1
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Shil A, Song CW, Kim HR, Sarkar S, Ahn KH. A Nano-Aggregatable Acedan Derivative for Clathrin-Mediated Cellular Uptake and Two-Photon Imaging of Diabetes-Associated Lipid Droplets. ACS NANO 2024; 18:21998-22009. [PMID: 39115238 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs), the essential cytosolic fat storage organelles, have emerged as pivotal regulators of cellular metabolism and are implicated in various diseases. The noninvasive monitoring of LDs necessitates fluorescent probes with precise organelle selectivity and biocompatibility. Addressing this need, we have engineered a probe by strategically modifying the structure of a conventional two-photon-absorbing dipolar dye, acedan. This innovative approach induces nanoaggregate formation in aqueous environments, leading to aggregation-induced fluorescence quenching. Upon cellular uptake via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, the probe selectively illuminates within LDs through a disassembly process, effectively distinguishing LDs from the cytosol with exceptional specificity. This breakthrough enables the high-fidelity imaging of LDs in both cellular and tissue environments. In a pioneering investigation, we probed LDs in a diabetes model induced by streptozotocin, unveiling significantly heightened LD accumulation in cardiac tissues compared to other organs, as evidenced by TP imaging. Furthermore, our exploration of a lipopolysaccharide-mediated cardiomyopathy model revealed an LD accumulation during heart injury. Thus, our developed probe holds immense potential for elucidating LD-associated diseases and advancing related research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushree Shil
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Wook Song
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Rim Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sourav Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyo Han Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
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2
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Hong ST, Kim MS, Kim BR, Lee EJ, Yoon YU, Paik KC, Han MS, Kim ES, Cho BR. Organelle-specific blue-emitting two-photon probes for calcium ions: Combination with green-emitting two-photon probe for simultaneous detection of proton ions. Talanta 2022; 244:123408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Dang Y, Chen L, Yuan L, Li J, Chen D. A New Fluorescent Probe for Selective Detection of Endogenous Cysteine and Live Cell Imaging. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yecheng Dang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430205 P. R. China
| | - Li Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430205 P. R. China
| | - Li Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430205 P. R. China
| | - Junbo Li
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430205 P. R. China
| | - Dugang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430205 P. R. China
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4
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Saleh SM, Elkady EM, Ali R, Alminderej F, Mohamed TA. Novel chemical sensor for detection Ca(II) ions based on ferutinin. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 205:264-268. [PMID: 30029188 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A new optical chemical sensor based on medicinal compound, jaeschkeanadiol p-hydroxyben-zoate (Ferutinin), has been designed and utilized for Ca(II) ions detections. This natural optical sensor exhibits immense selectivity including fluorescence and absorption ratiometric for Ca(II) ions within precious physiological pH range. Further, the chelation process of the Ca(II) ions with the medicinal optical sensor ferutinin yields a 1:1 (metal: ligand) complex which is accompanied by fluorescence enhancement of the main emission band centered at 355 nm of the medicinal probe. The fluorescence "turn-on" effect is a clear evidence for the chelation process between ferutinin medicinal probe and Ca(II) ions and this could be simply detected. The new sensor was proposed depending on significant fluorescence mechanism, (MLCT, metal-ligand charge transfer). However, the interaction of the medicinal optical sensor with Ca(II) in presence of other cations was examined without any significant interference. Also, the new developed optical sensor consecutively exhibits low limit of detection (LOD) 1.5 nM for Ca(II) which is detected in very significant physiological pH range (pH = 7.4). Also, the probe provides high binding affinity towards Ca(II) with large binding constant Kb 5.97 × 104 M-1. As a result, this optical sensor may apply for detection Ca(II) in cell or biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed M Saleh
- Chemistry Department, Science College, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Branch, Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, 43721 Suez, Egypt.
| | - Eman M Elkady
- Marine Chemistry lab, National Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Suez, Egypt
| | - Reham Ali
- Chemistry Department, Science College, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Science College, Suez University, 43518 Suez, Egypt
| | - Fahad Alminderej
- Chemistry Department, Science College, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarik A Mohamed
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre, 12622, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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5
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Ricard C, Arroyo ED, He CX, Portera-Cailliau C, Lepousez G, Canepari M, Fiole D. Two-photon probes for in vivo multicolor microscopy of the structure and signals of brain cells. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:3011-3043. [PMID: 29748872 PMCID: PMC6119111 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1678-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Imaging the brain of living laboratory animals at a microscopic scale can be achieved by two-photon microscopy thanks to the high penetrability and low phototoxicity of the excitation wavelengths used. However, knowledge of the two-photon spectral properties of the myriad fluorescent probes is generally scarce and, for many, non-existent. In addition, the use of different measurement units in published reports further hinders the design of a comprehensive imaging experiment. In this review, we compile and homogenize the two-photon spectral properties of 280 fluorescent probes. We provide practical data, including the wavelengths for optimal two-photon excitation, the peak values of two-photon action cross section or molecular brightness, and the emission ranges. Beyond the spectroscopic description of these fluorophores, we discuss their binding to biological targets. This specificity allows in vivo imaging of cells, their processes, and even organelles and other subcellular structures in the brain. In addition to probes that monitor endogenous cell metabolism, studies of healthy and diseased brain benefit from the specific binding of certain probes to pathology-specific features, ranging from amyloid-β plaques to the autofluorescence of certain antibiotics. A special focus is placed on functional in vivo imaging using two-photon probes that sense specific ions or membrane potential, and that may be combined with optogenetic actuators. Being closely linked to their use, we examine the different routes of intravital delivery of these fluorescent probes according to the target. Finally, we discuss different approaches, strategies, and prerequisites for two-photon multicolor experiments in the brains of living laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Ricard
- Brain Physiology Laboratory, CNRS UMR 8118, 75006, Paris, France
- Faculté de Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
- Fédération de Recherche en Neurosciences FR 3636, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Erica D Arroyo
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Cynthia X He
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Carlos Portera-Cailliau
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Gabriel Lepousez
- Unité Perception et Mémoire, Département de Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Marco Canepari
- Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Physics, UMR 5588 CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, 38402, Saint Martin d'Hères, France
- Laboratories of Excellence, Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Grenoble, France
- Institut National de la Santé et Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel Fiole
- Unité Biothérapies anti-Infectieuses et Immunité, Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, BP 73, 91223, Brétigny-sur-Orge cedex, France.
- Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du docteur Roux, 75725, Paris Cedex 15, France.
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, 38043, Grenoble cedex, France.
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6
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Lin B, Fan L, Ge J, Zhang W, Zhang C, Dong C, Shuang S. A naphthalene-based fluorescent probe with a large Stokes shift for mitochondrial pH imaging. Analyst 2018; 143:5054-5060. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01371c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A naphthalene-based fluorescent pH probe with a pKa of 8.8 for imaging mitochondrial pH changes in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Li Fan
- Institute of Environmental Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Jinyin Ge
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Wenjia Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Caihong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Shaomin Shuang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
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7
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A novel water-soluble highly selective “switch-on” ionic liquid-based fluorescent chemi-sensor for Ca(II). J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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8
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9
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A novel fluorescent probe for sensitive detection and imaging of hydrazine in living cells. Talanta 2016; 162:225-231. [PMID: 27837822 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A turn-on fluorescent probe (Naphsulf-O) for hydrazine was developed by protecting the hydroxy group of the fluorophore 6-acetyl-2-hydroxynaphthalene via O-4-nitrobenzenesulfonylation, where 4-nitrobenzene was used as a fluorescence quenching moiety as well as an electrophile. Upon nucleophilic aromatic substitution (NAS) reaction of hydrazine toward the probe, the protecting group was removed and fluorophore was released. The probe exhibits a large Stokes shift, excellent selectivity and high sensitivity for hydrazine detection in aqueous solution with a detection limit of 0.716 ppb (22nM), which is of great importance in both environmental and biological system. Furthermore, it was successfully applied to imaging of hydrazine in living cells.
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10
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Sui B, Liu X, Wang M, Belfield KD. A Highly Selective Fluorescence Turn-On Sensor for Extracellular Calcium Ion Detection. Chemistry 2016; 22:10351-4. [PMID: 27247191 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A highly water-soluble, fluorescence turn-on sensor for Ca(2+) is reported. The sensor affords high selectivity in sensing Ca(2+) over other biologically important metal cations. The dissociation constant of the sensor in binding Ca(2+) is 0.92 mm. Fluorescence microscopy experiments demonstrate that the sensor is cell-impermeable and capable of detecting extracellular Ca(2+) .
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Affiliation(s)
- Binglin Sui
- College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, 07102, United States
| | - Xinglei Liu
- College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, 07102, United States
| | - Mengyuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, 32816, United States
| | - Kevin D Belfield
- College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, 07102, United States.
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11
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Yin J, Hu Y, Yoon J. Fluorescent probes and bioimaging: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and pH. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 44:4619-44. [PMID: 25317749 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00275j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
All living species and life forms have an absolute requirement for bio-functional metals and acid-base equilibrium chemistry owing to the critical roles they play in biological processes. Hence, a great need exists for efficient methods to detect and monitor biometals and acids. In the last few years, great attention has been paid to the development of organic molecule based fluorescent chemosensors. The availability of new synthetic fluorescent probes has made fluorescence microscopy an indispensable tool for tracing biologically important molecules and in the area of clinical diagnostics. This review highlights the recent advances that have been made in the design and bioimaging applications of fluorescent probes for alkali metals and alkaline earth metal cations, including lithium, sodium and potassium, magnesium and calcium, and for pH determination within biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Global Top 5 Research Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea.
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12
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Yan L, Wan Y, Xia A, Lin SH, Huang R. Excited-state localization and energy transfer in pyrene core dendrimers with fluorene/carbazole as the dendrons and acetylene as the linkages. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:4134-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07384g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multi-scale theoretical model and spectra simulation for dendrimers combining TD-DFT/DFT and semi-empirical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyin Yan
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Yan Wan
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Andong Xia
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Sheng Hien Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu
- China
| | - Ran Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
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13
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14
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Sui B, Yue X, Kim B, Belfield KD. Near-IR Two-Photon Fluorescent Sensor for K(+) Imaging in Live Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:17565-17568. [PMID: 26258885 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new two-photon excited fluorescent K(+) sensor is reported. The sensor comprises three moieties, a highly selective K(+) chelator as the K(+) recognition unit, a boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) derivative modified with phenylethynyl groups as the fluorophore, and two polyethylene glycol chains to afford water solubility. The sensor displays very high selectivity (>52-fold) in detecting K(+) over other physiological metal cations. Upon binding K(+), the sensor switches from nonfluorescent to highly fluorescent, emitting red to near-IR (NIR) fluorescence. The sensor exhibited a good two-photon absorption cross section, 500 GM at 940 nm. Moreover, it is not sensitive to pH in the physiological pH range. Time-dependent cell imaging studies via both one- and two-photon fluorescence microscopy demonstrate that the sensor is suitable for dynamic K(+) sensing in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binglin Sui
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Xiling Yue
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Bosung Kim
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Kevin D Belfield
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
- ‡College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
- §School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, P.R. China
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15
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Schwarze T, Riemer J, Eidner S, Holdt H. A Highly K
+
‐Selective Two‐Photon Fluorescent Probe. Chemistry 2015; 21:11306-10. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schwarze
- Institut für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl‐Liebknecht‐Str. 24–25, 14476 Golm (Germany)
| | - Janine Riemer
- Institut für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl‐Liebknecht‐Str. 24–25, 14476 Golm (Germany)
| | - Sascha Eidner
- Institut für Chemie, Physikalische Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl‐Liebknecht‐Str. 24–25, 14476 Golm (Germany)
| | - Hans‐Jürgen Holdt
- Institut für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl‐Liebknecht‐Str. 24–25, 14476 Golm (Germany)
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Myung Kim
- Department of Chemistry & Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Bong Rae Cho
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seoul 136-713, Korea
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17
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A portable low-cost long-term live-cell imaging platform for biomedical research and education. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 64:639-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Duan W, Wei H, Cui T, Gao B. A membrane permeable fluorescent Ca2+ probe based on bis-BODIPY with branched PEG. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:894-898. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01457j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The cellular uptake of MPFCP-2 is improved by the PEG encapsulation method, and then MPFCP-2 could pass through the cell membrane by itself, and monitor the changes of the intracellular Ca2+ signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Duan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Hebei University
- Baoding
- China
| | - Huimin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Hebei University
- Baoding
- China
| | - Tengbo Cui
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Hebei University
- Baoding
- China
| | - Baoxiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Hebei University
- Baoding
- China
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19
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Ke H, Chen X, Zou G. N-heterocyclic carbene-assisted, bis(phosphine)nickel-catalyzed cross-couplings of diarylborinic acids with aryl chlorides, tosylates, and sulfamates. J Org Chem 2014; 79:7132-40. [PMID: 25025343 DOI: 10.1021/jo501291y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Efficient bis(phosphine)nickel-catalyzed cross-couplings of diarylborinic acids with aryl chlorides, tosylates, and sulfamates have been effected with an assistance of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) generated in situ from N,N'-dialkylimidazoliums, e.g., N-butyl-N'-methylimidazolium bromide ([Bmim]Br), in toluene using K3PO4·3H2O as base. In contrast to bis(NHC)nickel-catalyzed conventional Suzuki coupling of arylboronic acids, mono(NHC)bis(phosphine)nickel species generated in situ from Ni(PPh3)2Cl2/[Bmim]Br displayed high catalytic activities in the cross-couplings of diarylborinic acids. The structural influences from diarylborinic acids were found to be rather small, while electronic factors from aryl chlorides, tosylates, and sulfamates affected the couplings remarkably. The couplings of electronically activated aryl chlorides, tosylates, and sulfamates could be efficiently effected with 1.5 mol % NiCl2(PPh3)2/[Bmim]Br as catalyst precursor to give the biaryl products in excellent yields, while 3-5 mol % loadings had to be used for the couplings of non- and deactivated ones. A small ortho-substitutent on the aromatic ring of aryl chlorides, tosylates, and sulfamates was tolerable. Applicability of the nickel-catalyzed cross-couplings in practical synthesis of fine chemicals has been demonstrated in process development for a third-generation topical retinoid, Adapalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Ke
- Department of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology , 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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20
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Sahana S, Bharadwaj PK. Detection of alkali and alkaline earth metal ions by fluorescence spectroscopy. Inorganica Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Kim D, Ryu HG, Ahn KH. Recent development of two-photon fluorescent probes for bioimaging. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:4550-66. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00431k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent probes are essential tools for studying biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dokyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Electro-Photo Behaviors in Advanced Molecular Systems
- Gyungbuk, Korea 790-784
| | - Hye Gun Ryu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Electro-Photo Behaviors in Advanced Molecular Systems
- Gyungbuk, Korea 790-784
| | - Kyo Han Ahn
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Electro-Photo Behaviors in Advanced Molecular Systems
- Gyungbuk, Korea 790-784
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22
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Sarkar AR, Kang DE, Kim HM, Cho BR. Two-Photon Fluorescent Probes for Metal Ions in Live Tissues. Inorg Chem 2013; 53:1794-803. [DOI: 10.1021/ic402475f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avik Ranjan Sarkar
- Division
of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Dong Eun Kang
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, 1-Anamdong, Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - Hwan Myung Kim
- Division
of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Bong Rae Cho
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, 1-Anamdong, Seoul 136-701, Korea
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23
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Li X, Gao X, Shi W, Ma H. Design strategies for water-soluble small molecular chromogenic and fluorogenic probes. Chem Rev 2013; 114:590-659. [PMID: 24024656 DOI: 10.1021/cr300508p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1188] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
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24
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A parallel G-quadruplex-selective luminescent probe for the detection of nanomolar calcium(II) ion. Methods 2013; 64:212-7. [PMID: 23876936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A parallel G-quadruplex-selective iridium(III) complex has been synthesized and employed as a luminescent probe in a label-free G-quadruplex-based detection assay for Ca(2+) ions in aqueous solution. In this assay, a guanine-rich oligonucleotide (G4, 5'-G4T4G4-3') initially exists in an antiparallel G-quadruplex conformation, resulting in a low luminescence signal. Upon incubation with Ca(2+) ions, the antiparallel G-quadruplex is induced into a parallel G-quadruplex conformation, which greatly enhances the luminescence emission of the iridium(III) probe. This method was highly sensitive for Ca(2+) ions with a limit of detection in the nanomolar range, and was selective for Ca(2+) over other metal ions.
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Zhang H, Fan J, Dong H, Zhang S, Xu W, Wang J, Gao P, Peng X. Fluorene-derived two-photon fluorescent probes for specific and simultaneous bioimaging of endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes: group-effect and localization. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:5450-5455. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20646g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Eom MS, Jang W, Lee YS, Choi G, Kwon YU, Han MS. A bi-ligand co-functionalized gold nanoparticles-based calcium ion probe and its application to the detection of calcium ions in serum. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:5566-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc31724a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Kim S, Kim J, Lee NH, Jang HH, Han MS. A colorimetric selective sensing probe for calcium ions with tunable dynamic ranges using cytidine triphosphate stabilized gold nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:10299-301. [PMID: 21858364 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc13489b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytidine triphosphate (CTP) stabilized-Au nanoparticles (CTP-AuNPs) allow a quantitative assay of Ca(2+) down to a concentration of 10(-4) M with high selectivity towards Ca(2+) ions over various metal ions including Mg(2+) and the detection range of this probe also can be easily tuned by changing the concentration of CTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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Xiang Z, Wang L. Enantiospecific synthesis of genetically encodable fluorescent unnatural amino acid L-3-(6-acetylnaphthalen-2-ylamino)-2-aminopropanoic acid. J Org Chem 2011; 76:6367-71. [PMID: 21732687 PMCID: PMC3155268 DOI: 10.1021/jo2007626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent unnatural amino acids (UAAs), when genetically incorporated into proteins, can provide unique advantages for imaging biological processes in vivo. Synthesis of optically pure L-enantiomer of fluorescent UAAs is crucial for their effective application in live cells. An efficient six-step synthesis of L-3-(6-acetylnaphthalen-2-ylamino)-2-aminopropanoic acid (L-Anap), a genetically encodable and polarity-sensitive fluorescent UAA, has been developed. The synthesis takes advantage of a high-yield and enantiospecific Fukuyama-Mitsunobu reaction as the key transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xiang
- The Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Lei Wang
- The Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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Abstract
Two-photon microscopy (TPM) has become an indispensible tool in biology and medicine owing to the capability of imaging the intact tissue for a long period of time. To make it a versatile tool in biology, a variety of two-photon probes for specific applications are needed. In this context, many research groups are developing two-photon probes for various applications. In this Focus Review, we summarize recent results on model studies and selected examples of two-photon probes that can detect intracellular free metal ions in live cells and tissues to provide a guideline for the design of useful two-photon probes for various in vivo imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Myung Kim
- Division of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749 Korea.
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Liu L, Dong X, Xiao Y, Lian W, Liu Z. Two-photon excited fluorescent chemosensor for homogeneous determination of copper(ii) in aqueous media and complicated biological matrix. Analyst 2011; 136:2139-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00933d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Matsui A, Umezawa K, Shindo Y, Fujii T, Citterio D, Oka K, Suzuki K. A near-infrared fluorescent calcium probe: a new tool for intracellular multicolour Ca2+ imaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:10407-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc14045k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wan Y, Yan L, Zhao Z, Ma X, Guo Q, Jia M, Lu P, Ramos-Ortiz G, Maldonado JL, Rodríguez M, Xia A. Gigantic Two-Photon Absorption Cross Sections and Strong Two-Photon Excited Fluorescence in Pyrene Core Dendrimers with Fluorene/Carbazole as Dendrons and Acetylene as Linkages. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:11737-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jp104868j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wan
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China, and Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.P. 1-948, CP 37000 León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Linyin Yan
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China, and Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.P. 1-948, CP 37000 León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Zujin Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China, and Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.P. 1-948, CP 37000 León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Xiaonan Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China, and Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.P. 1-948, CP 37000 León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Qianjin Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China, and Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.P. 1-948, CP 37000 León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Mingli Jia
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China, and Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.P. 1-948, CP 37000 León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Ping Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China, and Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.P. 1-948, CP 37000 León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Gabriel Ramos-Ortiz
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China, and Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.P. 1-948, CP 37000 León, Guanajuato, México
| | - José Luis Maldonado
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China, and Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.P. 1-948, CP 37000 León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Mario Rodríguez
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China, and Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.P. 1-948, CP 37000 León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Andong Xia
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China, and Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.P. 1-948, CP 37000 León, Guanajuato, México
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Nag OK, Nayak RR, Lim CS, Kim IH, Kyhm K, Cho BR, Woo HY. Two-Photon Absorption Properties of Cationic 1,4-Bis(styryl)benzene Derivative and Its Inclusion Complexes with Cyclodextrins. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:9684-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jp102682m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Okhil Kumar Nag
- Departments of Nanofusion Technology and Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering (WCU), Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Republic of Korea, Department of Physics Education, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea, and Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Rati Ranjan Nayak
- Departments of Nanofusion Technology and Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering (WCU), Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Republic of Korea, Department of Physics Education, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea, and Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Su Lim
- Departments of Nanofusion Technology and Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering (WCU), Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Republic of Korea, Department of Physics Education, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea, and Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hong Kim
- Departments of Nanofusion Technology and Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering (WCU), Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Republic of Korea, Department of Physics Education, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea, and Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangseuk Kyhm
- Departments of Nanofusion Technology and Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering (WCU), Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Republic of Korea, Department of Physics Education, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea, and Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Rae Cho
- Departments of Nanofusion Technology and Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering (WCU), Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Republic of Korea, Department of Physics Education, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea, and Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Departments of Nanofusion Technology and Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering (WCU), Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Republic of Korea, Department of Physics Education, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea, and Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
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Photophysical properties of rhodamine isomers: A two-photon excited fluorescent sensor for trivalent chromium cation (Cr3+). Anal Chim Acta 2010; 665:215-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zhu B, Jia H, Zhang X, Chen Y, Liu H, Tan W. Engineering a subcellular targetable, red-emitting, and ratiometric fluorescent probe for Ca2+ and its bioimaging applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:1245-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3650-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Smith G, Reynolds M, Burton F, Kemi OJ. Confocal and Multiphoton Imaging of Intracellular Ca2+. Methods Cell Biol 2010; 99:225-61. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374841-6.00009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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37
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Li L, Tian Y, Yang J, Sun P, Kong L, Wu J, Zhou H, Zhang S, Jin B, Tao X, Jiang M. Two-photon absorption enhancement induced by aggregation with accurate photophysical data: spontaneous accumulation of dye in silica nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:1673-5. [DOI: 10.1039/b918841j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Toescu EC, Graham J. Ca2+ Recordings: Hardware and Software (From Microscopes to Cameras). NEUROMETHODS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-476-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Kim HM, Cho BR. Two-photon probes for intracellular free metal ions, acidic vesicles, and lipid rafts in live tissues. Acc Chem Res 2009; 42:863-72. [PMID: 19334716 DOI: 10.1021/ar800185u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Optical imaging with fluorescence microscopy is a vital tool in the study of living systems. The most common method for cell imaging, one-photon microscopy (OPM), uses a single photon of higher energy to excite the fluorophore. However, two-photon microscopy (TPM), which uses two photons of lower energy as the excitation source, is growing in popularity among biologists because of several distinct advantages. Using TPM, researchers can image intact tissue for a long period of time with minimum interference from tissue preparation artifacts, self-absorption, autofluorescence, photobleaching, and photodamage. However, to make TPM a more versatile tool in biology, researchers need a wider variety of two-photon probes for specific applications. In this Account, we describe a series of two-photon probes that we developed that can visualize the distribution of intracellular metal ions, acidic vesicles, and lipid rafts in living cells and tissues. The development of these probes requires a significant two-photon cross section for the bright image and receptors (sensing moieties) that triggers the emission of the two-photon excited fluorescence upon binding with the ions or membrane in the living system. These probes also must be sensitive to the polarity of the environment to allow selective detection of cytosolic and membrane-bound probes. In addition, they need to be cell-permeable, water-soluble for the staining of cells and tissues, and highly photostable for long-term imaging. The resulting probes-AMg1 (Mg(2+)), ACa1-ACa3 (Ca(2+)), AZn1 and AZn2 (Zn(2+)), AH1, AH2, and AL1 (acidic vesicles), and CL2 (membrane)-use 2-acetyl-6-aminonaphthalene as the fluorophore and receptors for the target ions or membrane. All of these two-photon turn-on probes can detect the intracellular free metal ions, acidic vesicles, and lipid rafts at 100-300 microm depth in live tissues. Moreover, with ACa1-AM, we could simultaneously visualize the spontaneous Ca(2+) waves in the somas of neurons and astrocytes at approximately 120 microm depth in fresh hypothalamic slices for more than 1000 s without appreciable decay. Furthermore, AL1 could visualize the transport of the acidic vesicles between cell body and axon terminal along the axon in fresh rat hippocampal slices at approximately 120 microm depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Myung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, 1-Anamdong, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
| | - Bong Rae Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, 1-Anamdong, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
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Dong X, Yang Y, Sun J, Liu Z, Liu BF. Two-photon excited fluorescent probes for calcium based on internal charge transfer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:3883-5. [DOI: 10.1039/b905571a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kim HM, Seo MS, An MJ, Hong JH, Tian YS, Choi JH, Kwon O, Lee KJ, Cho BR. Two-photon fluorescent probes for intracellular free zinc ions in living tissue. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:5167-70. [PMID: 18528837 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200800929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Myung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, 1-Anamdong, Seoul 136-701, Korea
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Kim H, Seo M, An M, Hong J, Tian Y, Choi J, Kwon O, Lee K, Cho B. Two‐Photon Fluorescent Probes for Intracellular Free Zinc Ions in Living Tissue. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200800929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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