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Grandinetti F. Cationic Noble-Gas Hydrides: From Ion Sources to Outer Space. Front Chem 2020; 8:462. [PMID: 32637393 PMCID: PMC7317115 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic species with noble gas (Ng)-hydrogen bonds play a major role in the gas-phase ion chemistry of the group 18 elements. These species first emerged more than 90 years ago, when the simplest HeH+ and HeH2 + were detected from ionized He/H2 mixtures. Over the years, the family has considerably expanded and currently includes various bonding motifs that are investigated with intense experimental and theoretical interest. Quite recently, the results of these studies acquired new and fascinating implications. The diatomic ArH+ and HeH+ were, in fact, detected in various galactic and extragalactic regions, and this stimulates intriguing questions concerning the actual role in the outer space of the Ng-H cations observed in the laboratory. The aim of this review is to briefly summarize the most relevant information currently available on the structure, stability, and routes of formation of these fascinating systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Grandinetti
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali (DIBAF), Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
- Istituto per i Sistemi Biologici del CNR, Monterotondo, Italy
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2
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Mitoraj MP, Sagan F, Szczepanik DW, de Lange JH, Ptaszek AL, van Niekerk DME, Cukrowski I. Origin of Hydrocarbons Stability from a Computational Perspective: A Case Study of Ortho-Xylene Isomers. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:494-502. [PMID: 31990431 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
It is shown herein that intuitive and text-book steric-clash based interpretation of the higher energy "in-in" xylene isomer (as arising solely from the repulsive CH⋅⋅⋅HC contact) with respect to the corresponding global-minimum "out-out" configuration (where the clashing C-H bonds are tilted out) is misleading. It is demonstrated that the two hydrogen atoms engaged in the CH⋅⋅⋅HC contact in "in-in" are involved in attractive interaction so they cannot explain the lower stability of this isomer. We have proven, based on the arsenal of modern bonding descriptors (EDDB, HOMA, NICS, FALDI, ETS-NOCV, DAFH, FAMSEC, IQA), that in order to understand the relative stability of "in-in" versus "out-out" xylenes isomers one must consider the changes in the electronic structure encompassing the entire molecules as arising from the cooperative action of hyperconjugation, aromaticity and unintuitive London dispersion plus charge delocalization based intra-molecular CH⋅⋅⋅HC interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz P Mitoraj
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-87, Krakow, Poland
| | - Filip Sagan
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-87, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dariusz W Szczepanik
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-87, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jurgens H de Lange
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Aleksandra L Ptaszek
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-87, Krakow, Poland
| | - Daniel M E van Niekerk
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Ignacy Cukrowski
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
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Mitoraj MP, Sagan F, Babashkina MG, Isaev AY, Chichigina YM, Safin DA. N
-Thiophosphorylthioureas RNHC(S)NHP(S)(Oi
Pr)2
as an Excellent Platform for Studying the Synergy between Hydrogen-Hydrogen Bonding and Other Families of Non-Covalent Interactions. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz P. Mitoraj
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 2 30-387 Cracow Poland
| | - Filip Sagan
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 2 30-387 Cracow Poland
| | - Maria G. Babashkina
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences; Université catholique de Louvain; Place L. Pasteur 1 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Alexey Y. Isaev
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tyumen; Perekopskaya Str. 15a 625003 Tyumen Russian Federation
| | - Yana M. Chichigina
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tyumen; Perekopskaya Str. 15a 625003 Tyumen Russian Federation
| | - Damir A. Safin
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences; Université catholique de Louvain; Place L. Pasteur 1 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tyumen; Perekopskaya Str. 15a 625003 Tyumen Russian Federation
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Varadwaj A, Varadwaj PR, Marques HM, Yamashita K. Revealing Factors Influencing the Fluorine-Centered Non-Covalent Interactions in Some Fluorine-Substituted Molecular Complexes: Insights from First-Principles Studies. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1486-1499. [PMID: 29569853 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We examine the equilibrium structure and properties of six fully or partially fluorinated hydrocarbons and several of their binary complexes using computational methods. In the monomers, the electrostatic surface of the fluorine is predicted to be either entirely negative or weakly positive. However, its lateral sites are always negative. This enables the fluorine to display an anisotropic distribution of charge density on its electrostatic surface. While this is the electrostatic surface scenario of the fluorine atom, its negative sites in some of these monomers are shown to have the potential to engage in attractive engagements with the negative site(s) on the same atom in another molecule of the same type, or a molecule of a different type, to form bimolecular complexes. This is revealed by analyzing the results of current state-of-the-art computational approaches such as DFT, together with those obtained from the quantum theory of atoms in molecules, molecular electrostatic surface potential and symmetry adapted perturbation theories. We demonstrate that the intermolecular interaction energy arising in part from the universal London dispersion, which has been underappreciated for decades, is an essential factor in explaining the attraction between the negative sites, although energy arising from polarization strengthens the extent of the intermolecular interactions in these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan 113-8656, and CREST-JST, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan 102-0076
| | - Pradeep R Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan 113-8656, and CREST-JST, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan 102-0076
| | - Helder M Marques
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Koichi Yamashita
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan 113-8656, and CREST-JST, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan 102-0076
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Echeverría J, Aullón G, Alvarez S. Dihydrogen intermolecular contacts in group 13 compounds: H⋯H or E⋯H (E = B, Al, Ga) interactions? Dalton Trans 2017; 46:2844-2854. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02854c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A theoretical analysis rationalises the energetics and topology of B–H⋯H–B and B–H⋯B short contacts present in the crystal structures of many borane derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Echeverría
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Gabriel Aullón
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Santiago Alvarez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
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Cukrowski I, Sagan F, Mitoraj MP. On the Stability of Cis- and Trans-2-Butene Isomers. An Insight Based on the FAMSEC, IQA, and ETS-NOCV Schemes. J Comput Chem 2016; 37:2783-2798. [PMID: 27730662 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the present account, the real space fragment attributed molecular system energy change (FAMSEC) approach, interacting quantum atoms energy decomposition scheme as well as molecular orbitals based the extended transition state scheme coupled with natural orbitals for chemical valence (ETS-NOCV) have been, for the first time, successfully used to delineate factors of importance for stability of the 2-butene conformers (cis-eq, cis-TS, trans-eq, trans-TS). Our results demonstrate that atoms of the controversial H-H contact in cis-eq (i) are involved in attractive interaction dominated by the exchange-correlation term, (ii) are weekly stabilized, (iii) show trends in several descriptors found in other typical H-bonds, and (iv) are part of most stabilized CH-HC fragment (loc-FAMSEC = -3.6 kcal/mol) with most favourably changed intrafragment interactions on trans-eq→cis-eq. Moreover, lower stability of cis-eq vs. trans-eq is linked with the entire HCCH (ethylenic) fragment which destabilized cis-eq (mol-FAMSEC, +3.9 kcal/mol) the most. Although the H-H contact can be linked with smaller, relative to trans-, rotational energy barrier in cis-2-butene, we have proven that to rationalize this phenomenon one must account for changes in interactions between various fragments that constitute the entire molecule. Importantly, we discovered a number of comparable trends in fundamental properties of equivalent molecular fragments on a methyl group rotation; for example, interaction between BP-free H-atoms in trans-eq (involving CH bonds of the methyl and ethylenic units) and BP-linked H-atoms in cis-eq. Clearly, rotational energy barrier cannot be entirely (i) rationalized by the properties of or (ii) attributed to the H-H contact in cis-eq. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacy Cukrowski
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Filip Sagan
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, R. Ingardena 3, Cracow, 30-060, Poland
| | - Mariusz Paweł Mitoraj
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, R. Ingardena 3, Cracow, 30-060, Poland
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Non-Covalent Interactions in Hydrogen Storage Materials LiN(CH3)2BH3 and KN(CH3)2BH3. CRYSTALS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst6030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Safin DA, Babashkina MG, Robeyns K, Mitoraj MP, Kubisiak P, Garcia Y. Influence of the Homopolar Dihydrogen Bonding CH⋅⋅⋅HC on Coordination Geometry: Experimental and Theoretical Studies. Chemistry 2015; 21:16679-87. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damir A. Safin
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecules, Solids and Reactivity (IMCN/MOST), Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain‐la‐Neuve (Belgium)
| | - Maria G. Babashkina
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecules, Solids and Reactivity (IMCN/MOST), Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain‐la‐Neuve (Belgium)
| | - Koen Robeyns
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecules, Solids and Reactivity (IMCN/MOST), Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain‐la‐Neuve (Belgium)
| | - Mariusz P. Mitoraj
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, R. Ingardena 3, 30‐060 Krakow (Poland)
| | - Piotr Kubisiak
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, R. Ingardena 3, 30‐060 Krakow (Poland)
| | - Yann Garcia
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecules, Solids and Reactivity (IMCN/MOST), Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain‐la‐Neuve (Belgium)
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Bartl P, Leidlmair C, Denifl S, Scheier P, Echt O. Cationic complexes of hydrogen with helium. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:227-32. [PMID: 23090688 PMCID: PMC3555426 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution mass spectra of helium nanodroplets doped with hydrogen or deuterium reveal that copious amounts of helium can be bound to H(+), H(2)(+), H(3)(+), and larger hydrogen-cluster ions. All conceivable He(n)H(x)(+) stoichiometries are identified if their mass is below the limit of ≈120 u set by the resolution of the spectrometer. Anomalies in the ion yields of He(n)H(x)(+) for x=1, 2, or 3, and n≤30 reveal particularly stable cluster ions. Our results for He(n)H(1)(+) are consistent with conclusions drawn from previous experimental and theoretical studies which were limited to smaller cluster ions. The He(n)H(3)(+) series exhibits a pronounced anomaly at n=12 which was outside the reliable range of earlier experiments. Contrary to findings reported for other diatomic dopant molecules, the monomer ion (i.e. H(2)(+)) retains helium with much greater efficiency than hydrogen-cluster ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bartl
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Christian Leidlmair
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Stephan Denifl
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Paul Scheier
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Olof Echt
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck (Austria)
- Department of Physics, University of New HampshireDurham, NH 03824 (USA)
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Grandinetti F. Review: gas-phase ion chemistry of the noble gases: recent advances and future perspectives. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2011; 17:423-463. [PMID: 22173538 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This review article surveys recent experimental and theoretical advances in the gas-phase ion chemistry of the noble gases. Covered issues include the interaction of the noble gases with metal and non-metal cations, the conceivable existence of covalent noble-gas anions, the occurrence of ion-molecule reactions involving singly-charged xenon cations, and the occurrence of bond-forming reactions involving doubly-charged cations. Research themes are also highlighted, that are expected to attract further interest in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Grandinetti
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, L.go dell'Università, s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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Stephan D, Erker G. Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Metal-free Hydrogen Activation and More. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 49:46-76. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200903708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1641] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Stephan D, Erker G. Frustrierte Lewis-Paare: metallfreie Wasserstoffaktivierung und mehr. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200903708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 640] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Alkorta I, Blanco F, Deyà PM, Elguero J, Estarellas C, Frontera A, Quiñonero D. Cooperativity in multiple unusual weak bonds. Theor Chem Acc 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-009-0690-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Rokob TA, Hamza A, Pápai I. Rationalizing the Reactivity of Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Thermodynamics of H2 Activation and the Role of Acid−Base Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:10701-10. [DOI: 10.1021/ja903878z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tibor András Rokob
- Chemical Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 17, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Hamza
- Chemical Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 17, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Pápai
- Chemical Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 17, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
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Hugas D, Simon S, Duran M, Fonseca Guerra C, Bickelhaupt FM. Dihydrogen bonding: donor-acceptor bonding (AH...HX) versus the H2 molecule (A-H2-X). Chemistry 2009; 15:5814-22. [PMID: 19388032 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrogen bonds (DHBs) play a role in, among others, crystal packing, organometallic reaction mechanisms, and potential hydrogen-storage materials. In this work we have analyzed the central H-H bond in linear H(4), LiH...HX, BH(4)(-)...HX, and AlH(4)(-)...HX complexes with various X by using the quantitative molecular orbital model contained in Kohn-Sham density functional theory at the BP86/TZ2P level of theory. First, we address the questions of if and how one can distinguish, in principle, between a H...H donor-acceptor DHB and the formation of an H(2) molecule by using the simple H(4) model system. The results of these analyses have been used to gain an understanding of the bonding in more realistic model systems (some of which have been studied experimentally), and how this differs from the bonding in H(4).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hugas
- Institut de Química Computacional and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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Jaksch S, Ferreira da Silva F, Denifl S, Echt O, Märk TD, Scheier P. Experimental evidence for the existence of an electronically excited state of the proposed dihydrogen radical cation He-H-H-He+. Chemistry 2009; 15:4190-4. [PMID: 19248067 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Survival of the weakest: The existence of a new class of centrosymmetric radical cations in which H(2) bridges two identical main group elements was recently proposed in this journal by Uggerud and co-workers. By growing complexes inside helium nanodroplets at subkelvin temperatures, we obtained experimental evidence for the existence of the most weakly bound member of this class, He-H-H-He(+) (see picture), although in a metastable, electronically excited state.In a recent report, Uggerud and co-workers (A. Krapp et al., Chem. Eur. J. 2008, 14, 4028) proposed the existence of a new class of radical cations in which a dihydrogen bridges two identical main group elements. Upon electron impact ionization of helium nanodroplets doped with one or more H(2) molecules we observe various He(x)H(y) (+) cluster ions, including He(2)H(2) (+), which would belong to the proposed class of radical cations. Mass-analyzed kinetic energy scans reveal that the ion is metastable; it dissociates in the field-free region of the mass spectrometer. One reaction is into HeH(2) (+) + He with a low kinetic energy release of 15+/-4 meV. Surprisingly, another unimolecular reaction is observed, into HeH(+) + HeH (or He + H). The probability of this reaction is an order of magnitude higher, and the average kinetic energy release is four times larger. These findings suggest the presence of a metastable electronically excited state; they are consistent with the proposed linear, centrosymmetric ion structure of He-H-H-He(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Jaksch
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold Franzens Universität, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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