactions under solvent-free conditions. The aldol adducts were obtained with high to excellent yields, enantioselectivities and diastereoselectivities. A matching effect between chiral proline and sulfinamide moieties was observed for the catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wan
- Department of Chemistry
- Innovative Drug Research Center Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Chemistry
- Innovative Drug Research Center Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Guobin Ma
- Department of Chemistry
- Innovative Drug Research Center Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Center for Drug Evaluation
- State Food and Drug Administration
- Beijing 100038, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Innovative Drug Research Center Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Innovative Drug Research Center Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Haizhen Jiang
- Department of Chemistry
- Innovative Drug Research Center Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shizheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Hao
- Department of Chemistry
- Innovative Drug Research Center Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444, China
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
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27
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Fu N, Zhang L, Luo S, Cheng JP. Chiral primary-amine-catalyzed conjugate addition to α-substituted vinyl ketones/aldehydes: divergent stereocontrol modes on enamine protonation. Chemistry 2013; 19:15669-81. [PMID: 24114835 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Enantioselective protonation with a catalytic enamine intermediate represents a challenging, yet fundamentally important process for the synthesis of α-chiral carbonyls. We describe herein chiral primary-amine-catalyzed conjugate additions of indoles to both α-substituted acroleins and vinyl ketones. These reactions feature enamine protonation as the stereogenic step. A simple primary-tertiary vicinal diamine 1 with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH) was found to enable both of the reactions of acroleins and vinyl ketones with good activity and high enantioselectivity. Detailed mechanistic studies reveal that these reactions are rate-limiting in iminium formation and they all involve a uniform H2 O/acid-bridged proton transfer in the stereogenic steps but divergent stereocontrol modes for the protonation stereoselectivity. For the reactions of α-branched acroleins, facial selections on H2 O-bridged protonation determine the enantioselectivity, which is enhanced by an OH⋅⋅⋅π interaction with indole as uncovered by DFT calculations. On the other hand, the stereoselectivity of the reactions with vinyl ketones is controlled according to the Curtin-Hammett principle in the CC bond-formation step, which precedes a highly stereospecific enamine protonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niankai Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 10-6255-4449
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28
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Baś S, Woźniak Ł, Cygan J, Mlynarski J. Asymmetricsyn-Aldol Reaction of α-Hydroxy Ketones with Tertiary Amine Catalysts. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Trost BM, Michaelis DJ, Truica MI. Dinuclear zinc-ProPhenol-catalyzed enantioselective α-hydroxyacetate aldol reaction with activated ester equivalents. Org Lett 2013; 15:4516-9. [PMID: 23947595 DOI: 10.1021/ol402081p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An enantioselective α-hydroxyacetate aldol reaction that employs N-acetyl pyrroles as activated ester equivalents and generates syn 1,2-diols in good yield and diastereoselectivity is reported. This dinuclear zinc-ProPhenol-catalyzed transformation proceeds with high enantioselectivity with a wide variety of substrates including aryl, alyl, and alkenyl aldehydes. The resulting α,β-dihydroxy activated esters are versatile intermediates for the synthesis of a variety of carboxylic acid derivatives including amides, esters, and unsymmetrical ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M Trost
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA.
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30
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Bottoni A, Lombardo M, Miscione GP, Montroni E, Quintavalla A, Trombini C. Electrosteric Activation by using Ion-Tagged Prolines: A Combined Experimental and Computational Investigation. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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31
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Additive-controlled regioselective direct asymmetric aldol reaction of hydroxyacetone and aldehyde. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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32
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Saadi J, Yamamoto H. β-Siloxy-α-haloketones through highly diastereoselective single and double mukaiyama aldol reactions. Chemistry 2013; 19:3842-5. [PMID: 23424059 PMCID: PMC3874236 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Double-action haloketones: A super silyl group enabled the first highly diastereoselective Mukaiyama aldol reactions of α-chloro- and α-fluoroketones with a wide range of aldehydes, providing anti-β-siloxy-α-haloketones. This process is compatible with one-pot double-aldol methodology and allows for rapid access to new halogen-modified polyketide fragments bearing up to four contiguous stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Saadi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60635 (USA)
| | - Hisashi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60635 (USA)
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33
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Paladhi S, Das J, Mishra PK, Dash J. Multifunctional “Click” Prolinamides: A New Platform for Asymmetric Aldol Reactions in the Presence of Water with Catalyst Recycling. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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34
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Agarwal J, Peddinti RK. Synthesis and Characterization of Monosaccharide Derivatives and Application of Sugar-Based Prolinamides in Asymmetric Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Liu H, Wu H, Luo Z, Shen J, Kang G, Liu B, Wan Z, Jiang J. Regioselectivity-Reversed Asymmetric Aldol Reaction of 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds. Chemistry 2012; 18:11899-903. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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36
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Enantioselective organocatalyzed functionalization of benzothiophene and thiophenecarbaldehyde derivatives. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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37
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Kehat T, Goren K, Portnoy M. Effects of dendritic interface on enantioselective catalysis by polymer-bound prolines. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1nj20471h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Wang W, Ma X, Wan J, Cao J, Tang Q. Preparation and confinement effect of a heterogeneous 9-amino-9-deoxy-epi-cinchonidine organocatalyst for asymmetric aldol addition in aqueous medium. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:5715-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt12390h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Paradowska J, Pasternak M, Gut B, Gryzło B, Mlynarski J. Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reactions Inspired by Two Types of Natural Aldolases: Water-Compatible Organocatalysts and ZnII Complexes. J Org Chem 2011; 77:173-87. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201584w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Paradowska
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224
Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Pasternak
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University,
Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow,
Poland
| | - Bartosz Gut
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University,
Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow,
Poland
| | - Beata Gryzło
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University,
Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow,
Poland
| | - Jacek Mlynarski
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224
Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University,
Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow,
Poland
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40
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41
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Li Y, Yang QC, Xu XY, Zhou Y, Bai JF, Wang FY, Wang LX. A highly asymmetric direct aldol reaction catalyzed by chiral proline amide – thiourea bifunctional catalysts. CAN J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1139/v11-029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of chiral proline amide – thiourea bifunctional catalysts derived from l-proline and chiral diamine were prepared and successfully applied to highly enantioselective direct aldol reactions of cyclohexanone with various aldehydes in excellent yields (85%–97%), diastereoselectivities (anti/syn > 20:1) and enantioselectivities (up to 91% ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qing-chuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis & Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis & Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis & Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jian-fei Bai
- Key Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis & Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fei-ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis & Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li-xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis & Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
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42
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Cheong PHY, Legault CY, Um JM, Çelebi-Ölçüm N, Houk KN. Quantum mechanical investigations of organocatalysis: mechanisms, reactivities, and selectivities. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5042-137. [PMID: 21707120 PMCID: PMC3154597 DOI: 10.1021/cr100212h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ha-Yeon Cheong
- Oregon State University, Department of Chemistry, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331-4003 USA
| | - Claude Y. Legault
- University of Sherbrooke, Department of Chemistry, 2500 boul. de l’Université, local D1-3029, Sherbrooke (Québec) J1K 2R1 CANADA
| | - Joann M. Um
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Nihan Çelebi-Ölçüm
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - K. N. Houk
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569 USA
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43
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Liu Y, Wang J, Sun Q, Li R. Chiral 1,2-diaminocyclohexane as organocatalyst for enantioselective aldol reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.04.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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44
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Ryabukhin SV, Naumchik VS, Plaskon AS, Grygorenko OO, Tolmachev AA. 3-Haloquinolines by Friedländer Reaction of α-Haloketones. J Org Chem 2011; 76:5774-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jo2008252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V. Ryabukhin
- Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, 64 Volodymyrska str., Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
- The Institute of High Technologies, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, 4 Glushkov str., Kyiv 03187, Ukraine
| | - Vasiliy S. Naumchik
- Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, 64 Volodymyrska str., Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd., 23 A. Matrosova str., Kyiv 01103, Ukraine
| | - Andrey S. Plaskon
- Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, 64 Volodymyrska str., Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd., 23 A. Matrosova str., Kyiv 01103, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O. Grygorenko
- Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, 64 Volodymyrska str., Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd., 23 A. Matrosova str., Kyiv 01103, Ukraine
| | - Andrey A. Tolmachev
- Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, 64 Volodymyrska str., Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd., 23 A. Matrosova str., Kyiv 01103, Ukraine
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45
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Prolinethioamides versus Prolinamides in Organocatalyzed Aldol Reactions—A Comparative Study. Symmetry (Basel) 2011. [DOI: 10.3390/sym3020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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46
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Samland AK, Rale M, Sprenger GA, Fessner WD. The transaldolase family: new synthetic opportunities from an ancient enzyme scaffold. Chembiochem 2011; 12:1454-74. [PMID: 21574238 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aldol reactions constitute a powerful methodology for carbon-carbon bond formation in synthetic organic chemistry. Biocatalytic carboligation by aldolases offers a green, uniquely regio- and stereoselective tool with which to perform these transformations. Recent advances in the field, fueled by both discovery and protein engineering, have greatly improved the synthetic opportunities for the atom-economic asymmetric synthesis of chiral molecules with potential pharmaceutical relevance. New aldolases derived from the transaldolase scaffold (based on transaldolase B and fructose-6-phosphate aldolase from Escherichia coli) have been shown to be unusually flexible in their substrate scope; this makes them particularly valuable for addressing an expanded molecular range of complex polyfunctional targets. Extensive knowledge arising from structural and molecular biochemical studies makes it possible to address the remaining limitations of the methodology by engineering tailored biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K Samland
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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47
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48
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Huang WB, Liu QW, Zheng LY, Zhang SQ. Novel Primary Amine Organocatalysts Derived from Cinchona Alkaloids for Asymmetric Direct Aldol Reactions in Brine. Catal Letters 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-010-0478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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49
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Agarwal J, Peddinti RK. Highly efficient and solvent-free direct aldol reaction catalyzed by glucosamine-derived prolinamide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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50
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Computational investigations of the stereoselectivities of proline-related catalysts for aldol reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 324:31-38. [PMID: 20634993 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2010.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Computational investigation of the aldol reaction of benzaldehyde with acetone catalyzed by various proline derivatives and 2-azetidine carboxylic acid reveal the origins of stereoselectivities of these reactions. Structural differences between catalysts and transition states were analyzed with density functional theory geometries in order to establish the key factors that will help in the design of new catalysts.
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